10. Renal ectopia
•
Failure of complete ascent of kidney from pelvis
to the lumbar region
•
Kidney comes to lie anywhere from pelvis
upwards
•
Over ascent is rare
•
Pelvic kidney
•
Pancake kidney
•
Intra-thoracic kidney
11. Pelvic kidney
•
Often small with increased risk of trauma ,
vesico-ureteric reflux and calculus
formation(due to stasis).
14. 14
Pancake kidney
•
When both kidneys remain in the pelvis ,they
may fuse together producing the small
pancake kidney
•
Very frequently associated with other
congenital anomalies
16. Intra-thoracic kidney
•
Over ascent is almost always limited by the
diaphragm but there may be some superior
herniation through a localized eventeration
and very rarely a true thoracic kidney
18. HORSE SHOE KIDNEY
•
A midline connection ( isthmus) b/w the lower
poles
•
Associated malrotation and accessory renal
arteries
•
Increased incidence of renal calculi and injury
21. Crossed fused ectopia
•
A horse shoe kidney that has slipped
superolaterally so that both kidneys come to
lie on one side
•
The ureter draining the upper moiety inserts
orthotopically on the ipsilateral side of the
bladder
•
The lower moiety ureter also inserts
orthotopically but into the contralateral side
of the bladder
39. Medullary sponge kidney
•
Ectasia (fusiform or cystic) of the collecting
ducts within the renal pyramids.
•
Seen in 1 in 200 IVUs
•
Generally bilateral but may be unilateral or
segmental affecting as little as a single papilla
•
Usually a benign incidental finding but there is
a weak association with some tumors (Wilm`s
and pheochromocytoma)
41. Calyceal diverticulum
•
Common variant (1 in 250 IVUs)
•
An intra-parenchymal cavity lined with
transitional epithelium
•
Do not receive drainage from nephrons and
therefore opacify during IVU after the rest of
the calyces
•
Diverticula are usually a few millimeters in
diameter & communicate with minor calyx
43. Retrocaval ureter
•
Right ureter occasionally takes an aberrant
course, running sharply medially posterior to
IVC and then dropping inferiorly towards the
pelvis along a course medial to the pedicles
•
Rarely associated with hydronephrosis
45. Primary megaureter
•
Due to congenitally abnormal musculature of
the distal ureter leading to focal failure of
peristalsis
•
Ureter above the abnormal segment becomes
dilated sometimes massively
•
In severe cases dilatation involves the entire
ureter and renal pelvis
48. Prune-belly syndrome
•
Following bladder outflow obstruction in
utero due to urethral valves with
development of hydro ureters and
hydronephrosis
•
Obstruction is overcome but obstructive
phase produces defective development of
anterior abdominal wall and ureteric
musculature with subsequent poor peristalsis
and persistent non obstructive dilatation of
collecting systems
51. Acute pyelonephritis
•
IVU may be normal
•
Kidney may be smoothly enlarged and calyces
compressed by the adjacent swollen
parenchyma
•
Kidney may show reduction in perfusion and
function and a striated nephrogram
