Circumcision Medical, Cultural and Ethical Aspects
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Circumcision Medical, Cultural and Ethical Aspects
- 1. Circumcision, Medical ,Cultural , and Ethical Aspects Sameh Shehata Alexandria , Egypt EPSA PRESIDENT WOFAPS VICE PRESIDENT AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 2. Circumcision • Cercum: around • Caedere: cut • Oldest • Most commonly performed • Most controversial AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 3. Circumcision • Brit Milah - Hebrews • Circoncision - French • Katsurei - Japanese • Hallae - Korean • Tuli - Filipino • Cua paw phe - Chinese AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 4. Circumcision • Where did it begin . • Religion and faith. • Medical indications . • Opponents /proponents . • Medical societies . AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 5. Where and when ? • 10,000 (?) BC: Aboriginal tribes introduce circumcision of boys as puberty rite • 6000 (?) BC: Circumcision was practiced as puberty rite by tribes in north-eastern African and Arabian peninsula AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 6. History of Circumcision • Egypt – Depicted in tombs (2300 B.C.) – Mummies were circumcised – First depicted operation • Captured warriors were often mutilated AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 7. Sakkara 2400 BC AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 8. What is common? • Egypt, • Saudi Arabia, • Mexico, • Kalahari • central Australia AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 10. US Army report General John Patton • World War II 150,000 soldiers were hospitalized for foreskin problems due to inadequate hygiene • “Time and money could have been saved had prophylactic circumcision been performed before the men were shipped overseas” AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 11. On the other side Foreskin was beneficial in savannah-wandering or cave-dwelling ancestors AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 12. RELIGIOUS CIRCUMCISION The Covenant AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 13. The covenant : Torah the old testament A covenant is made between God and Abraham that God would make Abraham a rich and powerful man and the father of a great nation, and in return, Abraham's people would adhere to a certain way of life AAPS Fukuoka 2016 Judaism
- 14. Religious Circumcision: Jewish View – A Mitzvah (commandment) – In the Talmud: whole glans uncovered when penis is flaccid – Performed by a Mohel • Metzitzah performed AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 15. Greco-Roman 311 AC AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 16. Reversal of circumcision •Epispasm : • Different techniques. – Stretching – Weights – Surgery AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 17. Christianity • The Early Church ( the Council of Jerusalem) decided that circumcision is not required for Gentile Christians. • The Council of Florence in the 15th century] prohibited it. AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 18. Luther and Calvin. • the spiritual circumcision of the heart • the physical circumcision of the foreskin. AAPS Fukuoka 2016 Christian philosophy
- 19. Jesus Christ born as a Jew, circumcised on the 8th day AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 20. AAPS Fukuoka 2016 Jesus David
- 21. Religious Circumcision: Muslim View • Word for circumcision is an ancient Arabic word • “Sunnah” : Prophet’s tradition • “Tahara” : Procedure for cleanliness AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 22. Circumcision =Tahara •to cleanse and/or purify •circumcised males more pure or clean AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 23. possible philosophy behind religious circumcision •covenant between god and man . •human sacrifice . •reduce excessive desire . AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 25. • cure of “impotence, sterility, priapism, masturbation, venereal disease, epilepsy, bed-wetting, night terrors, paralysis and homosexuality • Immunity against tuberculosis, cancer, syphilis, polio, idiocy, forgetfulness AAPS Fukuoka 2016 19th century
- 27. MEDICAL INDICATIONS Evidence Based AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 29. 20th Century • In 1932, Wolbarst • penile cancer virtually never occurred in circumcised men AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 30. Medical indications • The Lancet 1999 editorial • mass circumcision in Africa to prevent spread of HIV-AIDS • WHO 2002 Male foreskin increases risk of cervical cancer in women which lead to demand for universal male circumcision • UTI is significantly lower in circumcised boys (2008) AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 31. MEDICAL SOCIETIES Changing attitudes AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 33. USA Rates of Circumcision AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 34. Circumcision map AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 35. Reasons for Circumcision •Necessity (hygiene) •Religious (sacrifice/reduce desire) •Indicator of status(elite/slaves) •Medical (false/true) AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 36. Enigma •Devine /human •Pain /pleasure •Fact /fiction •Proponents /opponents AAPS Fukuoka 2016
- 37. More evidence • Function of prepuce . • Benefits . • Disadvantages . AAPS Fukuoka 2016