4. Stages of CKD—KDOQI, 2002
Stag
e
Description GFR
ml/min/1.73m2
1 Kidney
damage* with
nl or GFR
³90
2 Kidney
damage* with
mild GFR
60-89
3 Moderate
GFR
30-59
**
**
**
**
4 Severe GFR 15-29
5 Kidney failure 15 or dialysis
*Kidney damage for 3 months, as defined by pathologic abnormalities or
markers of kidney damage, including abnormalities in blood or urine or
diagnostic imaging studies.
13. Posterior Urethral valves(PUV)
Entire urinary tract develops in environment
of high intraluminal pressure from
Obstruction ®Cell apoptosis, inflammation
Permanent defects - parenchymal dysplasia
of kidneys, ureters, bladder despite adequate
decompression of the urinary tract pre or post
natally
14. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (cont)
In some, renal tubules mainly affected® poor
urine concentrating ability, ® diuresis ®
ureteral bladder dysfunction
Affected kidneys may function well initially,
but have a reduced renal reserve
Renal deterioration also frm chronic
pyelonephritis from Vesicoureteric (V-U)
reflux, urinary stasis
15. PUV Clinical Presentation
Extremely variable
Prenatal US D:Oligohydramnios
hyroureters, hydronephrosis
Respiratory distress-pulmonary hypoplasia
Potter’s facies, ascites, and abdominal
swelling
Birth: Poor, dribbling urine stream
So check urine stream of all males b/4
discharge from hospital
16. PUV Clinical Presentation
Toddlers - voiding dysfunction or UTI
School-aged boys usually come to the
clinician's attention because of urinary
incontinence
All enuretics should be screened at least
with abdominal palpation urine MCS
18. Anteroposterior view of the abdomen during a void cystourethrographic study.
This image demonstrates a dilated bladder with trabeculation, diverticula, and
massive reflux.
19. Lateral view of a voiding cystourethrographic study during voiding after catheter removal.
The dilated posterior urethra is highly suggestive of a posterior urethral valve, which is
seen as the nonopacified line that separates the dilated posterior urethra from the normal-caliber
distal urethra.
26. Bladder Extrophy
Bladder is turned inside out“; Lr portion
fails to form correctly
Urethra genitalia not formed completely
(epispadias)
Anus vagina appear anteriorly displaced
Pelvic bones widely separated –diastasis
Rx: Series of Surgical Operations
28. Myelomeningocoele
Myelomeningocele - backbone and spinal
canal not close before birth. Associated :
1. Hydrocephalus in 90%
2. Big bladder- atonic bladder
3. Anus: Patulous: lack bowel control
4.Legs Partial or complete paralysis of
legs loss of sensation
28
30. Myelomeningocoele Rx
Parents fully aware BEFORE BIRTH
Surgery to repair defect at an early age
3.V-P shunt for hydrocephalus
4.Antibiotics 4 meningitis or UTI
5.Wheel chair
6. Bladder catheterization, Rx CRF- DT
30
32. 15 yr Survey of 45 CRF,PH
Primary renal dis. No.(%) Male Female
Glomerulopathies 23 (53.3) 9 14
Obstructive
uropathy
13 (28.9) 13 0
Vascular,PN,Mali
gn,Malaria
Nephropathy
9 (17.8) 5 4
Anochie I, Eke F.Ped Nephrol 2003;18:692-5
33. Yearly Incidence ESRF
UPTH,Nigeria
2.1
2.5
3
13
1985-91
1986-91
1991-2000
2007-2010
Red X, Sth Africa
EkeF.NigMedPract1992;35:37 EkeF,EkeN:PedNephrol1994;8:383-386
AnochieI,EkeF:PedNephrol2003:18:692-695
Dysplasia
PUV
PCKD
REFLUX
GN
FSGS
SLE
Other
34. Approach to preventing
Deterioration in CKD
A: Surgical
In Utero endoscopic valve ablation or vesico-amniotic
shunting
Endoscopic resection of valves 2-3 days of
birth
Operation should be done by the most
experienced. Valvotomy in UCH-OPD.
Catheter few hrs post Op
Severe valves may need vesicostomy or
ureterostomy; Bladder augmentation later
35. Mechanical Obstruction only
one Aspect
B: Medical
Immediate catheterizaton-size 3 Foleys
fluid electrolyte Rx
Long term monitoring of renal bladder
function
Dysplastic kidneys, Ureters Bladder
These not often respond to the mechanical
relief of Obstruction
36. Bladder Renal Care Vital
Intermittent catheterization by patient or
parents often an integral part of Rx
Yearly U/S- continued or recurrent stasis
Counselling re avoidance of UTI stasis
Yearly UE Cr, if renal function normaltests
for Renal Osteodystrophy, bone mineral
density, DMSA scan etc
Pts have lost their Txpt. Kidney from poor
bladder management
Avoid constipation
37. Bladder sphincter
dysfunction
Recurrent UTIs
V U R
Bowel
dysfunction
Bowel dysfunction is often part of the constellation;
Dysfunctional elimination syndrome)
38. Aims of CRF Management
feel normal - well
be normal - like your friends
- intellectual development
- school / other activities
maintain normal growth
preserving normal family functioning
slow progression to ESRF
prepare for ESRF treatment
39. CRF Management Points
nutrition
fluid and electrolyte
balance
acid base status
renal osteodystrophy
infection
anaemia
growth
hypertension
preservation of renal
function
education and
preparation
social /psychological
support
40. Renal osteodystrophy
Treatment
hydroxylated vitamin D therapy
- 1a hydroxycholecalciferol
- 1-25dihydroxycholecalciferol
by daily oral administration
41. Counselling
Surgery NOT A CURE
Long term Follow Up
Clearly told Paediatrician or Nephrol for
Life
Urological Follow Up may also be for Life
Counsel against ‘It is not my portion’
Multidisciplinary Counselling best
47. QUIZ
On presentation 8days
after birth, this patient’s
serum creatinine is 500
Umol
The management should
be
1. Urgent peritoneal
dialysis
2.Urgent haemodialysis
3. Something else
48. QUIZ
Can a bladder
rhbdomyosarcoma cause
this anomaly?
What is the likely cause?
49. QUIZ
True or False
All children with Posterior Urethral
valves have Chronic Kidney Disease
51. Learn more about afpna its
members by visiting the
website www.afpna.com
PNAN integral part of AFPNA her
Mtgs are advertised there
52. Officers
Secretary-General Felicia Eke, Nigeria
Secretary-Treasurer Bashir Admani, Kenya
Member IPNA Councillor Udai Kala, South Africa
Member IPNA Councillor Safaa Medani, Sudan (North africa)
Member Priya Gajjar, South Africa
Member Francis Lalya, Benin
Congress President Elect Sampson Antwi, Ghana
Ex-Officio Mignon Mc Culloch
53. Dates of Annual Meetings
3yrly Mtg –
5th Congress Ghana Feb 20-23, 2013
4th Nairobi March19-21, 2010
3rd Cape Town, March 2006
2nd Port Harcourt, Nigeria 2002
1st Cairo, Egypt 2000
54. IPNA Fellows
Dr Franca Ikimalo Port Harcourt, Nigeria CT, SA 1.9 03 – 29.2.04
DrAmos Odit Uganda CT, SA 1.3.04 –31.8.04
Dr.Godson Achugwo Owerri,Nigeria CT, SA 05-10.05
DrFrancis Lalya Cotonou,Benin CT, SA 14.10.05–30.4.06
Again 12.08-12.09
Dr Hemed Twahir Mombasa,Kenya CT, SA 1.4.06 –5.3.07
again in 2009
Dr.Bashir Admani Nairobi,Kenya CT, SA 8.06-8.08
Dr.Isaac Ocheke Jos, Nigeria CT,SA 7.3.07 – 2.08
Dr Sampson Antwi Kumasi,Ghana CT, SA 4/09-4.10
Dr Seyi Oniyangi Abuja,Nigeria Joburg,SA 9.08-2.09
Dr Chris Esezobor Lagos, Nigeria
Dr David Galgallo Kenya
Dr Elena Naicker Durbar, SA Joburg,SA 5-12.09
Dr Odetunde Enugu, Nigeria CT, SA 3.11
Dr NosaIdurionye Benin, Nigeria CT, SA 6.11-
Total 14
55. IPNA Discount Membership
Fee for Regional Societies
IPNA at its recent Council Meeting in Sao
Paulo, Brazil (October 25-26th 2011) offers
discounted membership fee to members of
its affiliated Regional Societies, namely the
ASPN, ESPN, African Pediatric Nephrology
Association (AFPNA), AsPNA,
JSPN,ANZPNA ALANEPE
56. IPNA Discount Membership
Fee for Regional Societies
The current membership fee is US$175/yr
The discounted membership fee for Regional
Society members is US$50/yr® privileges
1. IPNA newsletter
2. On-line access to Ped Nephrol Journal
3. On-line access to Ped Nephrol textbook
4. IPNA Congress member discount
5. Print version of Pediatric Nephrology at an
additional rate of US$65 annually (total
US$115 annually)
57. IPNA Discount Membership
Fee for Regional Societies
Individual paid-up members of the Regional
Soc are eligible 4 discounted membership.
Combined fee administered either by IPNA
or the Regional Soc accordingly. thus:
ASPN: US$300+US$50 (USA)
US$150+US$50 (Canada)
ESPN: US$70 (Euro$50) + US$50
JSPN: US$135 (Y10,000) + US$50
AsPNA: US$10 + US$50
ANZPNA: US$105 (Aust$100) + US$50
58. IPNA Discount Membership
Fee for Regional Societies
AFPNA: US$25 + US$50
For fees paid through IPNA, the currency will
be in USD. IPNA will then transfer the Reg
Soc dues accordingly at the end of each
financial year. The fee for wire transfer will be
charged to each Reg Soc accordingly. The
IPNA secretariat will only deal with the
payment of full fees for Reg Soc. Discounted
fees for Reg Soc should be dealt with by the
respective Reg Soc.
59. IPNA Discount Membership
Fee for Regional Societies
For fees paid through the Reg Soc the
Regional Societies can charge in the
appropriate currency, but the corresponding
total sum should be paid to IPNA in USD. The
Regional Society must send the appropriate
membership information to IPNA in order to
effect the membership privileges.
The discounted membership fee will be
implemented from January 1st 2012
60.
61.
62.
63.
64. Management of neuropathic
bladder
Aims:
Preserve renal function
Improve continence
Methods:
Conservative/ medical management
Surgical
Failure of above methods to prevent upper
tract dilation/ongoing renal damage
Unacceptable level of incontinence using
conservative means
65. Cornerstone of management
Clean intermittent catheterisation
(CIC)
4 X daily
Anticholinergics (counteract detrusor
overactivity)
Oxybutynin
Tolterodine
Early intervention. Prevents
progressive detrusor damage with
loss of compliance and later
requirement for cystoplasty.
67. Indications for urodynamics
Spinal cord pathology/features of neuropathic
bladder
Anorectal malformations
Infravesical obstruction (PUVs)
Unresolving VUR with renal scarring
Voiding dysfunction/incontinence failing to
respond conventional measures
NB** Should only be undertaken
with a clinical implication in mind.
70. Urodynamic Features associated
with renal deterioration
Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia
High filling/voiding pressures
Decreased bladder compliance
Leak point pressure40 cm
H2O
71. PD Nursing Team
PATIENT
Ward Nursing
Team
Administratio
n of fluid
deliveries
Medical
Team
Social
Worker Counsellor
Dietitian
The Multidisciplinary
Team
72. COMPLICATIONS
In the newborn
Pulmonary hypoplasia secondary to intrauterine renal
dysfunction and Oligohydramnios is the primary cause of patients
death.
Other complications of PUV are generally secondary to chronic
bladder changes, leading to elevated detrusor pressures. This, in
turn, leads to progressive renal damage, infection, and
incontinence.
Renal insufficiency
Due to renal dysplasia
Elevated detrusor pressure and back flow of urine.
73. COMPLICATIONS (cont)
Vesicoureteral reflux
Commonly associated with PUV and is present in as many as one
third of patients
Vesicoureteral reflux in most children is believed to be due to an
abnormal insertion of the ureter into the bladder.
When associated with PUV, reflux is generally secondary to
elevated intravesical pressures.
Urinary tract infections
Recurrent UTIs are common in patients with PUV.
Elevated intravesical pressures predispose patients to infection,
possibly by altering urothelial blood flow.
Additionally, patients with PUV may have elevated post void
residual urine volumes, leading to stasis of urine.
Dilated upper urinary tracts, with or without vesicoureteral reflux,
further elevate UTI risk.
74. COMPLICATIONS (cont)
Bladder dysfunction
Thought to be caused by alterations in collagen deposition and the
development of detrusor smooth muscle cells.
In mild cases, incontinence may be present;
In severe cases, ongoing deterioration of renal function occurs.
Bladder dysfunction often improves over time after definitive
treatment of the obstruction.
End Stage Renal Disease( ESRD)
Progression of ESRD is accelerated at the time of puberty due to
the increased metabolic workload placed on the kidneys.
75. PROGNOSIS
Over the last 30 years, the prognosis of children with PUV has steadily
improved.
In the past, most children were found to have PUV only after presenting with
urosepsis or progressive renal insufficiency. Older series demonstrated mortality
rates approaching 50% by late adolescence.
Today, most individuals with PUV are discovered when prenatal ultrasonography
reveals hydronephrosis.
Historically, of patients with adequate pulmonary function, approximately 25%
died of renal insufficiency in the first year of life, 25% died later in childhood, and
50% survived to adulthood with varying degrees of renal function.
Prompt resolution of bladder obstruction, aggressive treatment of bladder
dysfunction, and improved surgical techniques have lowered the neonatal
mortality rate to less than 3%.
Approximately one third of patients progress to renal insufficiency in their
lifetimes. Improved dialysis and transplantation techniques have significantly
improved not only the mortality rate for these children but also their quality of life.
.
76. PROGNOSIS
Additionally, medical and surgical management can achieve urinary
continence in nearly all patients
An interesting group of patients are those with vesicoureteral reflux
dysplasia (VURD) syndrome.
In these patients, one kidney is hydronephrotic, nonfunctioning, and
has high-grade vesicoureteral reflux. The high-grade reflux is thought
to act as a pop-off valve, leading to reduced overall bladder pressures
and preservation of contralateral renal function.
In the past, these patients were thought to have a better outcome due
to preserved renal function in one kidney at the sacrifice of the other.
More recent data suggests that, although short-term serum creatinine
levels may be favorable, these patients may suffer long-term adverse
renal function with hypertension, proteinuria, and renal failure In the
long.
77. CONCLUSION
Posterior urethral valve though not a
common congenital anomaly can be fatal
Early detection, prompt management and
routine follow up of patients is needed for
a good life expectancy.
78. INVESTIGATIONS (cont)
Nuclear Renography
Detects upper-tract consequences of obstruction
Absent or dysplastic kidney ® photopenic area in
renal fossa
Altered renal function ® Delayed visualization of
renal unit with slow rise to peak activity
79. TREATMENT (cont)
Vesicostomy
When urethral size precludes safe valve
ablation, a communicating channel between
the bladder and lower abdominal wall (ie,
vesicostomy) can be created to provide bladder
drainage
Generally, an 18-20F stoma is created
approximately midway between the pubis and
umbilicus in the midline
Take care to bring the dome of the bladder to
the skin and to limit the stomal size to prevent
prolapse of bladder urothelium through the
vesicostomy
Its use has decreased because most patients
can be safely drained and can undergo valve
80. TREATMENT (cont)
Cutaneous ureterostomies:
Bilateral cutaneous ureterostomies can also be
placed to provide for urinary drainage
Techniques for cutaneous ureterostomy
include:
-End stomal ureterostomy,
-loop ureterostomy,
-Y-ureterostomy (in which the ureter is
divided and one end is brought to the skin and
the other is reanastomosed in a uretero-ureterostomy),
and
-Ring ureterostomy techniques
Potential complications of cutaneous
ureterostomies include ureteral
devascularization, inadequate drainage, and
81. TREATMENT (cont)
Secondary bladder surgery
Augmentation cystoplasty
Indications for bladder augmentation include :
-Inadequately low bladder storage volumes
-High bladder pressures despite anticholinergic
medication and clean intermittent catheterization.
The ileum is most commonly used; however, large bowel,
stomach, and ureter are also used, depending on clinical
conditions and surgeon preference.
Augmentation should only be offered to patients willing to
commit to lifelong intermittent catheterization.
82. TREATMENT (cont)
Potential complications include
-Bladder rupture (approximately 10% of patients);
-Electrolyte disturbances, which may be worsened by the
placement of intestinal mucosa in contact with urine.
-Several cases of malignant degeneration in augmented
bladder have been reported.
Despite these risks, augmentation can significantly improve
patient lifestyle in those who have intractable incontinence
due to poor compliance and bladder over activity.
Continent Appendicovesicostomy :
Also called the Mitrofanoff technique,
Involves placement of a non refluxing tubular conduit for
catheterization between the bladder and skin to provide an alternative
channel for catheterization.
83. TREATMENT (cont)
Potential complications include
-Bladder rupture (approximately 10% of patients);
-Electrolyte disturbances, which may be worsened by the
placement of intestinal mucosa in contact with urine.
-Several cases of malignant degeneration in augmented
bladder have been reported.
Despite these risks, augmentation can significantly improve
patient lifestyle in those who have intractable incontinence
due to poor compliance and bladder over activity.
Continent Appendicovesicostomy :
Also called the Mitrofanoff technique,
Involves placement of a non refluxing tubular conduit for
catheterization between the bladder and skin to provide an alternative
channel for catheterization.