2. VERB FOLLOWED BY GERUND
FI F
A
P A P R E M S D A D A K U D
E
C C H
N N O V E I N I T E D E N E N T O O A
I C S O R S J N O N M T T E D E N N T
S Y T I M K O D P Y I E I P E C T S E
H P D I Y T C C R T I I
O T T I S N D
N P T U E
E A A E R
T N
E D

3. VERB FOLLOWED BY TO INFINITIVE
W A H B I N I M U D A P L P
R
O
T E S T
A S O E N E N E R E L R E M E X A E
N K P G S E V A G C L A A I A P Y L
T E I D I N E I O C R S C E L
S T D W T N E H C
T E E I T
C
E

4. TENSES
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE PAST TENSE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
TENSE
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE FUTURE CONTINUOUS
TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE PAST PERFECT TENSE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE
FUTURE PERFECT
CONTINUOUS TENSE

5. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
I go to school everyday.
Morgan loves Syahrini forever.
The sun rises in the east.
What time does the film start?
S + V1 + O
EVERY
Three Times a Week
Today
Always
Habitual Action
General Truth
Schedule and Agenda
Functions:
Time Signal:
Formula:

6. STATIVE VERBS
Kata kerja yang menunjukkan waktu sekarang dan tidak boleh dalam bentuk V-ing.
Appear Belong Believe Forget Hear
Hate Have Know Like Love
Mean Mind Need Own Owe
Prefer Realize Remember Seem See
Smell Taste Understand Want Wish

7. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Listen! Justin Bieber is singing a good song.
Smash Personals are eating Pizza now
I am watching Titanic tonight.
Around The Time of
Speaking
Functions:
S + ( is / am / are ) + V-ing + 0
NOW
TONIGHT
Time Signals:

8. EXERCISES
1 Something ______(smell) very good.
2 We _____(eat) dinner at seven o’clock tonight.
3 He ______(practice) the piano everyday.
4 They _____(drive) to school tomorrow.
5 I _______(believe) in you.
6 Morgan ____(have) cold.
7 Bisma ____(swim) right now.
8 Rangga ____(hate) smoke.
9 Dicky always ____(get) up
10 Raffael ____(mow) the lawn now.

9. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
We have already written our report.
Ratu has already read the entire book.
SINCE
FOR
ALREADY
TIME
SIGNALS:
FORMULA:
S + HAVE/HAS + V3 + O
function:
MENYATAKAN KEGIATAN
YANG TELAH
RAMPUNG/SELESAI
DILAKSANAKAN SEKARANG

10. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Fina has been working in Germany for three years.
Over the past few years medical doctors have been
searching for a drug to control the AIDS virus.
One of my friends has been working in your company since
he graduated.
All these years, Luisa’s family has been living in wealthy
Function:
Untuk menyatakan
suatu kegiatan yang
dimulai pada waktu
lampau dan sekarang
masih berlangsung dg
kemungkinan masih
akan terus berlangsung.
Formula:
S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V.ING
TIME
SIGNALS:
SINCE
FOR

11. EXERCISES
1. She ____(work) here for ten years.
2. Look! Somebody ____(break) that window.
3. I ___(read) the book you gave me but I ____(not finish) it yet.
4. “Sorry, I’m late.” “That’s all right. I ___(no wait) long.”
5. Hello! I ___(clean) the window. So far I ___(clean) five of them and there are two
more to do.
6. There’s a strange smell in here. You ___(cook) something?
7. My brother is an actor. He ___(appear) in several films.
8. I ___(lost) my key. Can you help me look for it?
9. You look tired. You ___(work) hard?
10. The ceiling was white. Now it’s blue. Linda ___(paint) the ceiling.

12. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
REGULAR (beraturan)
IRREGULAR (tdk beraturan)

13. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Dewi went to Spain last year.
Ika did her work last night.
Function:
Untuk
menyatakan
suatu kegiatan
yang terjadi di
masa lampau.
Formula:
S + V2 + O
TIME SIGNALS:
Yesterday
Last….
Ago

14. Exercise
1 Durro ___(write) her report last night.
2 Tantin ___(see) the movie before.
3 Evi ___(read) the newspaper already.
4 Mr. Morgan ___ (work) in the same place for thirty five years, and he is planning
not to retire yet.
5 We ___(not begin) to study for the test yet.
6 Alvin ___(go) to the store at ten o’clock this morning.
7 Raisa ___(travel) around the world.
8 Kevin ___(submit) the work yesterday.
9 Titin ___(call) her employers twice a week.
10 We ___(not see) this movie yet.

15. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang
berlangsung di waktu lampau saat kegiatan lain
terjadi/menyela.
Menyatakan dua kegiatan berlangsung bersamaan di
waktu lampau.
Menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung
pada suatu waktu spesifik di masa lampau.
FUNCTIONS:

16. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang
berlangsung di waktu lampau saat kegiatan lain
terjadi/menyela.
SUBJECT 1 + PAST CONTINUOUS + WHEN + SUBJECT 2 + SIMPLE PAST
The engine was running when it suddenly stopped.
WHEN + SUBJECT 1 + SIMPLE PAST + SUBJECT 2 + PAST CONTINUOUS
When Aisha came home, Audrey was watching television.

17. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Menyatakan dua kegiatan berlangsung bersamaan di waktu
lampau.
SUBJECT 1 + PAST CONTINUOUS + WHILE + SUBJECT 2 + PAST CONTINUOUS
Aisha was watching television while Audrey was reading a book.
WHILE + SUBJECT 1 + PAST CONTINUOUS + SUBJECT 2 + PAST CONTINUOUS
While Bisma was cooking Pasta, Morgan was dancing on the dance floor.
WHILE + SUBJECT 1 + PAST CONTINUOUS + SUBJECT 2 + SIMPLE PAST
While Raffael was watching movie, Dicky went online.

19. 1. Prabu___(eat) dinner when his friend called.
2. While Ratu was cleaning the apartment, her husband ___(sleep).
3. At three o’clock this morning, Omesh ___(study).
4. When Talitha arrived, the Andersons ___(have) dinner, but they stopped in order to
talk to him.
5. Sandra ___(go) to France last year.
6. When the teacher ___(enter) the room, the students were talking.
7. While Rosa was writing the report, Ucok ___(look) for more information.
8. We ___(see) this movie last night.
9. At one time, Mr. Saiful Bahri ___(own) this building.
10. Norman ___(write) a letter to his family when his pencil ___(break).

20. Menyatakan suatu
kegiatan atau
tindakan yang
terjadi sebelum
kegiatan lain di
waktu lampau.
Biasanya ada dua
atau lebih kegiatan
yang beriringan.
Subject 1 + PAST PERFECT + BEFORE + Subject 2 + SIMPLE PAST
Nayla had gone to the store before she went home.
BEFORE + Subject 1 + SIMPLE PAST + Subject 2 + PAST PERFECT
Before Nayla went to campus, she had had her breakfast
AFTER + Subject 2 + PAST PERFECT + Subject 2 + SIMPLE PAST
After Nayla had had her breakfast, she went to campus
Subject 1 + SIMPLE PAST + AFTER + Subject 2 + PAST PERFECT
Nayla went to campus after she had had her breakfast
TIME SIGNALS:
BEFORE
AFTER

21. Exercises
1.The house was very quite when I got home. Everybody ___ (go) to bed.
2. I felt very tired when I got home, so I __ (go) straight to bed.
3. Sorry I’m late. The car ___ (broke) down on my way there.
4. There was a car by the side of the road. It ___ (break) down and the driver was
trying to repair. So we ___ (stop) to see if we could help.
5. “Was Chibi there when you arrived?” “No, he ___ (go) home.

22. V1 V2 V3
Write
Stop
Wrote
Stopped
Written
Stopped
Read Read Read
Get Got Gotten
Walk
Insist
Walked
Insisted
Walked
Insisted
Run Ran Run
Sing Sang Sang
Watch
Come
Watched
Came
Watched
Come

23. If we finish the assignment today, we can have a free time next week.
You must study hard if you want to enter favorite university.
If you don’t have any money you can borrow from me.

24. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
POLA CONDITIONAL
FEATURE:
IF……….., ………….
……………, IF……….
THE REAL CONDITIONAL
Type 1: Lamunan yang memiliki peluang menjadi kenyataan.
THE UNREAL CONDITIONAL
Lamunan yang tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan.
Type 2: Present Conditional -> berbeda dg kenyataan saat ini
Type 3: Past Conditional -> berbeda dg kenyataan yang sudah terjadi (lampau)

25. THE FORMULA
X1 Y1 REAL FACT
Present (Verb I) Simple Future
Will + Verb I
Shall
True In Present
Past (S + Were) Would + Verb I
Should
Not True in Present
Past Perfect (Had + Verb 3) Would + Have + Verb 3
Could
Not true in Past

26. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE 1
If we finish the assignment today, we can have a free time next week.
You must study hard if you want to enter favorite university.
If you don’t have any money, you can borrow from me.
Present (Verb I) Simple Future
Will + Verb I
Shall
True In Present

27. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE 2
If I had a time, I would go to the beach with you.
He would tell you about if he were here.
If I were you, I would start packing now.
Past (S + Were) Would + Verb I
Should
Not True in Present

28. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE 3
If I had known you were there, I would have written you a letter.
If you had asked me, I would have told the whole story.
If someone had walked in here with a gun, I’d have been very frightened.
Past Perfect (Had + Verb 3) Would + Have + Verb 3
Could
Not true in Past

29. EXERCISES
1. If I were offered the job, I ________ (take) it.
2. I’m sure Fina will lend you some money, I would be very surprised if she ____(refuse).
3. Many people would be out of work if that factory _____ (close) down.
4. They are expecting us. They will be disappointed if we _____ (not come).
5. Will Diana be angry if I _____ (take) his cell-phone without asking.
6. If I sell the car she ____ (not get) much money for it.
7. Evi gave me this ring. She ____ (be) terribly upset if I lost it.
8. If someone _____ (walk) in here with a gun, I’d have been very frightened.

30. CAUSATIVE
A verb– such as
cause, allow, help, have, enable
keep, hold, let, force, require, and
make—used to indicate that some
person or thing helps to make something
happen.

31. ACTIVE CAUSATIVE
Subject + Have + Object (pelaku) + Verb 1
Make
Let
Help

32. PASSIVE CAUSATIVE
Subject + Have + Object (benda) + Verb 1
Get

33. 1) “The curtains of my room need
washing.”
“Well, go the laundry and…..”
a. Wash them
b. they are washed
c. it should wash them
d. have them washed
e. make them wash

34. 2). My little brother had scattered
all his toys on my bed, so I had him
______ the bed before tonight.
A. clear
B. to clear
C. cleared
D. be clearing
E. to be cleared

35. 3. “Why are you taking the car to the
garage?”
“________________.”
A. I will check the brakes myself
B. The brakes will be checked
C. I will have checked the brakes
D. I will have the brakes checked
E. the brakes will have been checked

36. 4. “I fixed the light in the bathroom
yesterday, but it went out again today.”
“why don’t you have an electrician
_____it.”
A. checking
B. checked
C. to checked
D. check
E. Checks

37. 5. “I’ve tried to fixed my motorbike,
but it is still not running well.”
“Why don’t you have a mechanic ___
it.”
A. check
B. checking
C. to check
D. in checking
E. checked

38. 6. Rudi broke his leg in the
accident; therefore, _____ drive
him to his work.
A. he doesn’t have to ask Amir to
B. he won’t have to get anybody
C. Amir has asked Rudi
D. Amir doesn’t have to
E. he will have Amir

39. GIVING ADVICE AND SUGGESTION
S +
SHOULD +
V1OUGHT TO +
HAD BETTER +

40. ADVICE/SUGGESTION RESPONSE
ACCEPT REFUSE
Why don’t you see the doctor? Yes, I will. Oh I don’t think it is
necessary
Have you thought of seeing the doctor? Yes, Maybe I should...
It would be a good to see the doctor. Yes I suppose I should
..
Perhaps you should lie down. Yes, I guess I should ... I guess not
Perhaps you had better lie down. Yes, I will.
Perhaps you ought to lie down. May be
Perhaps you had better not to go work
today.
I Guess not I don’t think so
Perhaps you shouldn’t go to work today. Ok Oh no
You need to/ought to/should… All right Oh no
Make sure you…
It’s best to…

41. I have just lost my job at age of 40. I
have a wife and 7 Children to support
and there seems to be no chance of
getting another job. We don’t want to
move to another area from our friends
and relations. The other problem is that
I am in debt. I owe the bank $ 6000.
What should I do? Can you give me some
advice?

42. I am 24 years old and I have a super job in an
advertising agency, working for lovely boss. The
prospects for promotion look really good, but
before I get too old I want to see the world.
What I dream of doing is taking a year off and
hitch-hiking round the world long. The problem
is that my boss says he can’t keep my job open
for me. My boyfriend is against me going too.
He says it’s too dangerous. What do you think I
should do?

43. I am a housewife and a friend has just told me
that my husband, John, is having an affair with
secretary. I am worried because he often comes
home late and says he has been working late at
the office. Last week he said he had to go away
to Paris on business. I really don’t know what
to do. Our two daughters are still at school and
I don’t want John to leave us I actually still love
him. I just don’t know what to do.

44. Chang is a Chinese student studying
English in Australia. She has been in
Australia for a year. She studies very
hard but she feels her English isn’t
improving very quickly. She
particularly wants to improve her
listening and speaking ability. What
should she do?

45. You are visiting one of foreign
countries, for example, Australia.
When you arrive at the airport in
Australia. You forget to bring your
important documents. What will
you do?