2. A chronic joint disorder in which there is
progressive softening and disintegration
of articular cartilage accompanied by new
growth of cartilage and bone at the joint
margins (osteophytes) and capsular
fibrosis
3. OA Classification
Trauma
Primary or Osteonecrosis
idiopathic: MC Inflammatory Arthritis, Pseudogout,
joint knee Ochronosis, Wilson's disease,
Hemochromatosis
Septic arthritis
Secondary: SCFE, DDH, Skeletal dysplasia
Secondary to Ehler Danlos syndrome, Marfan
some preexisting syndrome
abnormality Acromegaly, Hyperparathyroidism
Recurrent hemarthrosis (hemophillia)
Kashin-Beck disease
Neuropathic (Charcot’s)
5. Location- most common joint involved are knee and hip
OA of DIP joint leads to “Herberden's nodes”. It has
genetic predisposition.
Nodes on PIP joints are called" Bouchard's nodes"
6. OA Mechanism
Disparity between:-
stress applied to articular cartilage & strength of articular cartilage
increased load e.g. BW or Weak cartilage
activity age
decreased area e.g. varus stiff e.g. ochronosis
knee or dysplastic hip soft e.g. inflammation
abnormal bony
support e.g. AVN
7. OA Pathology
OA is a gradual process of destruction & regeneration
Early in disease, articular cartilage loses its glistening
appearance
Later on surface layers flake off while deeper layers develop
longitudinal fissures, process termed fibrillation
Cartilage becomes thin and sometimes denuded
CARTILAGE
EROSION
CARTILAGE
ULCERATION
8. Subchondral bone:
Becomes thickened, sclerotic, & polished
(eburnation)
Subchondral bone displays thickened trabeculae and
microfractures
Tidemark is disrupted by vessels from the
subchondral layer
Cysts:
May be seen in subchondral bone
Cysts may arises from increases in intrasynovial
pressure
9. Osteophytes:
Spur like bony outgrowths covered by hyaline cartilage,
may develop at margins of joint & progressively enlarge
Small bits of cartilage-covered bone, known as joint
mice, may actually break off into the joint
13. OA Histology
Articular cartilage: Superficial zone demonstrates
earliest changes; Diminution of chondrocytes.
Cartilage matrix loses its ability to stain for
proteoglycans with alcian blue or safranin-O.
Deeper chondrocytes - proliferation in clusters (brood
capsules)
Capillary buds penetrate the layer of calcified cartilage
Newly formed sements of cartilage push up from
below
Tidemark: Demarcation between calcified and
noncalcified cartilage; Becomes split & reduplicating
tidemark
14. Synovium: becomes hypertrophied
and thrown into villous folds; May see
infiltration with plasma cells, and
lymphocytes; Synovial hypertrophy
may be involved in producing joint
pain by increased synovial fluid
production and increased intra-
articular pressure.
16. FAI Femoroacetabular impingement
hip clearance secondary to poor orientation/depth of
acetabulum shape of head-neck junction
Two types: Cam & Pincer
Precurser to OA hip
Etiology
• Acetabular retroversion
• Protrusio, coxa profunda
• Non-spherical head, Perthes, out of round head
• SCFE
• femoral offset (poor head-neck ratio)
• Retroverted femoral neck post fracture
24. OA Core treatment
Altered activity
Exercise and manual therapy irrespective of age,
comorbidity, pain severity or disability. Exercise should include: local
muscle strengthening, and general aerobic fitness. Manipulation and stretching
should be considered as an adjunct; esp. in OA hip.
Reduction of cartilage impact loading: (typically this is 6 times
body wt)-
Cane (opposite hand)
Rubber heel wedges (consider lateral wedges for medial
compartment arthrosis)
Wt loss: for overweight pts
Braces
Thermotherapy local heat or cold as an adjunct.
Electrotherapy TENS as an adjunct.
25. OA Drug T/T
Paracetamol : 1st line analgesic, upto 1gm/6hrly
Topical NSAID, Topical capsaicin should be
considered as an adjunct
If paracetamol or topical NSAIDs are insufficient for pain
relief for people with osteoarthritis, then the addition of
opioid analgesics should be considered.
No oral NSAID, COX-2 inh. . If reqd., with PPI.
26. Nutraceuticals The use of glucosamine or chondroitin
products is not recommended
Disease modifying drugs (RA): Diacerine
S-Adenosyl Methionine: lack of clinical evidence.
Intra-articular corticosteroid as an adjunct for the
relief of moderate to severe pain. 40mg Triamcinalone
(1ml) with 4ml Lidocaine. Not to be repeated in 3mo.
Intra-articular hyaluronan (Synvisc, Hyalgan) are
used for temporary pain relief, 60-70% pts get benefit
upto 6mo; not recommended as per NICE guidelines.
27. OA Invasive treatment
Knee-
Arthroscopic lavage and Arthrodesis rarely indicated -
debridement in small joints of hand,
HTO (High tibial osteotomy) wrist and ankle.
Joint replacement : Excission arthroplasty is
Unicondylar, Patellofemoral, TKR rarely indicated – 1st CMC
joint.
Hip-
Valgus extension osteotomy
Surface replacement
THR
28. OA Evaluation
Pain EXAMINATION
Gait
Function:
Walking distance Limb alignment
walking aids Range of movement
low chairs Stability
foot care Peripheral circulation
Stairs
Skin condition
Medical
Expectations
29. OA Investigation
X-ray - Alignment
- Deformity
- Previous fractures and implants
- AVN
- Osteophytes
- Bone loss
CT, MRI, bone scan - rarely
30. Arthroscopic debridement
Joint fluid washout
Removal of loose
cartilage
Ostyophytectomy
Synovectomy
Effective in early stage
disease
May be combined with
HTO
31. High tibial osteotomy
Realignment of knee wt bearing axis to transfer load
from medial to lateral compartment
Effective for 5-10yrs
ACL/PCL deficiency can be addressed.
OPEN WEDGE
Indications:
Unicompartmental arthritis
Age <60yrs
Genu varus / valgus
< 15 deg flexion deformity
ROM > 90 deg
No lateral thrust
CLOSED WEDGE
32. Unicompartmental knee
replacement
Indications
Unicompartmental arthritis
Low-demand patients who are older than 60
Weight less than 82 kg
Minimum 90° flexion arc
Flexion contracture of less than 5°
Angular deformity not exceeding 10° of varus or
15° of valgus (both of which should be
correctable to neutral passively after removal of
osteophytes),
Intact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
No pain or exposed bone in the patellofemoral or
opposite tibiofemoral compartment.