Route of drug administration
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Route of drug administration Ref Book :Dr SK Srivastava,Dr H L Sharma and Dr KK sharma,Dr K D Tripathi, Dr Sparsh Gupta
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Route of drug administration
- 1. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION Dr Lokendra Sharma Professor Pharmacology SMS Medical College Jaipur 17 September 2018
- 2. Routes Of Drug Delivery 17 September 2018
- 5. Systemic Route 17 September 2018
- 6. ORAL ROUTE Most common route of drug administration. Drug is given through oral cavity 17 September 2018
- 7. Oral Route • ADVANTAGES • Safe • Convenient • Painless • Economical • Self administration • DISADVANTAGES • Slow onset • First pass effect • Drugs destroyed by digestive juices • Cannot given to unconscious and uncooperative patient 17 September 2018
- 8. Oral Dosage forms Capsules Powders Tablets, Spansules Syrup, Emulsion & Suspension, Hard- gelatin capsule Soft- gelatin capsule 17 September 2018
- 9. SUBLINGUAL/BUCCAL ROUTE Tab or pellet containing the drug is placed under tongue or crushed in mouth and spread over the buccal mucosa. Ex- GTN, buprenorphine 17 September 2018
- 10. SUBLINGUAL • ADVANTAGES • Quick onset of action • Bypass first pass effect • Can be spitted out if side effects occur • DISADVANTAGES • Distasteful drugs cannot be given • Drugs of high molecular weight are not well absorbed. 17 September 2018
- 11. RECTAL ROUTE • Drugs that are administered rectally as a suppository. • In this form, a drug is mixed with a waxy substance that dissolves or liquefies after inserted into the rectum. • E.G.- Diazepam, indomethacin, paraldehyde, ergotamine 17 September 2018
- 12. RECTAL • ADVANTAGES • Useful in patients with nausea and vomiting • Bypass first pass effect • Useful if drug is gastric irritant • DISADVANTAGES • Chances of rectal inflammation • Absorption unreliable • Inconvenient and embarrasing to the patient 17 September 2018
- 13. Urethral Route Advantages of :- 1. Unconscious patients and children 2. If patient is having nausea or vomiting Disadvantages 1. May cause irritation 2. Absorption may be variable 17 September 2018
- 14. PARENTERAL ROUTES INTRAVENOUS • ADVANTAGES • Quick onset • Bypass first pass effect • Useful in unconscious • Large volume fluids • Gastric irritant drugs- given • Amount of drug- controlled • DISADVANTAGES • painful • Aseptic conditions needed • Risk of thrombophlebitis • Introduction of air or particulate-embolism 17 September 2018
- 15. INTRAMUSCULAR • ADVANTAGES • Absorption is more predictable and rapid compared to oral • Depot injections can be given- for sustained drug effect • DISADVANTAGES • Painful • Aseptic conditions needed • Chances of abscess, nerve damage • Large volumes cannot be given 17 September 2018
- 16. SUBCUTANEOUS • ADVANTAGES • Smooth absorption for longer periods • Depot injections can be given • DISADVANTAGES • Small volumes of drug(max 2 ml) • Irritant drugs- necrosis, sloughing • Not suitable in states of shock. 17 September 2018
- 18. INTRAMEDULLARY • ADVANTAGES • Onset of action very fast • DISADVANTAGES • Painful • Risky • Strict aseptic conditions needed • Skills needed 17 September 2018
- 20. INTRATHECAL • ADVANTAGES • Drug acts directly on meninges and CNS • Bypass blood-brain barrier and blood-csf barrier • DISADVANTAGES • Strict aseptic precautions needed • Painful procedure • Expertise needed 17 September 2018
- 21. INTRAARTERIAL • ADVANTAGES • Greater concentrations of drug can be delivered to desired site • DISADVANTAGES • Painful • Aseptic conditions • Expertise needed 17 September 2018
- 22. INHALATION • ADVANTAGES • Fast absorption • Quick onset • Self administration • DISADVANTAGES • Bronchial irritation 17 September 2018
- 24. TOPICAL ROUTES • CONJUCTIVAL • VAGINAL AND URETHRAL • INUNCTION(RUBBING) • TRANS DERMAL PATCHES 17 September 2018
- 25. Transdermal Route • Administration achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin, usually via a transdermal medicated adhesive patch 17 September 2018
- 26. Examples • Nitroglycerine • Clonidine • Estradiol • Fentanyl • Scopolamine • Testosterone Chest, upper arm -Angina Shaven areas of upper arm -Hypertension Trunk Trunk -chronic pain Behind the ear -motion sickness. Scrotum –testosterone deficiency 17 September 2018
- 28. Introduction Modifications of the existing systems or new systems developed to promote therapeutic effects and minimize the toxic effects of a drug by increasing the amount and persistence in the vicinity of a target cell. 17 September 2018
- 29. Benefits • Improved patient compliance. • Decreased ADRs. • Increased efficacy. • Ease of administration. • Reduces dosage frequency. • Cost reduction. • Achieved by Optimization of duration of action, controlling the site of release and maintaining constant drug levels 17 September 2018
- 30. Mechanisms • Physical: Diffusion, osmosis,dissolution, electro-transport. • Biological: Gene therapy, monoclonal antibodies, polymers, liposomes,nanoparticles. • Chemical: prodrugs. • Mechanical • Electronic • Computerized 17 September 2018
- 32. Oral Route Drugs given:- Extended release/delayed release preparations. Osmotic pumps Fentanyl lollipops Rapid dissolving tablets 17 September 2018
- 35. Inhalational Route • Endotracheal – used only in emergency e.g. epinephrine • Intranasal – Local e.g. decongestants Systemic – rich vasculature, increased absorption. Direct delivery to CNS. Drugs use : Desmopressin, oxytocin, lypressin, insulin • Pulmonary route Most commonly implied for asthma, anesthesia. 17 September 2018
- 37. Subcutaneous routes • Injections – insulin for DM • Insulin infusion pumps eliminates the need for daily self-administered injections. Maintains blood glucose at near-normal levels on a constant basis. Provides patient convenience,compliance -Dermojet – subcutaneous needleless injections.high velocity jet of drug solution is projected from a microfine orifice – painless 17 September 2018
- 39. Liposomes -Spherical concentric bilayered structures -Entrap H2O soluble drugs in aqueous domain -lipid soluble molecules in lipid bilayers -size- 0.025-10 microns in diameter Administration- parenteral, topical, inhalational CLASSIFIED AS: • Multi lamellar(MLV) • Small unilamellar(SUVs) • Large unilamellar(LUVs) 17 September 2018
- 41. Thank You 17 September 2018