2. Cornell University 1891
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Toronto 1890 Clark University 1889
University of Harvard University 1892
Wisconsin 1888
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Nebraska 1889
Columbia University 1890
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3. How Psychology Psychology Seven Unifying Personal
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4. Mary Whiton Margaret Floy Leta Stetter
Calkins Washburn Hollingworth
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5. Sigmund Freud G. Stanley Hall Carl Jung
How Psychology Psychology Seven Unifying Personal
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6. Free Will = Illusion
How Psychology Psychology Seven Unifying Personal
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7. Behavioral Perspective (1913 - Present)
John B. Watson Ivan Pavlov B.F. Skinner
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8. Psychoanalytic Perspective (1900 - Present)
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Sigmund
Freud
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9. Humanistic Perspective (1950s - Present)
Abraham Maslow
Carl
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10. Cognitive Perspective (1950s - Present)
Noam Chomsky
Herbert Simon
Jean Piaget
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11. Biological Perspective (1950s - Present)
James Olds
Roger Sperry
David Hubel
Torsten Weisel
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12. Evolutionary Perspective (1980s - Present)
David Buss
Martin Daly
Margo Wilson
Leda Cosmides
John Tooby
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How Psychology Psychology Seven Unifying Personal
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16. 4.2%
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19. 1 Psychology is Empirical
2 Psychology is Theoretically Diverse
3 Psychology Evolves in a Sociohistorical Context
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20. 4 Behavior is Determined by Multiple Causes
5 Behavior is Shaped by Cultural Heritage
6 Heredity and Environment Jointly Influence Behavior
7 People’s Experience of the World is Highly Subjective
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21. How Psychology Psychology Seven Unifying Personal
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How Psychology Psychology Seven Unifying Personal
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Notas del editor
In general terms, psychology is about understanding all the things that we do.
Although psychology began in Europe, many research labs began to appear in North American colleges and universities. Wilhelm Wundt is considered the father of modern psychology. Many of the early American psychologists were his graduate students.
Wundt is known as a voluntarist because he was interested in volitional behavior He founded what is considered to be the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879 He used the technique known as introspection to probe the perceptual processes of his experimental subjects
Mary Whiton Calkins founded an early psychology laboratory at Wellesley College and was the first woman president of the APA Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to earned a Ph. D in psychology and authored an influential book, The Animal Mind Leta Stetter Hollingworth did pioneering work on adolescent development and the fallacy of women’s inferiority
G. Stanley Hall was the first president of APA; his most significant contribution may have been to expose scholars in the US to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. Freud is world-famous for his theory. His work helped to shape the field of clinical psychology. Carl Jung was an adherent of Freud who eventually broke with him; he is most widely remembered for his theory of the collective unconscious
B.F. Skinner is arguably the most influential psychologist to date His work on operant conditioning revolutionized the behavioral movement. He extended his theoretical work to humans and most notably argued against the notion that we have free will.
Psychology does not provide us with a unitary understanding of the mind. There are numerous viewpoints that compete and complement one another. These perspectives have all grown from the work of early psychologists. Behaviorists believed that only observable events can be studied scientifically, and studied the effects of environment on the overt behavior of humans and animals.
Psychoanalysts study the unconscious determinants of behavior - they believe that unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality and mental disorders.
Humanists believe that humans are free, rational beings with the potential for personal growth - fundamentally different from animals. Humanists study the unique aspects of human experience.
The cognitive perspective involves the study of thoughts and mental processes. Cognitive theorists believe that human behavior cannot be fully understood without examining how people acquire, process, and store information.
Advocates of the biological perspective believe that an organism’s functioning can be explained in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical process that underlie behavior. They study the physiological bases of behavior in humans and animals.
Evolutionary theorists study the evolutionary bases of behavior in humans and animals. They believe that behavior patterns have evolved to solve adaptive problems, and that natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success.
Psychoanalysis developed before behaviorism and behaviorism developed before cognitive psychology This evidence provided on this graph suggests that behaviorism gave way in terms of quantity of published research several decades ago. The graph may not be so helpful when determining psychoanalysis’ impact on the field because psychoanalysts are less likely to be scientists.
Many individuals have made contributions to the history of psychology. Psychology grew out of a number of related disciplines like philosophy, medicine, physics, physiology, etc The work of the individuals on this overview helped to consolidate psychology into its own field. Many of these names are very familiar to those who work in this field.
APA membership has grown substantially since the end of World War II, a testament to its popularity.
The most common setting for psychologists is in private practice. These are obviously clinical or counseling psychologists. Hospitals and clinics are also a common setting for these psychologists. The academic setting is also a common locale for psychologists.
Psychology has many subdisciplines. Research is performed in each of them. This chart lists the major areas for research in modern psychology. Clinical psychologists are concerned with the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of individuals with psychological disorders, as well as treatment of less server behavioral and emotional problems. Counseling psychology overlaps with clinical psychology in that specialists in both areas engage in similar activities - however, counseling psychologists usually work with a somewhat different clientele, providing assistance to people struggling with everyday problems of moderate severity. Educational psychologists work to improve curriculum design, achievement testing, teacher training, and other aspects of the educational process. Industrial and organizational psychologists perform a wide variety of tasks in the world of business and industry.
This graphic, much like 11 shows how many clinical psychologists are employed in the industrialized world. This mirrors the strong demand that is seen for slots in graduate programs in clinical psychology Clinical psychology programs, excepting veterinary school, is the most difficult graduate program to gain admittance to.
These are the themes that relate to psychology as a field of study. Empiricism is the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation. 2. A theory is a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations. The conclusions in psychology are based on direct observation. 3. Trends, issues, and values in society influence psychology’s evolution - putting psychology in both a social and historical context.
These themes relate to psychology’s subject matter. 4. Psychology shows that there are multiple causes of behaviors. 5. Culture - widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, and other products of a community - is also a determinant of human behavior. 6. Heredity and environment - or nature and nurture - are both important and have complex connections to human behavior. 7. Motives and expectations color our experience, which can make perception a subjective experience
Time management is crucial to success in college. Many students today work while they attend college. This can be detrimental since many study hours are lost to jobs which pay very little.
This graphic shows the strong positive correlation between classroom attendance and grade performance. Though most instructors do not take attendance, this detail is crucial to a student’s success. This student must manage this on their own quite often.
This is an interesting graphic display because the results depicted here are counterintuitive. Most instructors, and to a lesser extent students, believe that switching an answer on an exam is most often going to lead to a mistake. This study cited however showed that just the opposite is true. Most times when students switch an answer on an exam it leads to a correct answer.
