Some ideas about research.Please read it.

1. RESEARH METHODOLOGY
RESEARH METHODOLOGY
RESEARH METHODOLOGY

2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3. Meaning of Research
 Research is one of the ways to find answers to you
questions -Kumar, 20005. p. 6
 Three aspects
1. Undertaken within a framework of a set of philosophies
2. It uses procedures, methods and technique to
create/maintain reliability and validity
3. Unbiased and objective
•
Research is a systematic process of enquiry consisting
of those three elements by Nunan 1992,p. 3.
1. question, problem, hypothesis
2. Data
3. Analysis and interpretation

4. Characteristics of Research
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Controlled : Time, economic, field, variables and
external factors should not affect
Rigorous : Do until you get(While collecting)
Systematic : Not random, not haphazard
Valid and verifiable : Based on real activities
Empirical : Need evidences
Critical : Out of drawbacks, avoid the possibility and
be fact

5. Theoretical and Applied Research
 Research CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO DIFFERENT TYPES
on the basis of different criteria. On the basis of
application, into two broad types: theoretical and applied
Research. Theoretical research is also called basic research,
fundamental and pure research, research which is carried
out to contribute to theory is known as theoretical research.
On the contrary, the research which aim to help in practice
is known as applied research. The major differences
between these two types of research are pointed out in the
following lines;
1 The main aim of theoretical research is to add some new
knowledge to the existing body of knowledge. In the
contrary, Applied research aims to solve existing problem
in real practical field

6. 2.2 Specific Classification
1) Experimental Research
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Experiment refers as intervening the natural order to get or
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find some tings
Experimental Research provides a systematic and logical
method of experiments to manipulate certain treatment
One or more control and Experimental groups
Treatment is carried out by the researcher
Two types of variable; independent variables and dependent
variable
Independent variables is manipulated by Experimental
Researcher
The cause variable is an independent variable
The result(achievement) variable is dependent variable

7. Process in Experimental Research
Identifying the broader area of research
2. Framing the title or topic ; specifying the broad area of research. It is the first
process is based on the broad area where researcher is interested
3. Specifying the objectives
4. Constructing hypothesis; the effectiveness of research materials (independent
variables and dependent variable)or it is pre-assumption about research
5. Expanding theoretical knowledge(different sources of related topic)
6. Writing a research proposal and preparing a research materials or tools i.e. tested
or piloting the research tools
7. Collecting enough or requirement materials for experiments
8. Going to the field
9. Contacting the authority and getting permission to carry out the research
10. Assigning subject randomly and systematically into two groups
11. Giving a pre test (researcher gives)
1.

8. 12) Checking the answer sheet or script
13) Listing the raw sources
12. Calculating the means (average) score of both
groups
13. Finding out the difference between the means of the
both groups than adjusting it
14. Starting the treatment
15. Completing the experiment assigning /giving post
test
16. Checking the answer sheet or script

9. Listing the
raw sources
Calculating the
means (average)
score of both groups
Subtract score two from
score one
Subtract
the pre test
score from
post test
score for
the
experiment
al groups to
have score
one
Subtract
the pre test
score from
post test
period for
the
controlled
groups to
score

10. Characteristics of in Experimental
Research
It requires rigorous management of in Experimental Research
It uses a controlled group as a baseline against which to compare the
group receiving the in Experimental treatment
Internal validity is the basis of research design and the first objective of
in Experimental methodology. It concerned whether in Experimental
manipulation in the particular study really made a difference or not
External validity is the second objective of in Experimental
methodology. It concern with the representative finding and the result
be generalize to similar circumstances and subjective

11. Historical Research
“Historical Research involves the investigation of past event for the
purpose of understanding past and present and some extant
anticipating.”
- Chawal
“Historical Research is past oriented research which seeks to
illuminate a question of current interest by an intensive study of
materials that are already exist.”
• -Garry Anderson
“Historical Research is the systematic collection &objective evaluation
of data related to past occurrences in order to test hypothesis
concerning cause, effect &trend of those events & anticipate future
events”.
• -L.R Gray-------------

12. Purpose of Historical Research
The Purpose of Historical
Research is to describe
particular past
event(S),activity(s)trend &
situation which were not
fully described. Similarly,
personality and contribution
of well established person
can be explore

13. Characteristics of Historical Research
 Types of data; existing data (prepared by somebody else and the
researcher utilized the existing data &closed types of data are used
I. Source of data ;primary &secondary data
a) Primary data people from data is carried out is primary data
Primary recourse; eye witness (somebody who gives evidence
after seeing or hearing something Microsoft® Encarta® 2009. ©
1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.) but little
because we may not access then cause of time
•
Documents prepared by eye witness(diary, officials & personal
recorded, latter, oral speeches or oral testimony i.e. folk tale
,folk story songs and family stories
•
Pictorial records; picture , drawing, graphs, painting, coins&
sculpture ( a piece of art that made from stone, wood, clay etc

14. •
•
Mechanical records; photograph, audio-video records, films,
documentaries etc
Remains and relies(borrowed by) fossil, skeleton, tools,
weapons, clothing, building etc
Secondary resources; it refers to the those documents which are
prepared by other people than the eyewitness
II. Process of data collection; data collected by observation
III. Analysis of historical data;
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External level; to establish authenticity of information like date,
author, place etc
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Internal level; goes to the content, observation to find out
accuracy, consistency, trustworthiness, writer knowledge,
competency, motive of the writing etc
IV. Chapter organization; There are minimum number of research is
three I.e. methodology, data analysis and finding
b)

15. v.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
The researcher neither can manipulate or controlled by any
variables nor can influence events of the past
Common problems explore in Historical Research
Biography; Life history; major contributions in professional
field
Institutional history
History of particular movements
Different issue in education(ELT)
Radio training
Distance mode of education

16. Process used in Historical Research
Identifying the problems
II. Specifying the universe of data required to address the problem adequately
looking at possibility of data
III. Initial determination that sufficient data are available
IV. Data collection through;
a) Consideration of known data
b) Seeking known data from primary and secondary resources
c) Seeking new and previously unknown data
V. Initial writing of report and descriptive phase of research
VI. Interaction of writing and additional data search and examination completion
of interpretative phase
VII. Finalize the report
VIII. Typing, editing and proof reading
I.

17. I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
I.
II.
III.
Action Research
Process Of Action Research
Initiation – abstract
Preliminary investigation-preparation of tools, collection, &analysis of data
I.e.. Concrete
Hypothesizes
Intervention – new material, new types of teaching technique, new action
depends upon the research
Evaluation
Dissemination –sharing the ideas
Follow-up continuity the activity which can be modified
Characteristics of Action Research
It is carried out by practicener
Collaborative in nature
It’s nature in cyclical

18. Ethnography Research
 Study of culture, people, language and society
 Bronislow Malinowski(1992) one of the first condition of
acceptable ethnographic words. Certainly, it should deals
with the totality of all social, cultural, psychological aspect of
the community for they are show
intervention(interconnection) the not one can be understand
without taking consideration of the others
 J. Willet(1987);
Observation; participant and non participant
• In Ethnography Research observation is used
• It requires a lot of time so it is called longitudinal type of
research and the data is collected repeatedly

19.  In language acquisition research Ethnography approach refers
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to the in-depth study of the acquisition of different linguistics
pattern in relation to socio-cultural behaviors of the
participant of a group.
The main purpose of Ethnography Research to explore the
process of language acquisition in relation to culture
It is carried out in natural setting
Role of Theory and Literature Review in Ethnography
Research
Sociolinguistics concepts; Register, dialect, idiolect, speech
community, code, bilingualism multilingual etc
In Ethnography Research same theory is not use up to the end
of research but other types of research theory can be used first
and end of research
Language acquisition, language teaching method,
technologies and materials

20.  The Nature of Hypothesis
 Literature review-formulation hypothesis-testing the
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hypothesis are common for all research but in Ethnography
Research nature of hypothesis is tentative | dynamic|
working| totally discard because the researcher can be
modified in research period
Hypothetico- inductive is used in Ethnography Research
Hypothetico deductive used in experimental research
In Ethnography Research data is stronger than hypothesis
In experimental research hypothesis Is stronger than data
The main purpose of Ethnography Research to find out
insider’s view(members of community) or emic view

21. Feature of Ethnography Research
 It is flexible and utilizes multiple sources of information
 Case studies are in depth investigation of a given social units
resulting in a complete, well organized picture of that unit s
 Source of data;
Primary data collection; in Ethnography Research
primary sources mostly refers to a particular groups of learners,
teachers, supervisor or those involved in educational process and
either the behavior of one or two participants of that specific
group is studies
Secondary data collection; apart from books, articles
& film the researcher has consult curriculum, textbook, diaries,
letters, sample of participants writing, writing report about the
participants . Similarly audio recording video recording of
participants classroom interaction and another interaction

22.  Approach to data collection; longitudinal-eloborative process, data is
collected at a periodical interval. Clarifying the data collection
technique Spinder & Spinder (1987) expresses their view as
“observation is prolonged and repetitive chains of events are observed
more than once to establish the reliability of observation
Traditionally, Ethnography Researcher used unstructured tools
even schedule(general list) weren't allowed, so in1981 Gay suggested
to use modified Ethnography approach in collecting data. He
suggested to use more structured(specific pieces) tools. So that data
can be collected systematically
 Ethnography Analysis; Analysis is a recursive activity that means in
Ethnography Research field work, data analysis report writing are
accomplished simultaneously. On the basis on new analysis is either
modified, discarded ultimately grounded theory is produced(the
theory emerged from data)
 In Ethnography Research interpreting analysis is used that means
theoretical knowledge is derived from on the basis on cultural
exploration. Data is collected as two level i.e. descriptive and
interpretation level

23. Principle in Ethnography Research
 Naturalistic Theory; S . Wilson ( 1992) states the fact that
objective reality is the key principle in experimental
research may not always be adequate in studying human
behaviors. So method, procedures and the assumption
ongoing the physical science may not be appropriate for
investigating human behaviors
 Watson – Gegeo and Vlichny(1988) also support S .
Wilson
 Van Lier (1988) though believe the centrality of cultural
description in Ethnography Research views Ethnography
Research from two angle. They are weak and strong view

24.  Weak view: Ethnography Research uses unstructured and
participant as it research tool. So it is inferior to experimental
research and its finding can be used as the hypothesis for the
formal experimental, as a ground clearing operation and
finding should be further tested. Thus, it is not regarded as a
valid , independent research type(less valid)
 Strong view: This view emphasis on the independent status
Ethnography Research. So it should be regarded as equal to
Experimental Research
 later in 1990 M.H.Long argued in favor of weak view of
Ethnography Research. He is one of the opinion that the
primary purpose of Ethnography Research is to describe
classroom process, i.e. learning process which can be later on
studied through experimental research(more valid)

25. He thinks to establish casual relation on the basis of
descriptive study is both pre-matured and unwarranted
 But David Nunan (1992) is in favor of strong view of
Ethnography Research. So he wrote “Ethnography Research is
a valid tradition in itself and it should not be simply
considered as a hypothesis-generating device for experimental
research
 In Ethnography Research hypothesis generating after
collection the data or data help to formulation of hypothesis(it
is qualitative)
 But in experimental research hypothesis testing data is
collecting to verify the research , data are use to formulation
research(it is quantitative)

26. 2.2.7 Case Study
 Case refers to a situation/problem or a single instances case study,
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in the study of an individual. It either be a person, classroom, an
institution or so on
It comes under qualitative research
Robson (2002) “case studies opt for analytic rather then statistical
generation i.e. They develop a theory which can help researchers
to understand other similar cases, phenomena or situation”
Adelman et.al.(1980) it is the study of a case i.e. an instance in
action
Nesbit and Wall(1984) defined case study as a specific instance
that is frequently designed to illustrate a more general principle
In Robert Stake view(1996) as a form of research case study is
define by interest in individual cases not by the method of inquiry
used

27. Purpose of Case Study
 To study intensively the background, current status and
environmental interaction of the selected case
 To describe the case in its context to understand the complexity
and dynamics nature of the entity and to discover connection
among experiences behaviors and relevant features of the context

28. Correlation Research
 Correlation Research is object based research. The selection of research
tool and sampling procedure depends on the research objective. If there
is relationship between two sets of score or variables( positive and
negative). The magnitude of the correlation, coefficient would be +1.00
for positive and -1.00 for negative. Bin reality it becomes really difficult
to get this types of perfect relationship. As a result the magnitude of the
correlation, coefficient varies from -1.00 to +1.00. e.g.
high high
positive
low
low
High
low
Negative
Low high

29.  The main corn of Correlation Research is to find out the
existences of relationship between two or more variables. The
focus is on determining the nature or pattern or magnitude
or degree of the relationship. It is objective based research .
So selection of research tool and sampling procedures
depends on the research objective. Correlation Research is
most often defined in opposition to casual study such as
experimental study or research. In the later type of
researcher attempt to determine that one variable causes
another. E.g. supplementary material can bring positive
result on reading comprehension. Whereas in formal type of
research does not intend to make casual claims. Intended try
to determine whether there exists any relationship between
two variables or not. In Correlation Research it becomes
difficult to claim cause effect relationship because the
researcher cannot be sure whether independent variables
effect depended variables or vice-versa.

30.  Supplementary materials: short story, poem, novel,
drama etc
 Reading comprehension: using supplementary material
Correlation and coefficient by computing a statistical.
Analysis two sets of score which is collected for the variables
included in the study. Different formulaic can be applied to
calculate correlation and coefficient Pearson product
movement correlation is widely used formulaic for calculating
correlation and coefficient . It is a raw score formula and
correlation and coefficient are represented by the letter ‘r’.
According to Martyn Ddenscmbe 1999 researcher generally
regard any correlation coefficient which is (positive and
negative )0.3 and below as weak relation and 0.7 and above
use strong relation. Similarly, JamesDeazn Brown 1999 thinks
that the correlation coefficient of 0.40 and below s weak andlk
0.80 and above as strong.

31. Types of Correlation Research
 On the basis of numbers of the variable included in the study
Byvariate and multivariate in 1987 L.M Goldstein produced
on article entitle “standard English: The only target for non
native speakers of the English. In this article she has
explained that there is a positive relation between non-native
native English students section of a particular dialect for use
and their social relation. In her research she founded that
some Hispanic teen age students selected African-American
English, instead of standard English, as their target language
because most of their peers spoke this variety of English.
Multivariate: more then two variables are studied in 1986 C. Ely
published on article entitled “An analysis of discomfort risk
taking sociability in the SL classroom

32.  Language classroom discomfort is negatively related to risk taking
and sociability language class risk taking is positively related to
classroom participation. Classroom participation is positively
related to oral proficiency
 In then basis on the Basic of the objective
Relationship studies and prediction study
Relationship study typically investigate a number of variable
believed to be related to major complex variables. Such as
achievement variable founded to be highly related are eliminated
for further consideration and variable there are highly related
may7 suggest experiment studies to0 determine if the relationship
are casual. So this type of research is come out generally as a
preliminary step to experimental research
Prediction: it is the further higher step of relationship study.
Regardless of whether a relationship is casual or not the existence
of a high (positive or negative) relationship permits prediction.
For example C.Ely’s study language class discomfort was a
significant negative predictor language class risk taking and
language class score ability . In the other hand, language class risk
taking was a significant positive predictor of classroom
participation

33.  In language research generally constructs like language
proficiency, attitudes, perception, communicative
competence can not be measured directly and it becomes
necessary to reduce them into numerical values with the
help of different types of quantifying research tools. So
the value of the correlation research, depends on how well
these construct are define or measure because of this
weakness there always remain the danger of identifying
spurious relation pattern which have little or no reliability.
This makes a study less meaningful

34. Characteristics of Correlation
Research
 It is an objective based study. It means researcher guided by
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the objective
It can deal with the multiple variable at the same time. So it
is appropriate to conduct in the situation where it is
difficult to conduct experimental research
Data are collected in natural setting
Uncovers degree of relationship rather than all or nothing
question
Quantitative data are collected and analysis
It is a group study
It’s nature is reductional

35. 1.5 contextual Influences on Topics
of Second Language Research
 There are several theoretical socio-political and
institutional contextual factors that relate research
endeavor (effort) to increase our abilities
 There are varieties of topic addressed in L2 research,
According to Jonson (1992 p.13) there are three
contextual factors that Influences on Topics of Second
Language Research. They are;
1 Second language acquisition theory/theories
2 The relevant discipline theory
3 Sociopolitical and educational condition within a
nation or across nation