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Convulsion disorders dr Mohamed abunada
1. بو وبركاتهلبو اةبو ورحممبو عليك مالسل
By: Dr. Mohamed Abunada
Head Pediatric Neurology Department
El Rantisi specialized Pediatric
Hospital - Gaza
CONVULSIONS
2. INTRODUCTION
• The word convulsion (or seizure) describes
an involuntary violent spasm, or a series of
jerking of the face, trunk, or extremities with or
without loss of consciousness, sensory,
autonomic or behavioral disturbances.
• The word epilepsy describes a syndrome of
recurrent unprovoked, seizure unrelated to
fever or to acute cerebral insult.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Epilepsy is a symptom complex arising
from disordered brain function that it self
may be secondary to a variety of
pathologic processes.
• Status epilepticus (SE) is a severe form
of seizure activity lasting more than 30
minutes or recurrent seizures with failure
to recover consciousness between
repeated attacks.
5. EEG and NEUROIMAGING
A routine interictal (between seizures) EEG
will show an epileptiform abnormality in only
60% of patients with epilepsy.
Procedures that may activate a convulsion
during the EEG include eye closure,
hyperventilation and sleep deprivation.
Angiography for excluding cerebrovascular
accident.
CT & MRI to exclud structural brain disorder
Other investigations include metabolic, toxic
and septic screen.
6. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
OF CONVULSIONS
During a convulsive fit:
- Cerebral O2 consumption increases to 300%
- Cerebral blood flow increases to 900%.
The previous changes lead to:
- Hypoxic ischemic brain injury.
- Metabolic brain injury.
- Structural brain injury.
9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
OF CONVULSIONS
• Metabolic:
Metabolic acidosis.
Hyperpyrexia.
Hypoglycemia, hyponatremia.
• Short repetitive fits are more serious than
prolonged fits as long fits induce cerebral
vascular compensatory changes better than
short repetitive fits.
11. Simple partial seizures
Consciousness retained
Asynchronous.
Clonic or tonic motor movement (such as
eye twitches).
Rarely persisting longer than 10-20 seconds.
The EEG characteristically shows unilateral
spikes or sharp waves in the anterior
temporal region.
12. Complex partial seizures
consciousness impaired
The average duration is 1-2 minutes.
The aura signals the onset of convulsion in 30%
of children.
In the aura, the child complains of epigastric
discomfort, fear, or unpleasant feeling.
13. Complex partial seizures
Automatisms are repetitive stereotyped
behaviors that occur in 50-70% of children with
complex partial seizures.
Automatism follows loss of consciousness and
may include lip smacking, chewing, repetitive
swallowing, excessive salivation, picking and
pulling at clothing.
The EEG is characterized by sharp waves or
spike discharges in the anterior temporal or
frontal lobe, or by multifocal spikes.
14. Partial seizures with secondary
generalization
During the partial Seizure the
epileptiform discharge may spread from
the temporal lobe throughout the cortex
causing a generalized tonic-clonic
convulsion.
15. Generalized typical absence seizure
(Petit mal)
Onset at age more than 3 years.
Brief (5-20 sec.) lapses in consciousness,
speech or motor activity.
Not accompanied by an aura.
Hyperventilation for 3-4 minutes frequently
induces a seizure.
The EEG is characterized by 3/sec spike and
generalized wave discharges.
16. Generalized myoclonic seizures
Brief repetitive symmetric muscle
contractions with loss of body tone.
Cause the child to fall because of a sudden
loss of postural tone.
17. Generalized tonic, clonic,
or tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal(
Sudden loss of consciousness.
Loss of bladder control.
Perioral cyanosis.
Followed by 30-60 minute peroid of deep
sleep and postalictal headache.
18. Infantile spasms
(with hypsarrhythmic EEG(
Begins in the first year of life.
Characterized by large myoclonic
(salaam) spasms.
There are at least 3 types of spasms:
flexor, extensor and mixed.
High incidence of subsequent retardation.
19. FEBRILE CONVULSION
Definition: convulsion associated with fever
between 6 months and 5 years of age without
evidence of intracranial infection or other CNS
pathology..
The most common convulsive disorder of
childhood.
The most common age of onset is 14-18
months.
The convulsion is usually generalized tonic-
clonic of few seconds duration.
The problem always resolves without
sequelae.
20. FEBRILE CONVULSION
Exceedingly long febrile convulsions may carry
some risk of brain damage.
A history of febrile convulsion in a close relative
is a risk factor for the development of febrile
convulsion.
Recurrence of convulsion after the first febrile
convulsion is common (>33%).
Recurrence is more common in young infants.
Fewer than 5% of children who have febrile
convulsion develop epilepsy.
21. Risk factors for developing epilepsy
Family history of afebrile convulsion.
Complex first febrile convulsion.
Initial febrile seizure at age < 9 months.
Prior neurologic or developmental abnormalities
existed.
23. Simple febrile convulsions
Brief (< 15 minutes).
Occurs as a solitary event (one attack/24
hours).
Typically generalized tonic-clonic convulsions.
Followed by a brief period of postictal
drowsiness.
24. Complex febrile convulsions
Long (> 15 minutes).
Repeated convulsions for several hours or days.
May be focal, or generalized tonic-clonic
convulsions.
Followed by a long period of postictal
drowsiness.
25. EEG is indicated for
The patient with atypical seizure.
The child at risk for developing epilepsy.
26. Lumbar Puncture
LP is indicated for all infants aged < one year
with febrile convulsions.
LP should be considered for any patient aged
12-18 months if a primary focus is not found.
For age > 18 months meningeal signs are
typically present. LP is deferred if such signs
are not present.
27. Prophylactic
anti-epileptic treatment
Following a febrile seizure, treatment with
prophylactic anti-epileptics may be considered in:
The very young child if febrile seizures recur.
Children with pre existing neurologic
abnormalities.
Children with complex febrile seizures.
28. Treatment of febrile convulsion
Active measures to control fever.
Treatment of the cause.
Reassurance of the parents.
Oral diazepam 0.3 mg/kg/every 8 hours
(1 mg/kg/day) reduces the risk of febrile
seizures by nearly %50. It is administered at
the onset of each febrile illness for 2-3 days.
29. NON FEBRILE CONVULSIONS:
Indications for anticonvulsant therapy
Petit mal, Myoclonic seizures, and Infantile
spasms.
Two or more unprovoked seizures occur within
6-12 months.
A single afebrile tonic-clonic seizure has a high
probability of not recurring, therefore
anticonvulsant is not advised following the
initial tonic-clonic seizure.
Prolonged convulsions may require large and
repeated doses of anticonvulsant, and
consequently mechanical ventilation.
30. ANTICONVULSANT CHOICE BY SEIZURE TYPE:Seizure type Drug of choice Second line
or adjunctive drugs
Simple partial
seizure
Phenobarbitone
Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Valproic acid
Complex partial
seizure
Carbamazepine
Phenytoin
Phenobarbitone
Valproic acid
Petit mal Ethosuximide
Valproic acid
Clonazepam
Phenobarbitone
Infantile spasm ACTH
Valproic acid
Clonazepam
Phenytoin
Phenobarbitone
Grand mal Phenobarbitone
Carbamazepine
Valproic acid
Febrile
convulsions
Phenobarbitone Valproic acid
Neonatal seizure Phenobarbitone
phenytoin
Valproic acid
32. THERAPEUTIC DRUG LEVEL
MONITORING
At the initiation of therapy to ensure
achievement of therapeutic range.
During times of accelerated growth.
If the seizures are out of control.
33. STATUS EPILEPTICUS:
SE is defined as continuous seizure activity
for at least 30 minutes, or recurrent seizures
without a return to base line level of
consciousness between seizures.
Generalized convulsive SE is the most
common type in pediatric population.
·
34. The etiologies of SE
The etiologies of SE can be organized into 4
broad categories:
Atypical febrile seizures.
Acute CNS disorders (trauma, infection,
metabolic)
Idiopathic symptomatic epilepsy.
Chronic, or progressive neurological disorders.
35. STATUS EPILEPTICUS
Morbidity is more likely in individuals with
severe CNS pathology.
Seizures of prolonged duration may be
associated with increased morbidity.
Mortality is often related to the underlying
etiology, and, therefore highest mortality is
associated with tumors.
36. Goals of treatment
Goals of treatment can be organized into 4 broad
categories:
Initial stabilization.
Terminate seizure activity.
Prevent seizure recurrence.
Establish a diagnosis and initiate therapy for
treatable causes.
37. TREATMENT STRATEGY
Initial stabilization.
First line ( benzodiazepines).
Second line (phenytoin & barbiturates).
Third line (Refractory status epilepticus).
Unique therapeutic modalities
39. First line ( benzodiazepines(
Diazepam: 0.5 mg/Kg (maximum 10 mg) slow
IV (not > 1mg/min) or per rectum (undiluted).
Lorazepam: 0.05-0.1 mg/Kg intravenous, per
rectum or sublingual.
Midazolam: 0.1-0.2 mg/Kg IV or IM
Benzodiazepines dose may be repeated every 5
minutes up to 3 doses. Monitor respiration.
40. Second line
(phenytoin & barbiturates(
• Phenytoin: 20 mg/Kg slow IV (no faster than 1
mg/Kg/min with a maximum of 50 mg/min). An
additional 5 mg/kg may be given prior to
initiation of barbiturates.
Monitor heart rate and blood pressure.
Phenobarbitone: 15-20 mg/Kg slow IV (no
faster than 1 mg/Kg/min).
Monitor blood pressure and respiration.
41. Third line
(Refractory status epilepticus(
RSE: Ongoing seizure activity that fails to
respond to initial doses of benzodiazepines and
loading doses of phyenytoin and phenobarbitone.
Phenobarbitone: use repeated bolus doses of
5-20 mg/Kg, spaced by enough time to allow
penetration of the drug to the CNS
(approximately 30-60 min).
Maximum doses administered in 24 h ranged
from 30-120 mg/Kg (median 60 mg/Kg) and the
maximum blood levels achieved were 80-350
μ/ml.
42. Third line
(Refractory status epilepticus(
Midazolam: use a bolus of 0.2 mg/Kg followed
by infusion of 0.2/Kg/h, and increase the dose
until seizures are terminated.
Monitor heart rate, BP and ECG.
Pentobarbital (pentothal): use repeated doses
of 3-5 mg/Kg slow IV (no faster than 50
mg/min) followed by infusion of 2-10
mg/Kg/hour.
Monitor heart rate, BP and respiration.
43. Unique therapeutic modalities
General anaesthesia probably acts by reversing
cerebral anoxia and the concomitant metabolic
abnormalities allowing the previously
anticonvulsants to exert their effect.
General anaesthesia needs to be administered
in an operating room for long periods with
anaesthesia equipment.
44. First line
)Reception room(
Diazepam 0.5 mg/kg
Slow iv (max. dose 10 mg)
Undiluted per rectum
Or, lorazepam 0.05-1 mg/kg
Slow iv
Per rectum
sublingal
Or, midazolam 0.2 mg/kg
Slow iv
intramuscular
45. Second line
)General ward(
Phenytoin 15-20 mg/kg
Slow iv
No faster than 1 mg/kg/min.
Maximum 50 mg/min
If seizures persist
Phenobarbitone 15-20 mg/kg
Slow iv
No faster than 1 mg/kg/min
46. Third line
)Intensive care unit(
Midazolam 0.2 mg/kg
Slowly iv bolus dose
Followed by 0.2 mg/kg/h
By iv infusion titrated to effect
If seizures persist
Phenobarbitone 5-20 mg/kg
Slow iv repeated boluses every hour
Up to 30-120 mg/kg/day
If seizures persist pentobarbitone (pentothal) 3-5 mg/kg
Slow iv repeated boluses every 30-60 min
Followed by 2-10 mg/kg/h iv infusion titrated to effect
47. Fourth line
)Unique therapeutic modalities(
Paraledhyde 150 mg/kg intramuscular
Or, 300 mg/kg per rectum
Moderate hypothermia
General anasthesia
Halothane, or isoflurane
Lidocaine 1-2 mg/kg
Slow iv bolus
Followed by 2 mg/kg/h iv infusion