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Requirements Management with Use Cases Module 7 Refining the System Definition
Course Outline ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Refining the System Definition: Overview Problem Solution Space Problem Space Needs Features Software Requirements The Product To Be Built Test Procedures Design User Docs Traceability
What Do Software Requirements Specify? System Inputs Outputs Functions Performance Environments Software requirements   specify  externally observable  capabilities and conditions of the system
Specifying the Software Requirements Features Software Requirements Needs OR ? ? The   Software Requirements Specification (SRS)   defines the complete  external  behavior and characteristics of the system to be built. Supplementary Specifications Vision Document Traditional SRS Use-Case Model
Roles of the SRS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Adapted from Alan Davis Software Requirements Specification (SRS)
Features Drive Software Requirements Trending information will be charted with a line graph showing time on the x axis, and number of defects found on the y axis. Trending periods can be entered in units of days, weeks or months. An example trend report is shown in Figure 1: Print Status Report Feat 63 - the defect tracking system will provide trending information to help the project manager assess project status Operator Project Manager
Focus on the Use-Case Model Approach Features Software Requirements Needs Supplementary Specifications Vision Document Traditional SRS Use-Case Model 
How Do Use Cases Help Define Requirements? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Use-Case Model
How to Detail a Use Case ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Use-Case Report: Template ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],TP: Use Case Report Template  Handout
Use-Case Properties in the Use-Case Report ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Use-Case Properties in the Use-Case Report (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sample Basic Flow of Events ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sample Basic Flow of Events (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sample Alternative Flows of Events ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Detailing the Basic Flow of Events
Exercise: Ways to Write a Flow of Events ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Exercise: Flow of Events - Type I Orderers can create Orders to collect measurement data from the Network Elements. The system will assign the Order a unique name and default values for when and how long the measurement should be and also how often it is to be repeated. These values can of course be edited by the Orderer.  The Orderer must further specify which measurement function, network element and measurements objects that are applicable. The Orderer can also add a personal comment to the order.  When necessary information is defined a new Order is created and initialized with the defined attributes, the name of the creator, date of creation, and status of the order will be set to 'scheduled'. (Possible values for the status are: Scheduled, Executing, Completed, Canceled, and Erroneous).  The user interface is then notified that a new Order has been created and receives a reference to the new Order so that it can be displayed.
Exercise: Flow of Events - Type II ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Exercise: Flow of Events - Type III ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Exercise: Perspectives in Flow of Events ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Exercise: Outside Perspective ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Local Call Subscriber
Exercise: Inside Perspective ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Local Call Subscriber
Who Reads the Flow of Events? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Flow of Events: Guidelines ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Exercise: Detail the Basic Flow of Events ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Subflows: Structuring the Flow of Events ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Use-Case Subflows as Separate Sections ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Flow of Events: Guidelines for Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Structuring of Alternative Flows ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Specific Alternative Flows ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Specific Alternative Flows ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
General Alternative Flows ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example: Flow of Events ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Exercise: Detail the Alternative Flows ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Use of Pre- and Post-Conditions
Example of a Pre-Condition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example of Post-Condition  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Describing a Use Case: Things to Remember ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What about Non-Functional Requirements? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Specifying Non-Functional Requirements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],TP: Supplementary Specifications Template Handout
The “URPS” of FURPS Grady, 1992 Which of these might be captured in the use-case model? With which ones might this not be possible or practical? What should you do with them? F unctionality Feature Set Capabilities Generality Security U sability Human Factors Aesthetics Consistency Documentation R eliability Frequency/Severity of Failure Recoverability Predictability Accuracy MTBF P erformance Speed Efficiency Resource Usage Throughput Response Time S upportability Testability Extensibility Adaptability Maintainability Compatibility Configurability Serviceability Installability Localizability Robustness
Examples: Non-Functional Requirements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Specifying Usability Requirements  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Specifying Reliability Requirements  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Davis Workshop, 1993
Specifying Performance Requirements  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Davis Workshop, 1993
Specifying Supportability Requirements  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Davis Workshop, 1993
What About   Design Constraints? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The What vs. How Dilemma ,[object Object],[object Object],What How What How What How Stakeholder Needs Product or System Features Software Requirements Specification (Use Cases) Design Spec Test Procedures Documentation Plans “ One man’s ceiling  is  another man’s floor” Davis, 1993
Exercise: Non-Functional Requirements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What About a “Traditional” SRS Approach? Features Software Requirements Needs  Use-Case Model Supplementary Specifications Vision Document Traditional SRS Use-Case Model
A “Traditional” SRS Template: Based on IEEE 830 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],TP: SRS Template Handout
IEEE 830 SRS: Chapter 3 - Specific Requirements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The answer is application dependent.  You may wish to organize by Or even a combination of the above adapted from IEEE 1993 How do I organize specific requirements????
IEEE 830 SRS   Example:  Organization by Feature IEEE 1993 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Could include references to use cases here, if needed.
Sample Software Requirements: Recycling Machine ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sample Software Requirements (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A “UC” SRS Template: Customized for Use Cases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],TP: (UC) SRS Template Handout
Can We Combine The Two Approaches? Features Software Requirements Needs WP2: Traceability Strategies Vision Document Traditional SRS Handout Use-Case Model
Combining Use-Case Model and Traditional SRS SRS II SRS Traditional SRS ( all  requirements) IIa (examples of usage, plus  architecturally significant use cases - for design verification) Traditional SRS ( all  requirements) + SS Supplementary Specifications + I SRS Traditional  SRS Ia + Need Traditional SRS Want Use Cases Illustrative  Use Cases Use-Case Model Use-Case Model
Qualities of a Software Requirement Specification ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ref - IEEE 1993
Qualities of an SRS: Correct ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ref - Davis ‘93
Qualities of an SRS: Complete ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],IEEE 1993
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Qualities of an SRS: Consistent IEEE 1993 SR101: Pressing the on-button shall illuminate the power LED. SR841: On system start-up, no observable results shall occur. SR245: The power LED shall be illuminated when the system is powered up. (Inconsistent) (Consistent)
Qualities of an SRS: Unambiguous ,[object Object],[object Object],ref - IEEE 1993 “ A shall do B to C” “ A shall do B to C” “ A shall do B to C” Req. 1
Exercise: Exploring Ambiguity ,[object Object],[object Object],ref -  Gause & Weinberg, 1989
Exploring Ambiguity: Dictionary Definitions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Exploring Ambiguity: Analysis  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What to Do About Language Ambiguity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Gause & Weinberg, 1989
Exploring Ambiguity: An Observation ,[object Object],[object Object],Understandability Ambiguity The sweet spot
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Ambiguity vs. Understandability: What to Do?
Qualities of an SRS: Ability for Ranking ,[object Object],[object Object],ref - IEEE 1993 Ranked by  importance SR103 SR172 SR192 SR71 SR63 SR172 SR103 SR63  SR71  SR192 Ranked by  stability
Qualities of an SRS: Verifiable ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],IEEE 1993 -  The system supports up to 1,000 simultaneous users - The system shall respond to an arbitrary query in 500 msec. - The color shall be a pleasing shade of green - The system shall be user friendly - The system shall export view data in comma separated format Are these requirements verifiable? If not, what is a better way to state them? (Involve QA folks to help decide.)
Qualities of an SRS: Modifiable ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],IEEE 1993
Qualities of an SRS: Traceable ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ref - IEEE 1993
Qualities of an SRS: Understandable ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How to Describe User Interfaces ,[object Object],[object Object]
Storyboarding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Shurtleff ‘94
Storyboarding: Benefits ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Shurtleff ‘94
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Prototyping
Prototyping: Types ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Davis ‘95
Prototyping: Selecting Type to Use ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How to Describe Communication Protocols ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What Is  Not  in an SRS? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Adapted from Alan Davis
RUP Workflow Detail: Refine the System Definition
RUP Workflow Detail: Refining the System Definition
Review: Refining the System Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Review: Refining the System Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Refining The System Definition

  • 1. Requirements Management with Use Cases Module 7 Refining the System Definition
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  • 3. Refining the System Definition: Overview Problem Solution Space Problem Space Needs Features Software Requirements The Product To Be Built Test Procedures Design User Docs Traceability
  • 4. What Do Software Requirements Specify? System Inputs Outputs Functions Performance Environments Software requirements specify externally observable capabilities and conditions of the system
  • 5. Specifying the Software Requirements Features Software Requirements Needs OR ? ? The Software Requirements Specification (SRS) defines the complete external behavior and characteristics of the system to be built. Supplementary Specifications Vision Document Traditional SRS Use-Case Model
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  • 7. Features Drive Software Requirements Trending information will be charted with a line graph showing time on the x axis, and number of defects found on the y axis. Trending periods can be entered in units of days, weeks or months. An example trend report is shown in Figure 1: Print Status Report Feat 63 - the defect tracking system will provide trending information to help the project manager assess project status Operator Project Manager
  • 8. Focus on the Use-Case Model Approach Features Software Requirements Needs Supplementary Specifications Vision Document Traditional SRS Use-Case Model 
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  • 19. Exercise: Flow of Events - Type I Orderers can create Orders to collect measurement data from the Network Elements. The system will assign the Order a unique name and default values for when and how long the measurement should be and also how often it is to be repeated. These values can of course be edited by the Orderer. The Orderer must further specify which measurement function, network element and measurements objects that are applicable. The Orderer can also add a personal comment to the order. When necessary information is defined a new Order is created and initialized with the defined attributes, the name of the creator, date of creation, and status of the order will be set to 'scheduled'. (Possible values for the status are: Scheduled, Executing, Completed, Canceled, and Erroneous). The user interface is then notified that a new Order has been created and receives a reference to the new Order so that it can be displayed.
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  • 43. The “URPS” of FURPS Grady, 1992 Which of these might be captured in the use-case model? With which ones might this not be possible or practical? What should you do with them? F unctionality Feature Set Capabilities Generality Security U sability Human Factors Aesthetics Consistency Documentation R eliability Frequency/Severity of Failure Recoverability Predictability Accuracy MTBF P erformance Speed Efficiency Resource Usage Throughput Response Time S upportability Testability Extensibility Adaptability Maintainability Compatibility Configurability Serviceability Installability Localizability Robustness
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  • 52. What About a “Traditional” SRS Approach? Features Software Requirements Needs  Use-Case Model Supplementary Specifications Vision Document Traditional SRS Use-Case Model
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  • 59. Can We Combine The Two Approaches? Features Software Requirements Needs WP2: Traceability Strategies Vision Document Traditional SRS Handout Use-Case Model
  • 60. Combining Use-Case Model and Traditional SRS SRS II SRS Traditional SRS ( all requirements) IIa (examples of usage, plus architecturally significant use cases - for design verification) Traditional SRS ( all requirements) + SS Supplementary Specifications + I SRS Traditional SRS Ia + Need Traditional SRS Want Use Cases Illustrative Use Cases Use-Case Model Use-Case Model
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  • 85. RUP Workflow Detail: Refine the System Definition
  • 86. RUP Workflow Detail: Refining the System Definition
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