1. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
Chapter No: 1 Introduction
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2. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
1.1 Introduction
Infrastructure is one among most important factors for any citizen. A large number of
population stays in Mumbai. As large number of population stays in Mumbai so we find
many types of infrastructure. In Mumbai not only infrastructure is important there are
different things which drive people crazy for Mumbai. Most of the people like to come to
Mumbai due to various facilities like gardens, parks, beautified lake, greenery, continuous
supply of electricity, continuous supply of water, etc.
The Municipal Corporation is a body which under takes different initiatives to maintain the
infrastructure in Mumbai. Municipal Corporation takes much initiative but is unsuccessful
because the initiative it takes does not fulfill the needs as what the citizens require. Most of
the time many of the Municipal Corporation officials indulge in corruption which indirectly
leads to failure or deteriorated infrastructure for the citizens. Best example is the roads of
Mumbai, which gets flooded during rains and potholes are formed. None of the Mumbai
citizens are happy with the work done by Municipal Corporation. Not only the roads have
problem but even the drainage system is not good. The MC officials just fill their pockets
rather than working satisfactorily for the wellbeing of the citizens. Many of the people always
keep on complaining about the MC. We always keep on blaming them but we never take any
initiatives to solve the problem. Many times we hear different people complaining about the
work of MC but never see any one doing anything for those issues. Even the young
generation people just keep on complaining but we never see them doing anything for the
city.
1.2 About Municipal Corporation:
Bombay was the first British Indian possession, which came as a part of the royal dowry in
1661 to King Charles II of England on his marriage to the Portuguese princess, Infanta
Catherine de Braganza. Ironically enough, Bombay also set the stage for the birth of the
country's historic freedom movement, as well as for some of its major landmarks, including
Gandhiji's 1942 call to the British to "Quit India". It was in Bombay that the Indian National
Congress was born in 1885. It led the country's struggle for political independence and
indirectly to the liquidation of the British Empire.
The name "Bombay" was changed to "Mumbai" by the Corporation Resolution No.512 dated
August 12, 1996, Maharashtra Act, XXV of 1996
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3. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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During the period between the rise and fall of the British Empire, Bombay gradually
developed into a town, a city and a metropolis of world renown. Today, the Brihanmumbai
Mahanagarpalika covers an area of 480.24 sqkms. with a population of 1,19,14,378 as per the
census of 2001. The metropolis accounts major portion of India's international trade and
government revenue, from being one of the foremost centers of education, science and
technological research and advancement
It is also pertinent to note that Mumbai's all-round growth owed a lot to the early
development of the system of local government under British rule.
1.3 Services Offered by MC:
In order to bring transparency and smooth collaboration within various departments of
MCGM and for the benefit of the citizens MCGM has embraced E-Governance and
facilitating most essential citizen services through this Portal. The portal offers information
about various aspects of the city, its governance and facilitates citizen services such as
Birth/Death Certificate, registration of complaints, etc.
Initially those services, which do not require any documentation, will be offered on this
portal, other services will be offered subsequently in a phased manner.
On this portal, Citizens can file online complaints and subsequently track the status of their
complaints. Citizen can apply online for Birth and Death certificate, provided the Birth
Registration data of the applicant is available with MCGM and the data is post 1995. It is also
possible to pay property and water taxes through electronic clearance system.
Citizens can search for the licenses & registrations given by MCGM through the link "Data
Lookup".
In addition to the services mentioned above soon it will be possible for a Citizen to apply for
Shop and Establishment registration, apply for Trade License under section 394, 313, 328A,
apply for Heath License u/s section 394, 412 and MPFA License, apply for factory permit,
etc.
Data Lookup
Health Services
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4. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
Shops and Establishments
Licenses
Building and Factory
Garden and Trees
Maintenance
Water Works
Market Department
Check Application Status
1.4 Objective:
The main objective of doing this project is as follows:
To know different view of people regarding work of MC
To know different suggestions
To know actual progress of MC
To know whether people actually expect from MC
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5. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
Chapter No: 2 Review of Literature
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6. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
 Governance in general and urban governance is the flavor of the season. In this piece
we take the view that it has to do with the strategies that deal with identification of the
lacunae and to make operational (including the ability to do so from economic/
financial point of view) the policy initiatives to be undertaken given the objectives of
the government. The framework of policy regimen is constructed through principles
of governance. The focus of this article is on Mumbai (MCGM). We argue that what
is required is a massive capacity building exercise requiring a change in mindsets,
creation of a feeling on the part of all the agents of being real stakeholders with the
end-result of improved governance. Further, we argue that the governance process has
to be Simple, Transparent, Accountable, Responsive, and Technology enabled. What
is clearly of essence is that we must exercise the political will – whether inherently
available or externally injected – to START the process of getting governance right!
(http://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=T3uPiVabNEEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA125&dq=Stu
dies+on+Urban+Governance+in+Mumbai+by+Municipal+Corporation&ots=MYR8nsOW2j&si
g=Pw4H18ToWaG0hvFR4DpaajCO46M#v=onepage&q=Studies%20on%20Urban%20Governa
nce%20in%20Mumbai%20by%20Municipal%20Corporation&f=false)
 The operative term needs to move from “managing” Mumbai to “governing”
Mumbai, because this not only encompasses the function of managing but also locates
it in a larger context. The problems of urban governance in the Mumbai Metropolitan
Region are not trivial. There are technical issues, such as urban planning, design and
management of mass transport systems, and access to such resources as water and
power along with their pricing and distribution. There are public finance issues of
ensuring that the local bodies in the region get access to the resources they need to
provide services of acceptable quality. There are regional issues too: how does
Mumbai relate to the larger region in which it is located and the other local bodies in
the region, and how can the relationship between these be managed? Examples of
gaps that arise out of these “governance” related issues include:
→ Affordable housing: the lack of sufficient affordable housing is driven by a complex
set of inter-related issues:
1. Complexity of current regulations and control on urban land
2. Social issues of the poor and how they are oppressed
3. Challenges in enforcement, due to political interference and criminal politician nexus
4. Poor urban planning that extends from the neighborhood to the metropolitan level
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7. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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5. Weak design and implementation of urban infrastructure projects, resulting in time
and financial costs
6. Lack of opportunities for citizens to participate
7. Insufficient financial resources available to urban local bodies
 Due to the increasing gap between infrastructure demands of urban citizens and their
actual provision, Indian cities are confronted with an immense pressure. Most cities in
India have a deficient sewerage and sanitation infrastructure that cause enormous
damage to the natural environment and public health. Even in metropolitan cities such
as Mumbai, only a small amount of wastewater is collected and treated adequately
before its disposal into rivers, lakes and the sea. Furthermore, especially
underprivileged urban citizens such as pavement and slum dwellers suffer from
lacking or inadequate sanitation facilities. Despite Mumbai’s status of being the most
important economic and financial centre of India, the sewerage and sanitation
infrastructure is far behind in meeting the needs of the urban citizens. The existing
sewerage infrastructure is not able to cope with the huge amount of incoming sewage
which is thus discharged mostly untreated into water bodies. Furthermore, half of
Mumbai’s citizens are faced with inadequate sanitation facilities within the slum
areas. In 1993, an additional constitution article was implemented at the federal level
to improve the urban governance of Indians cities. The implementation of this
74thConstitution Amendment Act aims to strengthen the participation of urban
dwellers in city management, especially in infrastructure provision. This is embedded
in a worldwide debate about the disputing top-down city planning, specifically
infrastructure provision.This Master’s Thesis is focused on the analysis of the
governance form of Mumbai’s wastewater and sanitation sector. The aim of the study
is to deliver insight into the governance structure of Mumbai’s wastewater and
sanitation sector by analyzing two ongoing wastewater and sanitation projects, the
Technical Sewage Project and the Slum Sanitation Project. The study is based on the
following questions: to what extend have the ideas of the theoretical concepts of
urban and adaptive governance been implemented in the ongoing wastewater projects
in Mumbai? In addition, the focus is concentrated on the question of how these
governing forms of the projects have influenced the sewerage and sanitation
infrastructure in Mumbai. In order to find answers to these questions, the main
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8. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
assumptions about the theoretical concepts of urban and adaptive governance are used
and transferred in governing dimensions which can be analyzed in the wastewater
projects. These dimensions were investigated by interviewing 22 experts who are
involved in the TSP and the SSP and have the best knowledge about their governing
forms. Furthermore, 20 interviews were conducted with local people from Mumbai in
order to get an impression about their experiences and perceptions of the wastewater
sector. The analysis of the two projects shows that they differ in their governing
forms. The SSP meets many more of the governance criteria than the TSP, which has
a considerable lack of integrating actors from civil society within the decision-making
processes. In contrast, the SSP is based on the participation of actors from civil
society such as NGOs and CBOs and would never achieve success without their
involvement. Despite their different governing forms, the SSP as well as the TSP are
faced with some difficulties such as conflicts in goal setting, lacking accountability of
the involved actors and the existence of uncertainties and complexities within the
project. On the other hand, all of the involved actors have clear responsibilities, are
legitimized by the political system and accepted by the actors. In order to be able to
cope with difficulties and challenges within the project, the actors of the SSP and the
TSP must improve in managing and governing the projects more flexibly and
adaptively. Another considerable difference of the projects can be seen in their
solution approaches. While the TSP only integrates hardware approaches to improve
the sewerage infrastructure (such as the construction of wastewater treatment plants),
the SSP combines software approaches like capacity-building approaches along with
the construction of slum toilets. The experience shows that the combination of these
approaches has more prospects for success. The analysis of the governing dimensions
of the TSP and the SSP shows that their performances have noticeable influence on
the projects’ outcomes and therefore on Mumbai’s sewerage and sanitation
infrastructure. The lacking integration of civil society within the TSP caused
enormous time delay, which could lead to unfinished work steps in infrastructure
provision at the end of the project. In contrast, even if the involvement of
environmental NGOs was not intended by the key players of the project, their
participation results in the implementation of more adaptive wastewater treatment
plants. Through the participation of civil society within the SSP and their
implementation of software approaches, the acceptance of the project was increased.
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9. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
However, this acceptance of the design of the SSP could have been better if the
process of choosing the toilet design was more adaptive and more participatory. It is
fair to mention that the implementation of the SSP and the TSP will not make a
significant change in the wastewater and sanitation sector if these efforts are not going
to be continued with subsequent
projects.(http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/cirus/lehre/diplommaster/abgeschlossene_arbei
ten/pdf/masters_thesis_keller_sum.pdf)
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10. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
Chapter No: 3 Sample Descriptions
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11. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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3.1 Distribution as per Years of Resident in an area
Area
No of years of Residence
No of Persons
5-10
1
20-25
2
40-45
1
Shiv Darshan
15-20
3
Indira Nagar
20-25
2
Mulund Colony
15
1
Shanti Campus
3.2 Distribution as per gender
Male
Female
No of Persons
5
5
10
50%
50%
100%
3.3 Distribution as per age
Age Range
15-20
25-30
31-35
36-40
60 & above
No of People
1
5
2
1
1
3.4 Distribution as per occupation
Occupation
Student & Service
Business & Service
Service
Retire
No of People
2
1
6
1
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12. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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3.5 Distribution as per family Members
No of Family Members
Upto 3
Upto 4
Upto 5
Upto 7
Upto 8
No of People
2
1
3
1
3
3.6 Distribution as per Income
Income Bracket
Upto 5,000
5,001- 10,000
10,001-20,000
20,001-40,000
40,001-60,000
60,001-80,000
No. of Persons
1
4
2
2
1
-
Percentage
10%
40%
20%
20%
10%
-
Above 80,000
-
-
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13. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
2013
Chapter No: 4 Data Analysis
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14. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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4.1 Urban Governance Index {UGI}
4.1.1 Index of Physical Infrastructure:
Sr.
No
Activities
Excellent
Very
Good
Good
Average
Poor
1
Availability of
Flyovers,
bridges,
subways
-
-
8
2
-
28/50*100
56
2
Condition of
Roads
1
-
-
6
3
18/50*100
40
3
Availability of
Parking
1
1
3
4
1
27/50*100
54
73/150*100
48.67
Total
Ranking
(%)
8
7
6
5
Excellent
4
Ver Good
3
Good
Average
2
Poor
1
0
Availability of
Flyovers, Bridges
& Subways
Condition of
Roads
Availibility of
Parking
Table: 4.1.1
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15. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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4.1.2 Index of Social Infrastructure:
Sr.
No
Excellent
Very
Good
Good
Average
Poor
7
1
1
1
-
44/50*100
88
7
1
-
2
-
43/50*100
86
-
-
-
6
4
16/50*100
32
7
Availability of
Super Specialty
Services in
Municipal Hospitals
-
-
-
6
4
16/50*100
32
8
Progress of Slum
redevelopment and
improvement
program
-
-
-
5
5
15/50*100
30
10
Maintenance of
Public Toilets
-
-
-
5
5
15/50*100
30
11
Availability of
Garbage Bins
-
-
7
3
27/50*100
54
12
Effectiveness of
Ghanta Gadis
-
-
1
2
14/50*100
28
190/400*100
47.50%
4
5
6
Activities
Availability of
Water
Supply of
Electricity
Quality of
Education in
Municipal Schools
Total
7
Ranking
(%)
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16. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Average
Poor
Table: 4.1.2
4.1.3 Index of Environmental Infrastructure:
Sr.
No
Activities
Excellent
Very
Good
Good
Average
9
Availability &
maintenance of
green spaces
5
1
3
1
Total
Poo
r
%
40/50*100
80
40/50*100
80
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17. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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5
4.5
Excellent
4
3.5
Very Good
3
Good
2.5
2
Average
1.5
Poor
1
0.5
0
Availibility of
Green Space
Table: 4.1.3
4.2 Index of Awareness for some projects & services as listed below:
Sr. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ranking
I
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
8
II
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
9
III
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
9
IV
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
V
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
VI
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
VII
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
VIII
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
Activities
IIIIIIIVVVIVIIVIII-
Separation of Dry & Wet garbage
Collection of garbage done by private consultants
Dumping Grounds in Municipal Corporation Area
Tree saplings provided to citizens & schools for plantation
Artificial ponds created for immersion of Ganpati idols
Environment status report for city
Attending complaints of the citizens personally every month
MC encourages private sector participation for projects like road building, improvement
of traffic islands, development of Nature Park, conservation of creeks.
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18. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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10- Very Good, 9- Good, 8- Average
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Very Good
Good
Average
Table: - 4.2
4.3 Index for the projects known & visited {Distribution as per data collected}
Garden/ Park
Respondents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ranking
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
4.4 Index for willingness to raise fund for extension
Yes
1
Contribution
Rs. 35 (For 10 people)
No
No of person
0
8
200+150/10
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19. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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4.5 Index for agency Preferred for Infrastructure extension
Agency
MC
I
NGO
MC & I
MC &
NGO
I & NGO
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
-
1
1
1
1
4
Sr. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ranking
MC- Municipal Corporation
I- Industry
NGO- Non Voluntary Organization
0-3: Poor, 4-5: Average, 6-8: Good, 9-10: Very Good
4.6 Index for Rating Municipal Corporation
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Avg/
Moderate
Poor
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-
1
-
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
-
Ranking
0
1
4
3
2
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20. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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4.5
4
Very Good
3.5
Good
Average
3
Poor
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Municipal Corporation
Table: - 4.6
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21. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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Chapter No: 5 Interpretations
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22. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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5.1 Places Visited:
I visited the following places:




Shanti Campus
Shiv Darshan
Indira Nagar
Mulund Colony
5.2 Suggestions:
 They should avoid corruption. The amount of money sanctioned by government & the
amount received through taxes should be utilized only in wellbeing of the citizens.
 They should not fill their pockets by the money which they collect.
 The raw materials used for building or constructing should be good there should not
be any type of mixing or use of poor quality of materials.
 If poor quality of materials is used for building towers or apartments it can impact the
people staying in those houses.
 The materials used to make roads should also be of good quality no mixing of any
unwanted substance or degraded quality of material.
 The drainage system should be cleaned after a gap of 3 months & mostly before the
commencement of the monsoons which can avoid flooding and over flowing or
blockage.
 The Municipal Corporation should undertake such programs which motivate people to
plant more and more trees and this should not only be on paper but should be
implemented also.
 The quality of education provided in the Municipal Corporation is very poor so they
should employ highly qualified Teachers to teach them & also provide them with
different facilities which should be given them.
 Proper & healthy meals should be given to them.
 The services provided by the Municipal Hospital should also be improved. If they
work more properly then they can become more specialized.
 Environmental and other essential report should be published not only on websites but
also in Newspaper as many of them are not aware of the Report published.
 Water harvesting measures should be undertaken. This can help to use the rain water
properly rather than facing the problem of floods.
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23. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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 They should also work hard for the remote areas.
 If the Municipal Corporation is unable to know what exactly should be the
infrastructure which can help the citizens then they should do some research work like
they should do surveys in small areas and then they can make report and can work
with other Industry or any NGO or any other body to improve the infrastructure
(Physical, Social & Environmental)
5.3 Conclusions:
 The UGI Indicates the following points:
1) The Physical Index has received the following ratings from the respondents after
survey:

The respondents are divided on the basis of different scale i.e. Low, Middle & High.
As per the distribution the ratings received is at an average level.

The satisfaction level for the respondents is not too high. They are not fully satisfied
by the Physical Infrastructure.

The overall rating is also not so good as compared to the standards set by the body.
2) The Social Index has received the following ratings from the respondents from the
survey:

Some of the Social infrastructure has received excellent rating.

The ratings of the respondents differs as per the area in which they stay.

Those staying in a below average area have rated average or poor but those staying in
middle or high level have given the rating of good or average.

The MC needs to improve the quality of education in the Municipal Schools & also
improvise the services in the hospitals.
3) The Environmental Index has received the following ratings from the respondents
from the survey:

Most of the residents are happy with the availability of the green spaces but some
have also rated this factor as average or poor.
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24. Study on Urban Governance in Mumbai
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