Ch9 Sec 1

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The New Germanic Kingdoms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],(pages 285–287)

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264 CHAPTER 9 Medieval Empires and Borderlands: The Latin West was followed by a period of anarchy as Europe faced further incursions of hostile invaders. During the eleventh century, however, the Latin West recov- ered in dramatic fashion. By the end of the century the Latin kingdoms were strong enough to engage in a massive counterassault against Islam, in part in defense of fellow Christians in Byzantium. These campaigns against Islam, known as the Crusades, produced a series of wars in the Middle East and North Africa that continued throughout the Middle Ages. But the ideals of the crusaders lasted well into modern times, long after the active fighting ceased. The transformations in this period raised this question: How did Latin Christianity help strengthen the new kingdoms of the Latin West so that they were eventually able to deal effectively with both barbarian invaders and Muslim rivals? THE BIRTH OF LATIN CHRISTENDOM • H o w d i d L a t i n C h r i s t e n d o m — t h e new k i n g d o m s of western E u r o p e — b u i l d o n Rome's legal and governmental legacies and h o w d i d C h r i s t i a n i t y spread i n these new kingdoms ? By the time the Roman Empire collapsed in the West during the f i f t h century, numerous Germanic tribes had settled in the lands of the former empire. These tribes became the nucleus for the new Latin Christian kingdoms that emerged by 750 (see M a p 9.1). Germanic Kingdoms on Roman Foundations The new Germanic kingdoms of L a t i n Christen- dom created a new kind of society. They bor- rowed f r o m Roman law while establishing government institutions, but they also relied on their o w n traditional methods of rule. Three ele- ments helped unify these kingdoms. First, i n the Germanic kingdoms personal loyalty rather than legal rights unified society. Kinship obligations to a particular clan of blood relatives rather than citizenship, as in the Roman Empire, defined a person's place in society and his or her relation- ship to rulers. Second, Christianity became the dominant religion i n the kingdoms. The common faith hnked rulers w i t h their subjects. A n d t h i r d , L a t i n served as the language of worship, learning, and diplomacy in these kingdoms. German kingdoms based on Roman foundations appeared in Anglo-Saxon England, Prankish Gaul, Visigothic Spain, and Lombard Italy. A N G I O - S A X O M ENGLAisSD Roman civilization collapsed more completely i n Britain during the f i f t h century than it did on the European continent, largely because of Britain's long distance f r o m Rome and the small number of Romans who had settled there. A b o u t 400, the Roman economic and administrative infrastructure of Britain fell apart, and the last Roman legions left the island to fight on the continent. Raiders f r o m the coast of the N o r t h Sea called Angles and Saxons (historians referred to them as Anglo- Saxons) took advantag.

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Germanic Tribes and Vikings 5th-11th centuries The Myth of the Dark Ages Germanic tribes took over Roman lands. Hundreds of little kingdoms took the place of the Western Roman Empire in Europe. Modelled Roman law, customs, and Christianity Kingdoms were always at war with one another. Myth of the Dark Ages Germanic tribes adopted Christianity Monasteries – communities of nuns and monks who were servants of God They were Europe’s best educated They opened schools Maintained libraries Copied important books: this preserved Greco-Roman cultural achievements The Franks In A.D. 481, Clovis united the Franks and became their king. Clovis converted to the Christianity. Essentially, the Franks blended Germanic and Roman cultural practices He established the Merovingian Kingdom The Franks By 800s Franks ruled much of western, central Europe Leaders most influential in expansion of Franks all belonged to one family—Charlemagne’s family, the Carolingians One of first Carolingians to gain power, Charlemagne’s grandfather Charles Martel, political adviser, war leader for Frankish king Led Frankish army in many crushing defeats of opponents, notably at the Battle of Tours Age of Charlemagne Charlemagne 742-814 AD Overview: Charlemagne became king of the Franks in 768 A.D. He tried to recreate the glory of the old Roman Empire. He conquered vast territories and was eventually proclaimed emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo III. He gave land to his nobles in exchange for their loyalty and military service. Charlemagne Charlemagne was a Frankish king that lived during the 8th and 9th centuries He became king in 768 after his father Pepin the Short died Charlemagne was an ambitious ruler and expanded the Frankish territory Because of his successful campaigns, he has been considered by some as the Father of Modern Europe. Charlemagne and pope Leo In 773 Charlemagne began his attack on the Lombard kingdom, which was in northern Italy Pope Leo called on him for help when the Lombards attacked Papal States, 774 The Papal states was a region in central Italy under control of pope By 774, he had the Lombards on the verge of defeat and he received the Iron Crown The Iron Crown made him king over the Franks and Lombards Charlemagne and Pope Leo In 799, Charlemagne helped Leo III again. Eventually, Charlemagne was named emperor of the Roman people The Pope’s action suggested that Charlemagne’s rule had the backing of the church and God Th effects of this were massive: Charlemagne now rivaled the Byzantine’s as the inheritors of Rome It placed the Roman papacy firmly in the sphere of the west isolating it from the influence of the Byzantines Charlemagne also considered marrying the Byzantine queen Irene to unite the empires The West was now further unified politically and spiritually Charlemagne Charlemagne had tremendous power as emperor His empire was large and not easy to rule; he made c ...

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