The Cold War led to increased fears of communism at home in the United States. The government investigated millions of government employees for loyalty and required workers to sign loyalty oaths. The House Un-American Activities Committee held hearings targeting those in Hollywood for communist ties, blacklisting hundreds. Two high-profile spy cases, those of Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs, further fueled fears. Senator Joe McCarthy made unsupported accusations of communist infiltration, though was later censured for his actions.

1. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR 1945-1959
B117 MONDAY

2. THE COLD WAR
 battle of diplomacy, propaganda and
nerves
 not a direct confrontation
 world divided into three sides after WW
II…

3. Soviet Union (USSR)
•Leader of the
communist world
• vowed to spread communism

4. United States
• leader of the free world
• vowed to contain communism

5. THIRD WORLD (DEVELOPING NATIONS)
COLD WAR BATTLEGROUND
Asia Africa and the Latin
Middle East America

6. SELF DETERMINATION
 All countries would have
the right of self
determination
 Democracy or
Communism in nations
that had been under Nazi
rule
 Stalin had agreed to
allow free elections in
Eastern Europe

7.  Soviets refused free
elections in Eastern
Europe after WW II
 installed communist
governments
 became known as
“satellite nations”
countries
dominated by
USSR

8.  Churchill says an “Iron Curtain” has descended across
the continent
 referring to Soviet control of Eastern Europe
 no news allowed in or out of Soviet controlled territory

10. TRUMAN DOCTRINE-1947
 main goal was to
help free nations
resist the spread
of communism
 initially helped
Greece and
Turkey

11. U.S. ADOPT S A “CONTAINMENT POLICY”
 keep communism from spreading
 foundation of U.S. foreign policy for next 50 years
 The Marshall Plan - 1948
 economic aid to Europe to rebuild Europe
 over 3 years $13 billion sent
 offered to Russia, but refused

15. HAMBURG IN 1947
EFFECTS OF THE
MARSHALL
PLAN
HAMBURG IN1952

17. BERLIN AIRLIFT-1948
 Germany divided into 4
sectors after WW II – each
allied nation occupies a
sector
 Berlin in East Germany
 Allies wanted to reunite
Germany
 Stalin did not
 Wanted Berlin to himself

18.  Soviets tried to isolate Berlin by setting up a
blockade
 U.S., Britain flew in tons of goods everyday for a

24. AUGUST 1949
 Soviet Union develops
the Atomic Bomb

25. 1949 – CHINESE REVOLUTION
 communists win control of China
 seen as proof that communists wanted to dominate the
world

27. CHAIRMAN MAO

28. 1949 - U.S. CREATES NATO
 North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
 U.S. and 15 European
countries pledge to
defend each other

29. SOVIETS CREATE THE WARSAW PACT, 1955
 USSR plus 7 Eastern
European countries
form military alliance

30. KOREAN WAR, 1950-1953
 Korea was divided after WW
II
 At the 38th parallel
 North - communist
 South - free, democratic
 June, 1950 North Korea
invades South Korea

31. 1ST WEEKS WERE GRIM
 U.S. almost pushed out
of Korea
 South Korean and US
Army forces were
pushed back to city of
Pusan

32.  Marines land at Inchon
 behind North Korean lines
 North Koreans begin
withdrawal
 U.N. forces push into North
Korea
 Nov. 27, 1950 Chinese
troops attack
 drove U.N. troops back to
38th parallel

33. MACARTHUR AND TRUMAN DISAGREED HOW TO WAGE
THE WAR
 eventually MacArthur is
fired
 returned home as a
hero
 1st time back in States
since WW II ended

34.  War continued back and
forth until 1953
 Stalemate
 Armistice signed in
1953 maintaining the
status quo

36. Korean War Memorial

37. TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE
 H-Bomb tested on Pacific Island Nov. 1952
(because USSR now had the atomic bomb
 150 times more powerful than A-Bomb
 tested on Pacific island, island disappeared
 within one year USSR had one
 arms race begins

40. PRESIDENT RELIED HEAVILY ON CIA FOR INFORMATION SPY
ORGANIZATION, INTELLIGENCE GATHERING

41. NEW LEADERSHIP IN USSR
 Stalin dies in 1953
 Replaced by Nikita Khrushchev

44.  Continue Cold War
 Sem 2 Exercise in Accountability starting at 9:14
 Homework Read 38.1

45. NUCLEAR WAR DRILLS
 air raid drills

46. BERT THE TURTLE – COMMERCIALS, COMIC BOOKS
(DUCK AND COVER)

48. BUILT EMERGENCY SHELTERS IN BACK YARD

52. MORE COLD WAR!!!
 HW Read 38.2

53. RUSSIANS LAUNCH FIRST SATELLITE
 Sputnik I
 Oct. 4, 1957
 Soviets first in
space
 Effects?

55. COLD WAR AT HOME - RED SCARE, PART II
 concern about communism overseas caused a fear
of communism at home
 Loyalty Review Board created in 1947
 investigated government employees
3.2 million investigated from 1947-1951
dismissed those found disloyal
212 dismissed,
2,900 resigned
 Workers had to sign loyalty oaths to get a job

56. J EDGAR HOOVER
 Head of FBI
 Hunting Communists
 Says 1 in 1,800 Americans are Communists – They
are everywhere (churches, schools, government,
etc.)
 Develops “Security Index” – List of suspected
Communists that should be rounded up

57. HOUSE UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE (HUAC)
 investigated communist influence in the movie
industry
 “Blacklist” started by movie producers
 kept approximately 500 people from working

58. HOLLYWOOD 10 - REFUSED TO COOPERATE, FELT
HEARINGS WERE UNCONSTITUTIONAL
SENT TO PRISON

60. SPY TRIALS
TWO SPY CASES ADDED TO FEAR
 Alger Hiss, 1948
 State Dept. official
 accused by former communist
 claimed to have documents
proving Hiss was a spy (Pumpkin
Papers)
 Hiss sues other guy for libel
 Hiss loses libel case
 not convicted of spying, but indicted
for perjury by Congress
 3 Years in jail
 Some proof of innocence; some of

61. ETHEL AND JULIUS ROSENBERG, 1950
 Members of American
Communist Party
 Implicated by British
scientist who admitted
giving the secrets to the
Soviets
 convicted of selling
atomic bomb secrets
 executed in 1953 for
espionage
 1st civilians to be
executed for espionage

62. SENATOR JOE MCCARTHY
 1954, claimed
communists infiltrated
American life
 in the military and
government
 investigation was
televised
 accusations got
wilder
 succeeded in ruining
many careers,
reputations
 never found a spy

63.  Eisenhower televises
hearing s against
members of the
military
 America saw
witnesses being
“bullied”
 turned against
McCarthy
 Senate censures him
for improper conduct

64.  to label someone’s activities as McCarthyism would be
to suggest that the person is making unsupported
accusations
 1953
 39 States had laws making it illegal to advocate
violent overthrow of Government
 steps were taken to clean out radical, un-
American/disloyal workers
 1957
 Supreme Court, Yates vs. U.S., said that believing or
teaching an idea, even revolution, is not a crime