My Science 10H project on Permanent Ice.

1. Permanent Ice
EMMA MCGAFFNEY

2. Abiotic Characteristics
 Very strong winds
 Little soil and fresh water
 Mainly ice
 Latitude at 66.5 north and south of the equator
 High and low elevations some areas being flat where
others are rather mountainous. Above 4,200m

3. Biotic Characteristics
 Lichens (fungi and algae)
 Many species of moss in the Arctic, but few in
Antarctica.
 Arctic has 100+ flowering plants, but the Antarctic
has only 2.

4. Biotic Characteristics
Arctic:
Antarctic:
Polar Bears
Penguins
Walruses
Marine Mammals
Seals
Arctic Foxes
Marine Mammals
Insects
These animals all have adapted to the very cold climate. For example
penguins, polar bears, seals, and walruses all have fat layers and thick coats, or
in the penguins case tightly packed feathers to retain heat. The has adapted
very well they also have no external ears and they lie closely in herds of 1,000+
to reduce heat loss and retain heat.

5. Climate
 Annual precipitation of no more than 50cm.
 Average Arctic temperatures range form 3°C to
14°C in the summer and around -30°C in the winter.
 Average Antarctic temperatures range from 9°C
(coast) to -30°C (inland) and can drop as low as 89°C in the winter.
 The sun shines for almost 24hrs in the summer, but
hardly ever in the winter.

6. Climatograph

7. Location
 Polar land masses and polar ice caps
 Including Arctic, Antarctica, and Greenland

8. Bioaccumulation
 The factor that most affects living organisms is
human pollution.
 The air pollution is causing Global Warming which is
melting the ice caps where these species live.
 The water pollution is making the marine life sick
and causing problems for the animals that depend
these fish for food.

9. Invasive Species
An invasive specie is the king crab. They are coming
from deep in the sea to the Antarctic a place where
they had not been for possibly a million years.
Scientists are concerned because they are eating
clams, snails, and brittle stars. The loss of these
mollusks can jeopardize the sea squirts which feed on
these organisms. The sea squirt is important because
scientist McClintock believes that it they produce
something that will cure skin cancer.

10. Food Webs
Here is one food web that can be found in Permanent
Ice.

11. Biotic Relationships
Mutualism is a relationship between two species where
they both benefit. An example of mutualism that can
be found in Permanent Ice is lichen. The fungi(fungal
hyphae) surrounds the algae(algal cells) which protects
it and provides the algae with water and salt. In return
the algae provides the fungi with sugar and oxygen.

12. Succession
An example of succession are the glacial shifts that
occur on a large area of land. When large areas of ice
shift new land in exposed. This makes way for plants
such as lichens and moss to grow, then for other plants
that are native to the area.

13. Predator vs. Prey
The polar bear is for the most part the apex predator in
the Permanent Ice.
Ex. Polar bear and seals
Seals and krill

14. Bibliography
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20130906002225AA70a
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http://polaricebiome.pbworks.com/w/page/17492418/FrontPage
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_climate
http://prezi.com/yu-zvbyeogn1/polar-ice/
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110419191022.htm
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070516101548.htm
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081208214346AAS9b
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http://ca.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110707165710AAn0
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BC Science 10 By McGraw-Hill Ryerson