Essay On Curriculum

Essay on Curriculum and Instruction
Theories and Practices in Curriculum and Instruction
Marno AngaDr. Erlinda Navarro
MA in Educational ManagementM–F 11:00 am – 1:00 pm
Finals Examinations – Answers
2. Search any Memorandum Order from DepEd or CHED and analyze their relevance to curriculum
reengineering.
According to CHED Memorandum Order (CMO) No. 38, Series of 2010 (kindly see attachment for
copy of file), they have delineated the different subjects being taught in both AB and BS Psychology.
They have broken the course into the following: General Education| 63 units| Required Course| 28
units| Basic Course| 8 units| Natural Sciences| 20 units| Elective Courses| 15 units| Physical
Education | 8 units| National Service Training...show more content...
This term focuses not just a minor tweak or changes in the existing curriculum, but focuses on the
total overhauling of the system. The curriculum reengineering is a daunting task not just for the
developer and expert but also in the school administrators and everyone below him/her. The question
of how often should we conduct curriculum reengineering be done? The answer is as often as
possible.
The second part of that answer is when is that even occurring? If the evaluation program yields that
there are gross differences between your curriculum and the outside world then curriculum
reengineering should be done. But I have said before, curriculum reengineering is a curriculum
overhaul. It is taking up a curriculum, breaking it apart and reassembling it. This should not be
happening. A curriculum should be a smooth transition from one point to another. But if this
overhauling do occur, however, this means that the proper fail safe mechanisms were not established
and proper checks and balances were not set–up properly. This is where curriculum evaluation takes
its role as an agent of change.
Curriculum evaluation is so important that it helps highlight the strengths, expose the flaw and
challenges of the current or planned curriculum. It offers a distinct view on how everything works.
Imagine a teacher just teaching all day for the past forty years and not even evaluated once. Then
she leaves the
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Objectives Of A Curriculum Plan Essay
CURRICULAM PLAN The most important objective of a curriculum plan to develop specified
skills or knowledge to a targeted group and the plan must be specific and time framed in order to
achieve the aim within the defined time frame. This curriculum plan aimed to develop the
essential employability skills to the multitude client group which includes the different age,
gender and ethnic groups. This curriculum plan targeted to complete within the period of eight
weeks with theoretical and practical sessions. In each session the progression of the plan with a
close consideration to the skills achieved would be analysed. There will be a clear and defined
frame work for each session and the assessment of student's performance. The assessment methods
designed with a clear intention of increased student involvement. Each session required to
complete within the defined time frame to ensure the successful completion of the curriculum
plan. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES According to Steven and Fallows (2008) it is important for
any curriculum plan to have a clear, focused and practical oriented plan to ensure the successful
completion as well as the achievement of maximised result. The major objectives of this
curriculum plan are, To make the client group able to identify certain employability skills, values
as well as qualities To make the client group able to describe certain employability skills, values as
well as qualities To make the client group able to recognise the

Essay about Inclusive Curriculum in Schools
Through mandatory acknowledgement (Disability Discrimination Act, 1992) of individuals
previously segregated in our education system, the government, who operate on behalf of the people,
have publicly proclaimed inclusion for all. When children with disabilities, disadvantage or learning
difficulties are incorporated into the regular schooling domain a more realistic version of community
is subscribed to. As a consequence, the more we are confronted with difference, the greater our
threshold to accept and embrace it.
As a community we enact tangible proclamations of our values in the form of legislation and
policies. Furthermore the public education system reflects what we, as a community hold in esteem
whilst embodying our hope for the...show more content...
administration, teachers, students, parents, government and general populace) will be paramount to
the success of this ideal.
b.How will your teaching practice be influenced by your understanding of the requirements of
inclusive education?
In keeping with the requirements of inclusive education, contemporary teaching enlists an improved
holistic view of each child in order to inform practice. According to Zundans (2006) the spectrum of
disability and disadvantage cannot be contained in a homogenous group and as such consideration of
the whole child must be taken into account. This conscious consideration of individual student needs
means formulating relationships which inform practice and subsequent adjustment to the way in
which we teach. Effective classroom practice may include modification of the curriculum, such as
multilevel instruction, to suit individual needs. Additionally we must be mindful of teaching only to
the regular student. Limited instruction such as this allows for heightened levels of
underachievement and missed opportunities to enrich the learning experience in our classrooms.
Essentially, this behaviour stands in direct opposition to the ideals of inclusive education in which
the teacher has a responsibility for all student learning.
Developing positive classroom culture and emphasis on the collective worth of the cohort can
greatly improve the

Essay On Curriculum
The nationwide trend to migrate curriculum decisions from the school or school district to the state
level has the potential to contribute positively to the educational system–or negatively.
On the positive side, the migration of curriculum decisions to the state level ensures that the state's
established educational philosophy and ideology are recognized and incorporated into the
curriculum. According to Ornstein and Hunkins (2017, p.), there are at least five approaches to
curriculum. Developing a single curriculum at the state level would protect the coherency of the
state's mission by recognizing a state–level approach for curriculum and providing consistent
application of the approach. The concept of charter schools, as in New...show more content...
Establishment of curriculum domain at the state level allows the local level curricularist to focus on
the implementation and education of theory and practice, as opposed to domain, of the curriculum.
On the other hand, according to Ornstein and Hunkins (2017), "most curricularists, including those
who write textbooks, have difficulty fusing theory and practice" (p.16). There should be serious
concern that any curricularist at the state level, removed from the daily interaction with students,
with limited ability to integrate the domain into theory and practice, could potentially wreak havoc
on a curriculum, especially if he were to integrate more of his own personal views and values than
foundation and theory into the domain of the curriculum. Additionally, if the professional educator in
the classroom cannot ethically agree with the established curriculum and or the practice of it in the
classroom, the system fails the learner.
Furthermore, it is only natural that an increase in the state's responsibility to establish curricula
would also increase its reliance on national professional organizations (e.g. NCTM, NCTE, etc.) for
assistance, clarification and data. Yet, without the requirement for curricula specialists to be unified
through certification in the theory and practices of curriculum, there is no protection from
special–interest groups seeking to

Curriculum implementation
Curriculum implementation entails putting into practice the officially prescribed courses of study,
syllabuses and subjects. The process involves helping the learner acquire knowledge or experience.
Curriculum implementation cannot take place without the learner. The learner is therefore the
central figure in the curriculum implementation process. Implementation takes place as the learner
acquires the planned or intended experiences, knowledge, skills, ideas and attitudes that are aimed at
enabling the same learner to function effectively in a society.
Curriculum implementation refers to how the planned or officially designed course of study is
translated by the teacher into syllabuses, schemes of work and lessons to be delivered to...show more
content...
Teachers are a constant factor in the education system and thus have a key role for classroom
innovation. If they are not motivated to engage with an innovation, then nothing will happen.
Learners are also a critical element in curriculum implementation. While teachers are the arbiters of
the classroom practice, the learners hold the key to what is actually transmitted and adopted from
the official curriculum. The official curriculum can be quite different from the curriculum that is
actually implemented. The learner factor influences teachers in their selection of learning
experiences, hence the need to consider the diverse characteristics of learners in curriculum
implementation (University of Zimbabwe, 1995: p31). For example, home background and learner
ability can determine what is actually achieved in the classroom.
Curriculum implementation cannot take place without the learner. The learner is therefore the
central figure in the curriculum implementation process. Implementation takes place as the learner
acquires the planned or intended experiences, knowledge, skills, ideas and attitudes that are aimed at
enabling the same learner to function effectively in a society (University of Zimbabwe, 1995: p8).
No meaningful teaching and learning can take place without adequate resource materials. For the
officially designed curriculum to be fully implemented as per plan, the government through the
Ministry of Education and other

Reflection On Learning And Curriculum
We live in a global economy that requires our students to be prepared to think both critically and
creatively, evaluate massive amounts of information, solve complex problems, and be good
communicators. A strong foundation in reading, writing, math, and other core subjects is still as
important as ever, yet by itself is insufficient for success in life. As I read and reflected on the two
articles chosen this week my thoughts kept circling back to what learning and curriculum should
reflect in 21st–century learning. Both authors touch upon how students today are required to learn
material just for the sake of taking a test. Therefore, they usually regurgitate material for the exam
yet there is no retention or interest in what they are learning especially in the core subjects. This
places pressure on the teachers to alter their curriculum to fit the needs of the test. I believe that this
not only narrows the range of learning but crushes the creativity in the classroom both with the
teachers and the students. We as teachers and administrators are then evaluated and held accountable
for these test scores which can be tied into a myriad of rewards or penalties depending on the
outcomes. "Test scores are used to determine punishments (such as sanctions, penalties, funding
reductions, negative publicity), accolades (awards, public celebration, positive publicity),
advancement (grade promotion or graduation for students), or compensation (salary increases or
bonuses for

"Curriculum is the foundation of the teaching–learning process whether it is a school, college,
university or training organization. The process of providing the plan and keeping it running
smoothly is known as curriculum development". Therefore the following essay will discuss the
curriculum development process in Fiji, the approaches used in the curriculum development process
and provide an overview of curriculum development in Fiji, how it has evolved over time and will
provide strengths and weaknesses of this approach by using own experiences and supported by
research, will state how curriculum development can be improved. To begin with, According to the
former permanent secretary for education, national heritage, culture and arts, Dr....show more
content...
Curricula is overloaded with factual content which is too lengthy for the teachers to complete where
less time will be left for the preparation for the external exam mostly for the external examination
for example year 13 geography and history

Essay On Curriculum Design
America has a diverse educational system and is responsible for ensuring that curriculum is
reflective of this diversity. As America becomes more diverse, it is commonplace for several
languages to be spoken in a single school (five languages were represented in my classroom alone
last year), and the demand for teachers trained at tackling the academic, emotional, and social needs
of students is pressing. Transcending race, the issue is not easily rectified by offering to place
teachers who "look like" their students in the classroom; rather, the more viable solution is in
training teachers to become more sensitive to students' academic and cultural needs. Furthermore,
socioeconomic differences contribute to this "great divide" that...show more content...
Public–school systems are brimming with minority students who are becoming increasingly deficient
in the knowledge and skills needed for self–sustainability in the 21st century. I worked as an
elementary teacher in Title I schools for more than two decades and witnessed students being taught
topics bearing very little relevance to their cultures or interests. The concern for the content being
taught prompted me to write curriculum that incorporated topics aligned to the standards, relevant to
students' culture and interests. When the topic of students' cultural interest was brought to teachers'
attention, many did not understand the need to examine their practices from their students'
perspectives, causing many teachers to dismiss the curriculum, choosing to adhere to the status quo.
People's culture influences how they navigate in society, impacting their interactions and
assimilation within the educational arena. Culture impacts students' learning, thereby, necessitating
that teachers remain mindful of students' diversity. Moreover, the culture gap existing between
students and teachers needs to be narrowed to facilitate more positive teacher and student outcomes
through training opportunities. Teachers need to be trained in understanding the cultural diversity of
students, resulting in best practices reflective of diversity. It is not enough to provide teachers with a
two–hour training on the differences between

Reflection Paper On Curriculum
Curriculum Reflection Ste. Genevieve R–II school district is located in Southeast Missouri. The
district's mission statement is Working Together to Create Success at Ste. Genevieve and Beyond.
One of the most successful ways that the Ste. Genevieve faculty collaborates together concerns their
method of curriculum development, alignment, and revision. This reflection assignment will
examine the curriculum process of Ste. Genevieve R–II. The following items will be addressed
within this analysis: the definition of curriculum, the district's formal/informal/hidden curriculum,
the district's curriculum leadership, the impact of Missouri Standards on the district, the district's
current plan for curriculum revision, and a...show more content...
Ste. Genevieve R–II has all three forms of curriculum. The formal curriculum is composed of various
documents saved to Google Drive. Information used to achieve this formal curriculum includes the
following documents: the Missouri Learning Standards for the departments, the Missouri Learning
Standards Crosswalk showing standards and alignment, the Missouri Learning Standards
Terminology for various departments, curriculum checklists, information about backward design,
pacing guides, unit/lesson plan documents, and assessments. The informal curriculum is present at
Ste. Genevieve R–II, but it is not in documented form. The values of the teachers creating the
curriculum play a role in its development and implementation. Each teacher brings their own style
into the classroom; as a result, the curriculum is followed, but it is followed in different ways as
teachers place their individual teaching style into their instruction. For example, when teaching skills
about literary theme, one teacher might include a specific piece of literature based on student
interest. Another teacher might not include the same piece of literature, but the concept of theme
will still be an aspect of their lessons. Another example might be in regards to teaching other kinds
of lessons that are

Essay about Early Childhood Education Curriculum
Early Childhood Education illustrates the teaching and care of children in other environments
outside of the home. Early childhood centers on the development of all children no matter their
gender, race, abilities, or ethnic orientation and gives knowledge of early childhood learning
process, which entails values, culture, desires of parents for their children, and especially a child's
need for knowledgeable functionality in society.
Early childhood education started with a mother in Europe in the early 1800's. She educated children
outside of their homes and soon this idea traveled to America during the Industrial Revolt. Schools
were organized in factories, churches, and private homes while parents worked during the day these
...show more content...
In view of the fact that we have a new President, new legislation has been implemented since the
previous NCLB legislation established in 2005–06 by Former President George W. Bush. The No
Child Left Behind ordered educators must be "highly qualified" by the end of 2006 school year
with their license and meet all certification prerequisites of the state in which they teach. The
educator must also have a bachelor's degree and must pass state certification to be eligible for the
2006 school year. Teachers, who do not meet those qualifications, will not be permitted to teach again
until they have met those prerequisites.
The new changes No Child Left Behind laws were passed earlier in 2010 stresses the importance
of education has to be our main concern to ensure that our children are getting quality education.
The legislation is called "Performance Counts," It reevaluates tenure laws and evaluation. This
means that teachers are evaluated and being laid off because of their performance in the
classrooms. No matter how long the teacher has been in his/her position that still wouldn't keep
them in their position because of their low performance. Over the next 10 years the focus will be to
prepare hundreds of new teachers in STEM science, technology, engineering, and math (Mclatchy,
2010). The program is to encourage students in the STEM field or alternative teacher certification
programs to switch their careers if they choose to. For

Through the completion of my graduate program in Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment, I
have gained an immense amount of knowledge and a plethora of skills which I have used and
found valuable in my seventh grade English classroom. My outlook on student learning and my
empathy towards students has also been positively affected by the program. These learning
opportunities have led me to become a better educator both inside and outside of the classroom.
One of my most influential experiences took place with my very first class, ED 523 taught by Dr.
Howe. In this course, I learned about the Understanding by Design (UbD) Framework created by
Wiggins and McTighe. This framework focuses on a backward design approach that uses big...show
more content...
It also gives them the ability to make connections to real world situations and get the "big picture".
By using the Backward Design approach, my assessment practices have also been positively
affected. Now that I know exactly how I am assessing my students before I teach a unit, I am able
to address misunderstandings in advance and provide students with rubrics and assessment materials
before they start a project or assignment, so they know exactly what is expected of them. I have
found that students perform better and are more engaged when they know my expectations in
advance. I have also discovered that students are more conscientious about their grade or
performance when they are able to look at my assessment tool and ask questions or check off the
tasks they have completed. Within three months of taking ED 523, my school district began using
curriculum mapping. Curriculum mapping has facilitated my district in eliminating gaps and
repetition in the curriculum and has allowed us to develop a fluent scope and sequence. This process
has optimized student learning in my classroom. I now know what the students have already learned
and can build upon those skills and understandings and can also better prepare them for the content
they will be introduced to in the future. The mapping process has given me the ability to create cross
curricular units with my colleagues. The students

The Importance Of Curriculum In Education
During the early 1900s, government officials began specifying levels of literacy and numeracy
taught to students (Blaise & Nuttall, 2011, p. 101). This encouraged philosophers like John Dewey
(1859–1952) to consider alternative teaching methods like "progressive schooling" which involved
inquiry–based child–centered activities drawn from the environment and everyday experiences.
Dewey's ideal is evident in classrooms today as part of the curriculum (Blaise & Nuttall, 2011, p.
102). Curriculum is not only about the official curriculum and the "precision in planning and
flexibility in execution" (Marsh & Willis, 2007, p. 4) it entails, but all other experiences learners
have under the guidance of the school (Marsh & Willis, 2007, p. 11). Although the formal curriculum
was developed as a guideline, educators need to develop their own working theory (Blaise & Nuttall,
2011, pp. 80) around how they will implement the curriculum in their classrooms. The key concepts
in the curriculum theory include the intended curriculum; what the government expects students to
experience and learn, the enacted curriculum; a teacher's interpretation and execution of the
curriculum, the hidden curriculum, the social rules and norms that children learn without teachers
realising it, and the null curriculum; the topics such as violence, that may be of interest to students,
but remain excluded from the enacted curriculum for various reasons. The lived curriculum is the
learners' actual experience

Cross-Curricular Learning Essay
'Making cognitive connections, within subjects and between subjects...' ( Piaget 1977, Cockburn
and Haylock 2008,Rose 2009) is an aspect of cross–curricular learning. Generally speaking,
cross–curricular learning is when skills, knowledge and attitudes of a number of disciplines which
are applied to a single experience, problem, question, theme or idea. In simple terms, it's also known
as a thematic approach. From this point, I'd be exploring the reasons why a thematic approach
should be adopted in the classroom and this approach could deliver the four core subjects in the
National Curriculum in Key Stage 1. On top of that I'd be exploring the issues raised of adopting a
cross–curricular approach and the implications of using a theme–based...show more content...
This form of assessment allows me to find out children's prior learning experiences and interests
and gives me an indication of where they are at, whilst children getting to have a 'voice' in what
goes on in their classroom. On top of that, at the start of the term children would be able to engage in
theme based lessons by inquiring them to suggest themes they'd like to study over the next half term,
this gives children the power to take control of their own learning and supports children's intrinsic
motivation of wanting to learn for themselves.
Again, due to the fact that children's interests and experiences are used to form a platform for
learning, the thematic approach tends to lend itself to be more motivating for pupils in conjunction
with their wider life experiences, as suggested by Barnes (2009). (Mumford. D (2000) Planning a
theme–based unit, Canada: Pacific Edge Publishing Ltd) This kind of assumption asserts that all
children responds positively to the same style of teaching or the same stimulus. However, he
neglects that motivation arises from many sources and children are inspired by different and
unpredictable outputs. It is therefore understood that cross–curricular approach will not suit all
children. But at the same time, as my role as a

The Importance Of Curriculum
Curriculum can be modified and adapted to provide effective learning experiences and teaching
strategies that are inclusive to all students. Making learning accessible, classroom environment and
engaging learning are some of the strategies that educators can implement to ensure accessible
learning to all students. Although there may be some of the advantages and difficulties that may
arise as a result of implementing these teaching and learning strategies educators must have a variety
of strategies that can be used in all classrooms.
Providing an education that is accessible to all is to recognize that all students' are unique individuals.
Which means to understand that their emotional, educational, social and physical needs are diverse
and will require differentiated approaches. Educators need to be aware of the many barriers that may
affect learning. Curriculum is said to one of the main barriers to creating an inclusive learning
environment. For example, if a teacher expects all students to demonstrate their knowledge of
decimals and exponents through lecture only, they are essentially creating missed opportunities and
potential barriers for individual students. Students that encounter poor mathematical understanding,
will not benefit from being just told about decimals and exponents. Mathematics is a subject that
requires hands on learning and manipulatives. A teacher who is unaware of this, may lose her
students during the lesson due to the lack of prior knowledge of

Curriculum And Pedagogy Essay
Curriculum and Pedagogy: The curriculum is experienced by all students, albeit in different forms.
So, curriculum which is based on more interaction between the students and teachers is more likely
to acceptable. There is a body of evidence from the US (and increasingly in other countries) that the
more students interact with other students and staff, the more likely they are to persist (e.g. Astin,
1984; Tinto, 1997). Due to interaction among students, they learn a great deal from each other.
Furthermore, both social and academic integration into a higher education institution have a positive
impact on their sense of belonging to (Reay et al., 2001), and ultimately learning within, that
environment (Thomas, 2002).
Despite different forms of delivery and modes across disciplines, the curriculum forms a platform for
the implementation of strategies and dimensions that engage students in their learning experience
...show more content...
In the context of a worldwide paradigm shift towards student–centered outcomes–based approaches,
and at a time when many Pakistani universities in the departments are developing learning, teaching
assessment strategies, this research reviews what the research literature says about the impact of
quality strategies on students' learning. It then proceeds to translate that into practical suggestions
for practice with the specific intention that assists to inform departments in the development of
appropriate teaching and learning strategies and learner–centered approaches and practices which
meet the university general principles on quality. Assessment defines what students regard as
important, how they spend their time and how they come to see themselves as students and then as
graduates. As students' points of view indicate, assessment always defines the actual curriculum
(Ramsden, 1992:

Importance of Curriculum Foundations
Introduction
Curriculum planning involves making a series of choices (Saylor, Alexander and Lewis, p. 27) In
the process of curriculum planning the three bases of curriculum should be considered these bases
are society, learner and knowledge. Each of these bases is equally important and cannot be
neglected. They are like three legs of a tripod stand, if one leg is bigger than the other than the tripod
cannot stand. Similarly each of these bases cannot be given more importance over than the other all
have equal importance. Society can be understood through Sociology, Learner can be understood by
Psychology and Knowledge can be understood through Philosophy. Thus in order to plan curriculum
the foundations of curriculum play a major role....show more content...
Another example can be the role of teacher as a model of truth and other abiding virtues like
administering discipline, reinforcing discipline. Learning is the realization of goodness and truth.
Philosophical schools of thoughts
A part from these three questions we have five basic philosophies that lay the foundation of
curriculum.
Idealism
Idealism stresses that students acquire vital subject matter in an idea centered curriculum. Ideas
consist of concepts and generalizations for students to acquire. Idealist believes that knowledge
come from four sources i.e. revelation (spiritual books), authority (tribe leader), religious leaders and
myths. Idealism focus on the constant effort to achieve perfection and the purpose of learning is to
benefit the humanity rather than self engagement.
Example: Idealism is a strong reflection is the Sindh Text books, the verses from Holy Quran are
quoted within the text. Teaching and learning process in Pakistani classrooms are from textbooks
and knowledge comes from text books, subject matter is considered of high value in Pakistani
society.
Realism
Realism is concerned with the world of ideas and anything that are fixed with establishing subject
matter. Realists say that the matter is real and that the idea exists within the matter. Realists believe
that there is nothing beyond scientific knowledge. Knowledge can be obtained from the use of sense
and nature. Supernaturalism does not exist since it goes beyond sense data. (Edige &

What Is Curriculum
What is curriculum?
1. Curriculum is a complex term; it can be broad or narrow. Curriculum is a set of broad decision
about what is to be taught and how it is taught, that determine the general frame within which lessons
are planned and learning take place (Farrant ,M A p.12). Curriculum is seen as theeducation
umbrella of national education that includes the lessons, the timetable and the academic content
prescribed by the national education department in schools or program over several years. The
curriculum compromises opportunities for learning provided by schools and establishes quality
relationship of what is learnt and what operates outside the school. It guides learning experience
designed to facilitate students learning to develop quality education system. Narrow view of
curriculum can be a course of study or different subjects offered in schools...show more content...
Children are learning culture of because it is integrated whereby cultural day is celebrated each year
at school. Parents meeting are done termly and they are informed of what is happening at school
through letter writing. The relationship between the principal within teachers, learners and the
regional office is very strong. There is always informative briefing every morning. The academic,
social, and behavioral expectations established by schools are communicate to learners on Monday
morning at the assembly. Cultural perspectives is practices at our school because learners are
recognized, integrate, or honor diversity and multicultural perspectives which may convey both
intentional and unintended messages to learners. Some schools may expect everyone to
communicate in English only while other schools, however, may actively integrate or celebrate the
multicultural diversity of the student body by inviting students and parents Community members
are always involved in the

Running Head: Final Project
Final Project/Research Paper
There are many different areas that one must focus on as they are attempting to create a
developmentally appropriate curriculum for young children. All of these aspects are equally
important to the learning process. Therefore, it is imperative that we as teachers take the process of
planning this curriculum very seriously. Not only is it important that we understand the basic
guidelines for a lesson plan, we also need to be knowledgeable of the developmental and learning
theories as well. These theories will help us to understand the way a child learns mentally and
physically. Once we fully understand the concepts of early education we can then take them to the
classroom and...show more content...
This means that the curriculum must be a perfect measure in order for the children to thrive. All
children develop their skills on their own time table. So, in a room of three year old children not
all of them will be at the same developmental level. As teachers we must be able to create a
curriculum that encompasses the entire classroom. This means we have to allow room for flexibility
and creativity. We must figure out a way to modify certain programs so that all of our children, even
those that don't learn as rapidly, can experience success. Another significant aspect in creating a
developmentally appropriate curriculum for a young child is being able to put out the right amount
and type of supplies in the children's learning areas. For instance, putting out paper, glue and scissors
for an art project that only requires cutting and pasting would be more productive than bombarding
the child with unnecessary supplies such as paint, brushes, string and glitter. Overwhelming them
with too many options only confuses the student which in turn, blocks their creativity. It is all about
knowing our students, we have to be able to teach them and provide the appropriate things they will
need for that point in their lives.
It will benefit all teachers to familiarize themselves with the many developmental theories. A
developmental theory is the belief of how a child grows and learns. Catron and Allen (2003)

Curriculum Development and Change Essay
INTRODUCTION
There seems to be a lot of controversy and uncertainty as to ВЎВҐwhat is the curriculum?ВЎВ¦ As
such, there is a distributing lack of consensus on an all–embracing definition of this comprehensive
concept. This is, in part, due to the various interpretations, meanings, emphasis and approaches that
the scholars of curriculum studies embark upon. This, in turn, leaves the education practitioners and
the general public in the dark as to what constitutes that which should be considered as ВЎВҐgood
curriculum practiceВЎВ¦ in educational institutions.
This exposition seeks to highlight and evaluate the key concepts of the curriculum and some of the
factors that have marked influence on curriculum planning, curriculum development and...show more
content...
The product view entails a plan to be followed by the teachers (blue print) in carrying out the didactic
activities. The practice view encompasses all the activities that inform the occurrences in an
educational institution.
In a nutshell, the narrow perspective pays more attention on the intentions, plans or ideas regarding
what should happen in a school. On the contrary, the broad perspective focuses on the existing state
of affairs and recognises the actual happenings based on social constructs.
2.1 DIFFERENT FORMS OF CURRICULUM
Lengthy debates pertaining to the definition of the curriculum, among curriculists, have culminated
in the emergence of divergent connotations and hence various forms of the curriculum namely:
2.1.1. Formal or ВЎВҐofficialВЎВ¦ curriculum
A planned and documented form of the curriculum.
2.1.2. ВЎВҐActualВЎВ¦ curriculum
– That which takes place when the ВЎВҐofficialВЎВ¦ curriculum is implemented.
2.1.3. ВЎВҐHiddenВЎВ¦ curriculum
The values, beliefs and norms of behaviour that are communicated implicitly through the process of
socialisation; intentionally or unintentionally. The hidden curriculum is accidental in nature and is a
by–product of planned activities. Social and sex roles are acquired through this form of the
curriculum.
2.1.4 ВЎВҐCommonВЎВ¦ curriculum
This form of the curriculum seeks to address the imbalances and inequities that existed in
racially–divided

Essay On Curriculum

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