Feed Manual Review Workshop Report

Review of “Feeding dairy cattle” manual for
promoting feeds and feeding strategies to
dairy farmers in East Africa

Workshop report
Compiled by Ben Lukuyu

September 2008

REVIEW OF “FEEDING DAIRY CATTLE” MANUAL FOR PROMOTING FEEDS & FEEDING STRATEGIES TO DAIRY FARMERS IN EAST AFRICA

Contents

Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................. 3
Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ 4
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 5
Review process ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Workshop process .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Results ............................................................................................................................................................ 6
Comments on the list of extension materials ............................................................................................. 6
Identification of gaps in content of the manual ......................................................................................... 6
Proposed outline of the second-edition manual ...................................................................................... 11
Review of the title .................................................................................................................................... 13
Detailed description of proposed content of the second-edition manual ............................................... 13
General plenary discussion of all topics on the workshop agenda .......................................................... 25
Conclusion and way forward ........................................................................................................................ 28
Annex 1: List of participants ......................................................................................................................... 30
Annex 2: List of extension materials compiled by EADD for use by farmers (July 2008) ............................. 32
Annex 3: Workshop program ....................................................................................................................... 40
Annex 4: Group exercise 1 — Review of extension materials ...................................................................... 42
Annex 5: Group exercise 2 — Identification of gaps in content ................................................................... 43
Annex 6: Group exercise 3 — Revision of title and chapter/topic sequence ............................................... 44
Annex 7: Group exercise 4 — Detailed subject description ......................................................................... 45

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Abbreviations
ABS American Breeding Service
AEZ Agro-ecological zone
ASPS Agricultural Sector Program Support
CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre
CPP Crop Protection Program
DDP Dairy Development Project
DFID Department for International Development
EADD East African Dairy Development
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
GoK Government of Kenya
ICARDA International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre
ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
ILCA International Livestock Centre for Africa
ILRI International Livestock Research Institute
IPACOP Integrated Partnerships for Community Prosperity
KARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute
LPP Livestock production program
MOLDM Ministry of Livestock Development and Marketing
NALIRRI National Livestock Resources Research Institute
NARL National Agricultural Research Laboratories
NARO National Agricultural Research Organization
NARS National Agricultural Research System(s)
NGO Non-governmental organization
NPN Non-protein nitrogen
NRI Natural Resources Institute
ODA Overseas Development Administration
SACRED Sustainable Agriculture Centre for Research Extension and Development in Africa
SDP Smallholder Dairy Project
TMR Total mixed ration

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Summary
A workshop was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya from 21 to 22 August 2008 to review a Feeding dairy cattle
manual for promoting feeds and feeding strategies to smallholder farmers and extension workers in East
Africa. The manual was produced by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) for the Kenya
Dairy Development Project. The workshop participants came from Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda and
comprised representatives from the extension service, research organizations, universities, the private
sector, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), training institutions and the East African Dairy
Development (EADD) project.

Prior to the workshop, the participants were required to review the manual, identify gaps in content and
suggest possible sources of the missing information. Participants were also given a list of extension
materials on feeds and feeding, and were required to identify the most useful materials for dairy farmers
in the region.

The workshop was conducted in a participatory manner and covered the following main topics:
review of the manual and list of extension materials
identification of gaps in the content of the manual
restructuring the content of the manual and suggestion of amendments
formation of a review taskforce to lead the production and distribution of the revised manual

The main outcome of the workshop was a harmonized list of identified gaps, a proposed new structure for
the manual and suggestions on how to make the manual more concise without loss of key information.
The next steps will be to collate the information, edit and rework the current version of the manual and
publish the revised version. The revised manual will then be pre-tested by selected stakeholders before
being launched for use by smallholder dairy farmers.

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Introduction
A workshop was conducted at ILRI’s Nairobi campus from 21 to 22 August 2008 to review a Feeding dairy
cattle manual for promoting more effective feeding strategies to smallholder farmers and extension
workers in East Africa. The manual was produced by ILRI for the Kenya Dairy Development Project.

ILRI was the venue of choice because of its adequate workshop facilities and quiet conducive
environment. Workshop participants came from Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda (see Annex 1 for a list of
participants) and were drawn from the private sector, government extension service, NGOs, research
organizations, universities and farmer groups. Most of the participants were from Kenya, given the choice
of venue and cost considerations. Other participants were team members of the EADD project on feeds
and feeding strategies.

Review process
The manual was reviewed in two stages; the first stage took place before the workshop while the second
was during the workshop itself. In the first stage, the manual and a list of extension materials compiled by
the EADD project (see Annex 2) were mailed to anticipated workshop participants for their perusal. Based
on a set of guidelines, the reviewers were required to identify gaps in the content of the manual and
prioritize which extension materials needed to be reproduced for the project. They submitted their
comments to the workshop facilitators, Ben Lukuyu and Julius Nyangaga, in advance so that a harmonized
list could be drawn up and used as the basis of discussions during the workshop.

Workshop process
The workshop participants were divided into four groups, ensuring a balanced mix of countries and
stakeholders. The program of the workshop is in Annex 3. The workshop adopted a participatory
approach and covered the following main topics:

identification of gaps in the list of extension materials
review of the manual and identification of gaps in content
restructuring the content of the manual and suggestion of amendments
formation of a taskforce to lead the production and distribution of the revised manual

The two facilitators were present during the group discussions to answer questions about the activity
questionnaires and provide focus to the discussions. The facilitators had agreed beforehand to intervene

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as little as possible in the discussions so as not to bias or influence the review process. After the first day
of the workshop, the facilitators reviewed the day’s outcome and made necessary adjustments to the
timetable for the following day.

The demonstration of a dairy toolbox by Margaret Lukuyu was not included in the timetable since it was
planned to be scheduled ‘on demand’ and was mainly intended only for those participants who were
interested in its content and use. The project offered to provide copies of the dairy toolbox to all
participants for use in the field.

Results
Initially, it was planned that participants would review the list of extension materials (Group exercise 1 in
Annex 4) independently of identifying gaps in content of the manual (Group exercise 2 in Annex 5).
However, participants opted to combine these two exercises into a general group discussion. The
outcome of the discussion is summarized below.

Comments on the list of extension materials
The current list is too complex for smallholder farmers and frontline extension officers to use. It
needs to be re-categorized and rearranged for easy use.
Is it possible to translate the list and the manual into local languages so that the documents are
more user-friendly?
How can the materials in the list be accessed?

Identification of gaps in content of the manual
The following points were identified as missing information that needs to be included in the manual:

Qualities of a good dairy cow
Effect of contaminated livestock feed on milk quality
Detailed guidelines on urea treatment of straw
Prevention and control of cattle pests and diseases
Value addition in dairy products
Conversion of animal waste into energy (biogas)

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General comments
Illustrations should be replaced with captioned photographs
Use a dissemination approach, e.g. formation of farmer groups
The glossary should be placed at the end of the manual
The current binding of the manual is not user-friendly
The contribution of the workshop participants should be acknowledged in the manual

Group 1
Which is guide no. 1 since the current is no. 2?
Include extensive systems of dairy production (production of milk from pasture)
Include examples of home-made dairy meal and mineral mixtures
Give examples of the Pearson square calculations
Improvement of natural pastures
How to keep economic records
Pasture seed production at the farm
Mention anti-nutrient factors (maximum inclusion levels)
More details and illustrations required on conservation of forages (pages 48 and 49)
Feeding of conserved material to different classes
Off-flavours from milk
Feed storage (crop by-products, legumes, standing hay, Napier)
Important forage pests and diseases
Dry matter yields in different zones
Use of crop residues (kale) and treatment
Explain the different varieties of Napier (yield)
Physical evaluation of hay quality
More details required on the most common concentrates (energy and protein)
Include TMR (total mixed ration)
Feeding at different stages of lactation (phase feeding)
Explain challenges in feeding
Include weights of commonly used measures, e.g. gorogoro, wheelbarrow, 20-litre container,
gunia etc.
Replace drawings with photographs
Include a photograph of a zero-grazing structure
Add pictorial representation of the concept of dry matter
Page 38: cost and quality of ingredients and price of milk when making home-made concentrates

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Concept of maximum production vs. maximum profit
Monitoring of growth vs. age in heifers
Formulation of concentrates for calves
Cost of keeping bull calves
Alternative feed for calves (artificial and stored colostrum, milk replacer e.g. gruel)
Use of body condition as an indicator gap in feeding

Group 3
Topics
1. On page 39
Need to have an explicit guide on how to mix rations
Expand the list of feed resources/ingredients to accommodate resources from all East
African countries
Use local measuring units e.g. buckets, wheelbarrows
Give feeding guidelines
Include costing
2. Calf feeding: use of artificial colostrum and milk replacements
3. General feeding of the cow: Is there a simple guide on how much to feed, e.g. according to
weight, production, gestation, resources available, dry matter content etc.?
4. Growing of other forage legumes or supplementary feeds e.g. Mucuna, Dolichos, high-altitude
crops
5. Include growing and management of more basal forages e.g. natural pastures, sorghum
6. Record keeping: simple farm-based guide on cost-benefit analysis
7. Body conditioning: Using body conditioning scores and weighing band
8. Guideline on feed budgeting and planning
9. Use of Molasses Urea Nutrient block
10. Emerging feeding techniques: Small section on bypass proteins, rumen microbes
supplementation, magnets etc.
11. Preparation of leaf meal (fodder shrubs)
12. Pasture seed production: as a sub-topic in the specific forage

Photos and illustrations
1. Pages 48 and 49: Sequence is not clear.
2. Address gender issues e.g. can a woman participate in silage making?
3. Coloured photos of basal forages for clear identification.

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4. Illustrations of cows should be black and white.
5. Where should the cow be local, exotic or Ankole?

What needs to be adjusted?
1. Glossary: Harmonize the term ‘forage’; what is the second ‘forage’ meant to be?
2. Glossary: Complete ‘Supplementary’
3. Title of Chapter 2: ‘Why cows eat grass’
4. Diagram of the ruminant
5. Use ‘balanced feed rations’ instead of the term ‘balanced diet’
6. The last sentence on page 31 is incomplete
7. Calliandra: Also state that you can harvest and store in form of leaf meal

Possible sources of information
1. Local institutions
2. Farmers
3. Local and international NGOs
4. National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS)

Group 4
Title
Handbook on feeding dairy cattle in East Africa
o Coloured photograph of a dairy animal being fed on high-value fodder; farmer chopping
and feeding
Glossary: need clear definitions, e.g.
o Bloat
o Nutrients or feed nutrients?
o Bulk forages vs. forages
o Fodders: mention high production per unit area
o Hay: distinguish baled, loose and standing forms

Topic 1
Introduction (page 1-4)
Improve explanation on the justification for and economic importance of dairy production, e.g.
information on government policy on dairy production; livelihood contribution
Use colour photographs rather than drawings

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Topic on ruminants is highly academic; simplify and use an analogy of a factory, i.e. illustrate the
input-output process of feeding ruminants
Benefits of dairying; crop-livestock integration

Topic 2
Feed requirements for different categories of the dairy herd
o Merge topics 3, 4 and 7
o Merge information by dairy cattle category: calves, heifers, cows; lactating or dry etc.
Refer: FN Muyekho, CW Mwendia and F Lusweti. An advisory booklet for extension workers.
KARI/DFID NARP II. Other countries to contribute. Page 18-22

Topic 3
Page 18: Recommendations of different forages for major agro-ecological zones (AEZs) are not
exhaustive
o UM4 recommendations — varieties
o See recommendations from institutions, e.g. KARI, NARO, ILRI, ICRAF etc.
KARI/DFID NARP II. Other countries to contribute.

Topic 4
Establishment and management of major forages
o Not exhaustive
Refer: FN Muyekho, F Lusweti, DT Cheruiyot, F Gitahi, J Kung’u and C Kute. Forage crops for
western Kenya. KARI. Refer other countries.

Topic 5
Coping with feed shortage and dry-season feeding
o Structures for drying hay missing
Refer: F Lusweti, FN Muyekho, JN Kamau, DT Cheruiyot, F Gitahi, J Kung’u and C Kute. Coping with
feed shortages during the dry season. KARI. Refer other countries.

Topic 6
On-farm formulation of dairy cattle rations
o Examples of formulations by weight of animal and production level
o Diets using locally available materials

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o Cost of ration
o Note: always start mixing your ration with smaller quantities of ingredients
o Table 8: include more feed resources
KARI/DFID NARP II. Other countries to contribute. Page 23-30.

Topic 7
Challenges
o Major forage diseases: farmers should know how to manage Napier stunting disease
and smut
o Fodder for cold- and frost-prone areas
o Varieties for waterlogged areas
o Push-and-pull

Proposed outline of the second-edition manual
After identifying gaps in content and proposing a new document outline, each of the four groups then
developed a harmonized outline for the second-edition manual. The four proposed outlines (see Table 1)
were discussed in a plenary session, with input from all participants (Group exercise 3 in Annex 6).

Table 1: Proposed outlines of the second-edition manual
Group 1 Group 2
Introduction Introduction
Qualities of a good dairy cow Nutrients: Energy, protein, minerals and water
Housing Feed resources: forages, concentrates, mineral
Feeds and feeding sources
Diseases and their control Concept of a balanced diet
Value addition(clean milk production and processing) Feeding of calves
Conversion of waste matter into energy(biogas) Feeding of heifers
Record keeping and gross margins Feeding of cows
Dissemination approaches
Conclusion
Glossary
Group 3 Group 4
Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction
Chapter 2: Dairy cattle rearing systems Feed requirements for different categories of the
Chapters 3 & 4 of the current manual could be dairy herd
combined as they seem to address the same issue Recommendations of different forages for major
Chapter 8: Fodder production and management; AEZs in the region
concentrates Establishment and management of major forages
Chapter 9: Coping with feeding during drought Coping with feed shortage and dry-season feeding
Appendix: List of common feeds and their nutrient On-farm formulation of dairy cattle rations
contents Emerging feed challenges

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Participants were asked to ensure that the content satisfied the livestock production and feeding systems
in their respective countries. The facilitators guided the discussion to ensure that the manual was adapted
not only to the project area but to East Africa as a whole. The harmonized outline is shown below:
1. Introduction
• Paragraph on a good cow – without going into details
• The ruminant digestive system – simple, illustrative (cow as factory)
2. Nutrients: Energy, protein, minerals and water
3. Feed resources
• Forages
i. Grazing systems, AEZs, fodders, crop residues, conservation, emerging feeds
etc.
ii. On-farm seed production
• Concentrates
• Mineral sources
• Ration formulation
i. Concept of a balanced diet
ii. Ration formulation (Pearsons square)
iii. Feed budgeting and planning/costs
4. Feeding of calves
• Requirements and strategies
5. Feeding of heifers
6. Feeding of cows
7. Challenges
8. Glossary
9. Appendix
• Recommendation domain maps
• Measuring units
• Weight conversion table
• Body condition scoring
• List of common feeds, nutrient content and nutritive value

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Review of the title
In view of the proposed changes to the outline of the manual, participants were asked to review the
current title and suggest any changes. Due to limited time, the plenary session did not reach a consensus
on what the new title should be. However, it was agreed that the review taskforce would also agree on
the new title, based on the four titles proposed by the groups (see Table 2).

Table 2: Proposed titles of the second-edition manual
Group Proposed title Comments
1 Dairy cattle management —

2 Feeds and feeding dairy cattle: A manual for dairy Cover picture of a well-constructed
farmers and extension workers in East Africa dairy unit
3 Feeding dairy cattle manual: A manual for —
smallholder dairy farmers and extension workers
in East Africa (no change to current title)

4 Handbook on feeding dairy cattle in East Africa Coloured cover photograph of a dairy
animal being fed on high-value fodder;
farmer chopping and feeding

Detailed description of proposed content of the second-edition manual
After developing the revised document outline, the groups then came up with a detailed description of
the content of the second-edition manual. This included tables, illustrations, photographs, references etc.
that the participants felt should be included in the revised manual (Group exercise 4 in Annex 7). The
exercise was carried out in groups as follows:

Group 1: Introduction and glossary
Group 2: Feeding of calves, heifers and cows
Group 3: Nutrients and appendix
Groups 3 and 4: Feed resources and feeding challenges

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Below are the results of group exercise 4 (chapter headings and sub-headings).

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Importance of dairying
Already mentioned in the current manual; expand to East Africa

Qualities of a good cow
A photograph of a good cow – taken locally
Characteristics, traits and features of economic importance
Milk production and longevity: A good quality cow should have sustained high milk productivity
Udder: Well attached (udder cleft) e.g. fore udder attachment (additional tissue for milk
production)
Rump width: Indicates the addition of milk-producing tissues
Open ribs: Indicate room for rumen capacity
Size (stature) of animal and feed requirements

The ruminant digestive system
What is a ruminant? Ruminants are animals that graze on grass or browse on leaves and chew
the cud e.g. cattle, sheep, goats etc.
The digestive system of a ruminant is different from that of other animals (e.g. dogs, pigs) and
humans because it is divided into four chambers, each with a specific function. The most
important chamber is the rumen.
Importance of the rumen in feed utilization: rumen microflora; utilization of fibrous feeds such as
grass and hay, foodstuffs that monogastric animals cannot digest
The importance of rumen microflora in the manufacture of B-vitamins and other vitamins
Add a photograph showing characteristics of a good dairy cow

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CHAPTER 2: FEED NUTRIENTS
Introduction to nutrients Energy
A cow requires different types of feed for What it is
different functions: Use/functions
o Building Sources: List of examples of each fibre
o Maintenance of the body (work) (grasses, crop residues etc.), carbohydrates
o Produce: milk, meat and calves (grains, tubers, agricultural by-products), fats
o Protection from disease (oilseed cakes/meals)
Different types of nutrients; concept of Effect of too little (ketosis)
dry matter content Effect of too much (grain overload/acidosis)
Energy in relation to rumen microbes
Measure of energy
Special considerations

Protein Minerals
What it is What they are (macro- and micro-minerals)
Use/functions Use/functions (in relation to reproduction
Sources: Animal, legumes, cereal grains, and growth)
non-protein nitrogen (NPN) (e.g. urea, Sources
poultry waste), crop by-products Effect of too little (milk fever — in text box)
Effect of too little Effect of too much
Effect of too much Minerals in relation to milk production
Protein in relation to rumen microbes: (especially Ca:P ratio)
Mention bypass protein Special considerations (low content areas –
Protein in relation to milk production cobalt, interactions)
Measure of protein (crude protein, NPN) How to feed minerals (include illustration of
Special considerations mineral box)
How to make mineral blocks (Ref. NARO
Uganda)

Vitamins Water
Sources Importance and functions (normal
Importance functioning of the body)
Vitamins in relation to rumen microbes, Sources
especially vitamin B12 Effect of too little
Effect of too much (mention water poisoning
in calves)
Water in relation to rumen microbes
(especially pH)
Water in relation to milk production
Special considerations (ad lib, salty vs. fresh
water)
Water intake vs. prevailing weather
conditions

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CHAPTER 3: FEED RESOURCES
Grazing systems
Intensive system
Extensive system
o Improvement of natural pastures by introducing herbaceous legumes
Semi-intensive system
AEZ x forages — Appendix (Refer to group 4 presentation for details)
Others: roadside grazing and tethering

Forage production and management
Fodders (Napier grass, maize, Giant panicum, Giant setaria, Guatemala, dual purpose sweet
potato, forage sorghum, oats)
Ley grasses for medium- and high-altitude (Rhodes grass, Nandi setaria, Nasiwa setaria, Kikuyu
grass, Bracharia, Molasses grass, Rye grass)
Ley grasses for dry areas (Cenchrus ciliaris, Eragrostis superba, Andropogon gayanus etc.)
Herbaceous legumes (Desmodium [green and silver leaf], Lucerne, Vetch, Dolichos lablab, Stylos)
Fodder trees and shrubs (Calliandra, Leucaena, Sesbania etc.)

Forage establishment and management
Source of planting materials
o Method of establishment e.g. direct sowing, under-sowing, over-sowing
Cultural practices
o Land preparation
o Seed rates
o Spacing
o Fertilizer rates at planting and topdressing
o Harvesting regimes
o Weeding
o Yields
o Feeding and stocking rates
o Pest and diseases

Crop residues
Maize stover

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Sorghum stover
Straw (oats, rice, wheat and barley)
Bean haulms
Banana pseudo-stems
Sugarcane tops, bagasse
Waste grain
Maize cobs
Banana and potato peelings, pineapple waste
Horticultural by-products

Utilization of crop residues
Treatment/processing
o Urea treatment
o Urine treatment
o Chopping and grinding
o Storage
Utilization
o Mixing residues and fresh fodders and legumes
o Mixing with molasses
o Feeding together with mineral supplements

Forage conservation
Hay production
o Definition
o Type of feed resources for haymaking and yield per given area
o Small-scale harvesting methods
o Innovative curing methods (wilting structures etc.)
o Stage of harvest
o Baling methods (box baling, loose and standing)
o Characteristics of good hay
o Storage
o Feeding
Silage-making
o Definition
o Types of forages and yield per given area

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o Harvesting stages
o Types of silos (pit, above-ground, bunker, trench, tubes and bucket/drum)
o Process (step-by-step and ingredients)
o Qualities of good silage
o Storage and feeding
o Determination of how much silage to make

Emerging feeds
Leaf meal
Fodder banks
Horticultural ‘airport’ wastes

On-farm seed production
Varieties that are important (Vetch, Dolichos, Stylo, sorghum, Rhodes grass, Desmodium,
Calliandra, dryland grasses)
Method of seed production and processing (step-by-step)
Economics of seed production
Sources of seeds (include in the appendix)

Concentrates (nutrient content and value)
Whole/complete meals
o Dairy meal
o Dairy cubes
o Calf pellets
Agro-industrial by-products
o Brewer’s waste
o Sunflower/cotton/soya seed cake/meal
o Bran and germ from cereals
o Blood and bone meal
o Poultry waste
Forage concentrates (levels and availability)

Mineral and sources
Natural (Magadi)
Industrial preparations

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Regulatory standards (Kenya Bureau of Standards)

Feed additives

Ration formulation
Concept of a balanced ration
Concept and value
Ingredients
o Availability, quality and costs
o Palatability
Feed analysis (ingredients and final product)
o Why?
o Where it is done (include in the appendix)
Method and level of calculations e.g. Pearsons square
Practical mixing
Examples of rations formulae
Feed storage

Feed budgeting, planning and costs
Feed availability by season and area
o Seasonal production system of forages and concentrates
o When to buy
Costs of acquisition
o Purchase and transport
Source of materials
Conservation strategies
Alternative feeds

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CHAPTER 4: FEEDING OF CALVES

Description/appearance of a healthy calf

Aim of calf feeding

Stages of calf development
Colostrum
Non-ruminant
Transitional stage
Ruminant stage

Feeding calves during the different stages (advantages and disadvantages of each)
Suckling
Bucket feeding
Nipple feeding

Calf feeding strategies
Natural (fresh or preserved) and artificial colostrum feeding
Tested milk-feeding schedules for calves
Feeding of milk replacers (gruel feeding and commercial)
Formulations for calf starter
Introducing roughages to calves
Optimum watering for calves

Problems associated with calf feeding
Nutritional disorders

Weaning
Criteria for weaning (e.g. age, weight, dry matter consumption)

To keep or sell bull calves?
Cost of raising (price of milk vs. disposal price)

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CHAPTER 5: FEEDING OF HEIFERS

Definition of a heifer

Aim of heifer feeding

Nutrient requirement (dry matter, proteins, energy, minerals and water)

Grazing (fodder)

Supplementation

Growth rate (weight) vs. age

Consequences of over- and under-feeding

Feeding of in-calf heifer (steaming up)

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CHAPTER 6: FEEDING OF DAIRY COW

A lactating cow
Aim
Nutrient requirements of a lactating cow
Milk from pasture
Feeding strategies
o Feeding according to the stage of lactation (use illustration on dairy milk poster)
o Challenge feeding (concentrate reallocation strategy)
o Dry matter requirements (link to forages, practical feeding amounts)
Use of body conditioning to assess feeding (in the appendix?)
Concept of maximum production vs. maximum profit
Nutritional diseases: milk fever, ketosis, acidosis, bloat
How to dry a cow

The dry cow
Define a dry cow
Aim
Nutrient requirement
Feeding strategies
Steaming up
Transitional feeding (pre- and post-calving period)

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CHAPTER 7: CHALLENGES

Major forage diseases: farmers should be aware of how to manage these diseases e.g. Napier
stunting disease and smut
Need for fodder for cold- and frost-prone areas of the East African highlands
Need for forage varieties suitable for waterlogged zones of East Africa
Introducing and adapting the push-and-pull technology to wider areas of East Africa
Need to highlight effects of climate change on feed availability and feeding of dairy cattle in East
Africa
Need to highlight the ever-increasing cost of livestock feeds and its implications on feed quality
and availability
Need to be aware of the diversion of grain for biofuels and its implications on cost and
availability of grain-based concentrates i.e. competition between humans, livestock and biofuels
for cereal grains. In view of this, there is need to explore alternative feeds for livestock.
Importance of forage germplasm availability and its implication on feed availability
Need to highlight effects of feed contamination, especially cereals and by-products, on milk
quality
Need to create awareness on emerging feed supplements (additives, feed supplements etc.) on
the East African market: farmers need to be aware of the quality and genuineness of the
products.

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GLOSSARY
To be included at the end of the manual
Include current glossary but update with new terms from additional content
Avoid using scientific words in definitions

APPENDIX
Recommendation domains of major fodders (Napier grass, Calliandra, Lucaena, Lucerne,
Desmodium, Sesbania, D. lablab, oats, Rhodes grass, Setaria) (From NARS, ILRI)
List of common feed resources within the region (as exhaustive as possible) and their nutrient
contents/nutritive values (can be obtained from NARS, universities)
Weight conversion table (centimetres or inches into kilograms live weight) (ILRI)
Measuring units (kilograms in terms of common measures) (ILRI)
Body condition scoring
Formulae for converting commonly used nutritive values into nutrient content (e.g. digestibility
into energy)
Breeding calendar (Allan Bisagye, Julius)
Examples of rations/TMRs
List of feed analysis laboratories
Sources of seeds or list of seed vendors – from the Integrated Partnerships for Community
Prosperity (IPACOP)
Frequently asked questions by farmers
Contacts of information sources
Diagram of a zero-grazing unit

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General plenary discussion of all topics on the workshop agenda
The general plenary discussion was jointly led by the facilitators and covered all topics on the workshop
agenda. The following points arose from the discussion on the list of extension materials:

1. The list should be sorted by institution of origin.
2. Availability of the extension materials needs to be addressed so that they can reach the end-
users.
3. As farmers are willing to pay for knowledge, the extension materials should be priced. This will
also help to sustain the production of the materials.
4. The project should categorize the end-users of the materials i.e. illiterate, semi-literate or
literate.
5. Extension materials for use in Uganda and Rwanda should be translated into local languages.
6. The language used should be clear and easy for farmers to understand.
7. In addition to the extension materials, the project should also consider disseminating
information through call-in shows on national and local FM radio stations.
8. The project should initiate an electronic or physical directory of livestock feeds and feeding
information.

Below are the feedback discussion notes on the proposed content of the revised chapters.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
A photograph that shows the characteristics of a good cow should be included in the
introduction; American Breeding Service (ABS) will provide the photograph. Emphasis should be
put on traits that are specifically related to feeding. The main aim of this section is to guide
farmers on the characteristics of a good dairy cow, especially when buying.
When introducing the digestive system of a cow, the important points should be:
o How do farmers deal with rumen pH to ensure proper digestion of feed? It should be
clearly explained that rumen pH can improve production through feeding strategies.
This message should be simplified so that farmers can understand.
o Rumen and rib cage are related to body weight and feed intake, and influence the ability
of a cow to breathe and oxidize feed.
o Use the analogy of a factory to demonstrate the functions of the rumen.
o The current section on ruminants needs to be shortened to eliminate repetition.

25


Mention the benefits of dairy production e.g. milk for consumption and sale; replacement stock;
by-products. Introduce the concept of dairy production as a business.
Emphasize the importance of feed resources and feeding strategies to milk production – who is
the target group?

CHAPTER 2: NUTRIENTS, PROTEINS, MINERALS AND WATER
Mineral supplementation to improve fibre digestion should be clarified since most on-farm feeds
are of poor quality.
When suggesting formulae for making mineral blocks, note that the composition of various
ingredients varies depending on available materials.
Farmers should be made aware of the implications of various methods of watering livestock.
Place emphasis on offering good quality water. Also allude to water volumes and distance to
watering vs. milk production.
Include a table to show the sources of nutrients in the dairy cattle rations vs. humans for
comparison (where can we get such tables?).
Discuss minerals under the chapter dealing with feed resources.
The review taskforce needs to come up with a measure of energy that farmers are familiar with.

CHAPTER 3: FEED RESOURCES
Include more legume varieties on the list provided.
Include a list of sources of forage planting materials and seed; where would farmers seek such
information?
Note that ‘feed storage’ is a broad topic, so deal with ‘conservation’ and ‘feed storage including
simple structures’.
Combine scientific names for forages with common and popular names.
Expand the list of forage types.
Relate dry weight to fresh weight to aid the farmers’ understanding of feed composition.
Include TMR in feeding strategies.

FEEDING OF CALVES
Include a photo of a calf
Calf feeding strategies must be clearly stated
Include nutritional disorders
Link rearing aspects to literature sources
Emphasize the importance of birth weight

26


FEEDING OF A COW
Include concentrate reallocation
Should nutritional diseases be linked with nutrients?
The issue of dairying as a business is not directly related to feeding. However, participants felt
that the EADD project could produce a separate manual on this to cover topics such as costing of
dairy production, budgeting of feed etc.

CHALLENGES
Country teams to provide the review taskforce with contact details of institutions that provide
information on or analyze dairy feeds.
The main challenge of ‘push and pull’ technology is adaptability to various production systems.

FORMAT OF MANUAL
The size of the manual should be between F5 and F4; the review taskforce will seek professional
advice on this.
Spiral binding should be retained.
Design aspects e.g. font and line spacing will be decided upon during the layout phase.
Cover photo needs to be replaced with one of a locally available cow.

DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY
All participants agreed with a suggestion to officially launch the revised manual.
Key stakeholders should be invited to the launch and the publicity generated can be used as an
opportunity to promote and distribute the manual. Stakeholders who can support the launch
should be identified.
The manual should be suitably priced. However, a few initial copies can be distributed free of
charge so as to stimulate demand.
Copies should be distributed to agricultural information centres in project countries and dairy
resource farms as needed.
Linkages with private-sector stakeholders (NGOs, projects, extension services etc.) should be
explored for sustainable production of the manual.
Various avenues to promote the manual should be explored, e.g. programs on local FM radio
stations that target farmers, field days etc.
In addition to the print version of the manual, an electronic version (CD-ROM) should be
produced and made available online.

27


Conclusion and way forward
The participants selected a review taskforce to incorporate new content and collate all revisions based on
the agreed recommendations and the revised outline of the manual. The taskforce comprises Charles
Gachuiri, Charles Lusweti, Margaret Lukuyu and Solomon Mwendia. The terms of reference will be
finalized in subsequent meetings. In the interim, the taskforce will liaise with the other workshop
participants via email to obtain their inputs into the revised document.

We anticipate that the revised draft will be ready by mid October 2008 after which it will be circulated for
comments. A one-day meeting will be convened to review the comments on the draft manual. The
taskforce will then edit the draft based on the outcome of this meeting. Pre-testing by selected farmers,
extension officials and other stakeholders will be carried out and any extra revisions arising after the
exercise will be incorporated. Editing should be finalized by the end of December 2008. Publication of the
revised manual is anticipated to take place between January and February 2009, followed by the official
launch and distribution.

28


Annexes

29


Annex 1: List of participants
Name Address Email/telephone contact
KENYA Edwin Okila ABS abstcm@iconnect.co.ke
P.O. Box 76478–00508 +254 722 692005
Nairobi

Angela Wokabi Ministry of Livestock sdp-ma@africaonline.co.ke
P.O. Box 34188–00100 +254 724 710632
Nairobi +254 20 2718528

Charles Githae IPACOP ipacop@gmail.cpm or
P.O. Box 3287 nduguya2002@2002@yahoo.com
Nakuru +254 722 332427

Charles Gachuiri University of Nairobi gachuiri@uonbi.ac.uk
P.O. Box 29053 +254 722 745158
Nairobi

Jane Mwangi Ministry of Livestock muya7jane@yahoo.com
Agricultural Information Centre +254 733 790995
P.O. Box 12573–00100
Nairobi

Agnes Kavatha Land O’ Lakes agnes@landolakes.co.ke
P.O. Box 30148 ndungekavatha@yahoo.com
Nairobi +254 721 404644

Margaret Lukuyu KARI NARL m.wambugu@cgiar.org
P.O. Box 54388 +254 722 820658
Nairobi

Simon Ndegwa P.O. Box 20412 wakabandegwa@yahoo.com
Wakaba Nairobi +254 724 607113

Patrick Mudavadi ICRAF Kenya p.mudavadi@cgiar.org
P.O. Box 30677–00100 +254 721 851177
Nairobi

Charles Lusweti KARI +254 736 583824
P.O. Box 450
Kitale

Solomon Mwendia KARI mwendia2007@yahoo.com
P.O. Box 30148–0100 +254 722 674299
Nairobi

Nathaniel Makoni ABS abstcm@iconnect.co.ke
P.O. Box 76478–00508
Nairobi

30


Julius Nyangaga ILRI j.nyangaga@cgiar.org
P.O. Box 30709–00100 +254 20 4223000
Nairobi +254 722 179541

Ben Lukuyu ILRI b.lukuyu@cgiar.org
P.O. Box 30709–00100 +254 20 4223000
Nairobi +254 722 820758

RWANDA Betty Rwamuhizi EADD Project ebetty2020@yahoo.com
P.O. Box 115 +250 565432
Nyagatare - Rwanda +250 885 4219

Nzigamasabo Paul EADD Project nzigos@yahoo.com
Benjamin P.O. Box 115 +250 565432
Nyagatare - Rwanda +250 0855 7350

UGANDA Bisagaya Martin EADD Project allan.bisagaya@heiferuganda.org
Allan P.O. Box 28491 +256 414 231828
Kampala +256 772 534781

Ronald Wabwire ICRAF Uganda rwabwire@agric.mak.ac.ug
P.O. Box 28491 +256 414 23182
Kampala +256 772 649012

31


Annex 2: List of extension materials compiled by EADD for use
by farmers (July 2008)
REPORTS TYPE OF SOURCE/INSTITUTION
PUBLICATION
Franzel S, Wambugu C, Nanok T, Kavana P, Njau T, Aithal A, Report ICRAF
Muriuki J and Kitalyi A. 2007. Production and marketing of leaf
meal from fodder shrubs in Tanga, Tanzania: A pro-poor
enterprise for improving livestock productivity

Lukuyu B and Dorward P. Participatory evaluation of maize Checklist DFID/CPP/LPP/KARI and
varieties for food and forage University of Reading

Mwendia SW, Lukuyu, B and Kinyua M. 2008. Status of Napier Report KARI Muguga
stunting disease in central Kenya

Owen, Lukuyu B, Murdoch A, Mwangi DM, Njuguna JGM and Project report DFID/CPP/LPP/KARI and
Dorward P. Implications and lessons learned from DFID project University of Reading
R7955: IPM of maize dairying

Tiley GED. 1969. Elephant grass. Kawanda Research Station Report Kawanda Research
Report. Kawanda Uganda. Technical communication 23. Station

Wambugu C and Githae C. 2007. Fodder shrub-based Training report ICRAF
enterprise development

Wambugu C, Franzel S, Tutui N and Stewart J. Factors FRP report ICRAF
influencing the effectiveness of farmers as disseminators of
fodder shrubs in the central Kenya highlands

MANUALS TYPE OF SOURCE/INSTITUTION
PUBLICATION
Academy for Educational Development. 2006. A tool for Training CIMMYT
transformational development. Washington, D.C. manual

Adapting developing and producing effective radio spots: Manual AED
guide and facilitators’ manual and audio spots

Chenost N and Kayouli S. 1997. Roughage utilization in warm Manual FAO
climates

Growing fodder crops in coastal Kenya Bulletin KARI Mtwapa

Kaner S. 2007. Facilitator’s guide to participatory decision- Manual ILRI
nd
making. 2 edition. Jossey-Bass, USA

Kitalyi A, Miano D Mwebeze S and Wambugu C. 2005. More Extension ICRAF
forage, more milk: Forage production for small-scale zero- manual
grazing systems

32


Lukuyu M, Romney D, Ouma R and Sones K. 2007. Feeding Manual ILRI
dairy cattle: A manual for smallholder dairy farmers and
extension workers in East Africa

Maundu P and Tengnas B. 2005. Useful tress and shrubs for Technical ICRAF
Kenya handbook

Rootheart R, Karanja GM, Kariuki I, Paterson R, Tuwei P, Bulletin ICRAF
Kiruiro E, Mugwe J and Franzel S. 1998. Calliandra for livestock

2003. Silage making: A manual for training of trainers Manual Land O’ Lakes

Talking pictures Manual ILRI

CIMMYT maize program. 2003. Maize diseases: a guide for Manual CIMMYT
field identification. 4th edition. CIMMYT, Mexico

Dairy toolbox Manual ILRI

Wambugu C, Franzel F, Cordero J and Stewart J. 2006. Fodder Manual ICRAF/OFI
shrubs for dairy farmers in East Africa: making extension
decisions and putting them into practice

Wambugu C and Holding C. Extension chapter in seed tool kit. Manual ICRAF
ICRAF website and CD.

BROCHURES, PAMPHLETS AND LEAFLETS TYPE OF SOURCE/INSTITUTION
PUBLICATION
Calf rearing. Volumes 1, 2 and 3 Handbook MOLDM Kenya

Calliandra for livestock (2001) Handbook KARI/KEFRI/ICRAF/
DFID/FRP/ Oxford
Forestry Institute

Cattle judging Handbook MOLDM Kenya

Chakoma C. Feeding forages to dairy cattle Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe

Chakoma C. Growing of forages for dairy cattle Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe

Mutisi C. Feeding the dairy cow to produce more milk Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe

Mutisi C and Hamudikuwanda H. Calf rearing Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe

33


Wambugu C and Karanja G. Plant fodder shrubs for more milk Leaflet ICRAF/KARI
and cash

Clinch NJL, Bennison JJ and Paterson RT. 1993. Use of trees by Booklet NRI/ODA
livestock – Prosopis

Concentrate reallocation feeding: Same cost, more milk Leaflet SDP/ ILRI/KARI

Lusweti FN. Control of smut disease in Napier grass Leaflet GoK/KARI/DFID & Govt of
the Netherlands

Feed formulation for homemade dairy and poultry Leaflet KARI
concentrates

Feeding and management recommendations for dairy cattle Technical SIGMA Feeds Ltd. Nairobi
bulletin
Feeding Desmodium for milk and money Leaflet SDP/ILRI/KARI

Fodder tree management. Volume 8 Handbook MOLDM Kenya

Franzel S and Wambugu C. 2004. Milk shrubs boost earnings Brochure ICRAF
for African dairy farmers

Get more and better forage from maize Leaflet DFID/ILRI/KARI and
University of Reading

Guidelines: On-farm pasture seed production Handbook NARO/ASPS

Hay making using a box baler Leaflet Land O’ Lakes

Healthy cow, more milk: Wambui finds out Comic book KARI/DFID

Housing. Volume 1 Handbook MOLDM Kenya

Housing. Volume 2 Handbook MOLDM Kenya

Hamudikwanda H. Management of reproduction Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe

Improving feed resources and dairy cattle management in Handbook NARO/ASPS
Uganda

Integrated weed, pest and disease management of maize DFID/ILRI/KARI &
forage dairying University of Reading

Mugwe J, Karanja G, Tuwei P and Kiruiru E. 2001. Calliandra Leaflet KARI
calothyrsus and Lucaena trichandra: Tree establishment and
management

Kimmins F, Ward A and Richards W. Disease-free fodder for Leaflet CPP/LPP/NRI/DFID
dairy cows

34


Kitalyi A. 2006. Miti malisho kwa maisha bora na hifadhi ya Leaflet ICRAF
mazingira

Kuza mahindi na napia zaidi upate pesa nyingi Leaflet Gatsby Charitable
Foundation/ICIPE, IACR-
Rothamsted & Wizara ya
Kilimo

Lanyasunya T, Onyango TA, Owango M, Muriuki K and de Jong Leaflet KARI/DFID
R. Rear your own heifers (to replace old cows or for sale)

Hove L. Multipurpose trees and shrubs Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ ICRISAT/
DDP

Lokwaleput I and de Jong R. Fertile cows give more milk and Leaflet GoK/KARI/DFID & Govt of
more calves Netherlands

Lukuyu B and Ndegwa PW. 2003. Get more from maize (dense Leaflet SDP/ ILRI/KARI
planting)

Lukuyu B. 2008. Tree Lucerne (Chamaecytisus palmensis): A Leaflet KARI/KAPP – in print
technical fact sheet

Lukuyu B. 2008. Vetch: A technical fact sheet Leaflet KARI/KAPP – in print

Lukuyu B. 2008. The value of maize as food and fodder: A Leaflet KARI/KAPP – in print
technical fact sheet

Muturi J. 2008. Mycotoxins in feeds Leaflet KARI/KAPP – in print

Kang’ara J. 2008. The untapped feed potential: Indigenous Leaflet KARI/KAPP – in print
fodder trees

Kiruiro E. 2008. Improve quality of crop residues through urea Leaflet KARI/KAPP – in print
treatment

Lukuyu B. 2007. Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.): A practical guide Leaflet KARI/USAID/Land O’
for farmers Lakes

Lukuyu B. 2007. Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.): A technical Leaflet KARI/USAID/Land O’
guide for extension workers Lakes

Lyamchai C, Kweka E, Mwikari M, Kingamkono M and Leaflet ICRAF/SARI
Wambugu C. 2005. Ongeza maziwa na upunguze gharama kwa
kulisha mifugo Kaliandra

Making silage in plastic tubes Leaflet Land O’ Lakes

Mazingira. 1990. The main breeds of cattle in Kenya Illustration Mazingira Institute/
guide Rockefeller foundation

Mazingira. Video book: Dairy cows and beef cattle Illustration Mazingira Institute/
guide Rockefeller foundation

35


Methu JN and Kiruiro EM. Make silage for more milk in dry Leaflet GoK/KARI/DFID & Govt of
seasons – conserve surplus forage Netherlands

Methu JN, Kiruiro EM and Abate AN. Your feed shortage Leaflet GoK/KARI/DFID & Govt of
problem: Use maize forage Netherlands

Mhere O, Maasdorp B and Titterton M. 2003. Dry season Leaflet LPP/DFID
feeding of smallholder livestock: Forage conservation silage

Mhere O, Maasdorp B and Titterton M. 2003. Forage Manual LPP/DFID
production and conservation manual: Growing and ensiling
annual and perennial forage crops suited to marginal and
semi-arid areas of South Africa

Mugwagwa W. Rearing replacement heifers for the dairy herd Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe

Munangi W. Silage making: Harvesting, making and feeding Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe

Muriuki K: Gruel making for feeding to calves Leaflet KARI

Muyekho EN, Luweti F, Kamau JN and Gitahi, F. 2005. Forage Leaflet KARI
crops for western Kenya

Muyekho FN and Mukisira EA. Feed lupin seed with maize for Leaflet GoK/KARI/DFID & Govt of
cheaper dairy feed Netherlands

Muyekho FN, Mwendia CW and Lusweti F. 1999. Support to Leaflet KARI
dairy cattle nutrition: An advisory booklet for extension
workers

Mwangi DM, Gichungu GN and Mungai B. Feed Desmodium Leaflet KARI/DFID
for more milk and money

Napier head smut detection Leaflet SDP

Organization of dairy groups Handbook MOLDM – Kenya

Otieno K, Cheruiyot DT, Muyekho FN and Wekesa AW. A Leaflet KARI/DFID
better way to grow Napier for more milk

Paterson RT. 1993. Use of trees by livestock: anti-nutritive Booklet NRI/ODA
factors

Paterson RT. 1993. Use of trees by livestock: Calliandra Booklet NRI/ODA

Paterson RT and Clinch NJL. 1993. Use of trees by livestock: Booklet NRI/ODA
Ficus

36


Moyo P. Dairy calf management Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe
Pyrethrum: An ideal feed supplement for dairy cattle, sheep, Leaflet Pyrethrum board of
goats and horses Kenya, Nakuru

Ramadhan A and Bakari P. More milk from cows fed better Leaflet GoK/KARI/DFID & Govt of
forages Netherlands

Research results: Improving feeding of dairy cattle for Brochure NARO/MU/ASPS
increased milk production and income

Khan S and Rana SS. Preparation of Urea Molasses block Leaflet NRI/DFID/ Bangladesh
(UMB) and its use in livestock feeding Agricultural University

Ncube S. Harvesting and storage of crop residues on Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
smallholder farms Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe

Moyo S. Selection and culling in the smallholder dairy sector Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ ILRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe

The fertility of the dairy cow: Volume 4 Handbook MOLDM – Kenya

The management of Napier grass: Volume 1 Handbook MOLDM – Kenya

The management of Napier grass: Volume 2 Handbook MOLDM – Kenya

Smith T and Chakoma C. Maize forage Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe

Smith T and Morton J. Urea treatment of crop residues, other Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
low quality roughages and snap corn Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe

Tropical forage seed production Training ILCA/ ICARDA
module
Tungani JO, Mukhwana, EJ and Woomer PL. 2002. MBILI is Handbook SACRED - AFRICA
Number 1: A Handbook for innovative maize-legume
intercropping

Wambugu C. 2001 (reprinted 2002). Calliandra calothyrsus: Pamphlet ICRAF, Nairobi
Nursery establishment and management. A pamphlet for
farmers and field extension staff

Wambugu C. 2002. Calliandra calothyrsus: Tree management Pamphlet ICRAF, Nairobi
and utilization. A pamphlet for farmers and field extension
staff

Wandera F. Make hay (for more milk, more meat and fewer Leaflet GoK/KARI/DFID & Govt of
deaths in dry season) Netherlands

37


Watch out: New disease and pest on elephant grass in Uganda Booklet Heifer/NARO/ASPS
/NALIRRI

Magadzire Z. Feed calendars Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe

POSTERS TYPE SOURCE/INSTITUTION
Franzel S. and Wambugu C. 2004. Building farmers’ capacities: Poster ICRAF, Nairobi
scaling up the adoption of fodder shrubs in Kenya

Franzel S, Wambugu C, Stewart J and Sande BD. 2004. Fodder Poster ICRAF, Nairobi
shrubs for improving incomes of dairy farmers in the East
African highlands. Tropical Grasslands Congress, Dublin,
Ireland.

Lukuyu B. 2008. Lucerne for improved quality Poster KARI/Land O’
Lakes/USAID Nairobi

Lukuyu B, Methu JN, Mwangi DM, Kirui J, Wamalwa J, Kavatha Poster KARI/Land O’
A and Mwendia SW. 2008. An evaluation of Lucerne varieties Lakes/USAID Nairobi
suitable for different agro-ecological zones

Lukuyu BA, Romney DL, Tanner JC and Thorpe W. 2000. The Conference ILRI/KARI/ University of
maize crop as a source of food and feed for livestock on poster paper Reading
smallholder dairy farms in the Kenyan highlands. Proceedings
of the annual meeting of the British Society of Animal Science
held at Scarborough, UK, April 2008. p. 98.

Mwaura L. and Wambugu C. Appropriate procedures for tree Poster/ leaflet ICRAF
seed handling, storage and distribution

Wambugu C and Karanja G. 2004. Panda miti-malisho ili Poster/ ICRAF/ILRI Nairobi
kuongeza maziwa na kipato leaflet/ banner

Wambugu C and Karanja G. 2004.Plant fodder trees for more Poster/ ICRAF/ILRI Nairobi
milk and cash leaflet/ banner

Wambugu C and Franzel S. 2004. Promoting fodder shrub seed Poster ICRAF, Nairobi
production and distribution in Kenya: Which mechanisms and
pathways are most sustainable?

ELECTRONIC RESOURCES TYPE SOURCE/INSTITUTION
Adapting developing and producing effective radio spots: CD AED
guide, facilitators’ manual and audio spots

Systemwide Collaboration: Action for Livelihoods and CD AED/ICRAF
Environment (SCALE): workshop materials (April 2006)

Citizen TV and KBC TV. 2006. Lishe Bora (video on fodder Video and ICRAF
shrubs in Swahili) DVD

38


Grassland species: A detailed description and photos of more CD FAO
than 600 grassland species

Lukuyu B. 2008. Recommendation domain maps for Lucerne CD KARI
production in Kenya

39


Annex 3: Workshop program
DAY ONE: 21 August 2008
TIME ACTIVITY
0800 hours Arrival
0830 hours Introductions (Ben)
- Why we are here; expected workshop outputs
0930 hours Inventory of training and extension materials (Ben)
- Presentation of summary
0945 hours Plenary discussion on Inventory
- Questions around: what is useful or relevant? What is missing? How to use it?
1000 hours TEA BREAK
1015 hours Identification of gaps — What is missing or needs adjustment in the first edition?
Julius/Margaret
- Target reader/user, current content, gaps listed and suggestions of adjustments shared so far
Group work
- Add to gaps, with some details to list and suggested corrections
- Group work on flip chart or power point, bullet points
1100 hours Feedback
- By group
- Agree on gaps and suggestions for corrections in second edition
1200 hours Title and chapter/topic sequence for new edition (Ben)
- Quick run through of title and structure of current edition
- Quick run through agreed gaps and adjustments
Group work
- Is title adequate? Suggest changes if the title is not adequate
- Suggest chapter or topic sequence
1300 hours LUNCH BREAK
1400 hours Feedback
- By group
- Agree on subject sequence
- Allocate subjects to 4 groups for group-work discussions
1500 hours Group work: each group 2 or 3 subjects according to allocation
- For each subject (using previous edition, identified gaps and suggested adjustments) suggest:
o Content and suitable sequence of content
o Useful additions: tables, diagrams, formulas
o Sources of additional information for reader
- Be ready to provide feedback per subject
1730 hours DEPARTURE

40


DAY TWO: 22 August 2008
TIME ACTIVITY
0800 hours ARRIVAL
0830 hours Group 1 Presents Chapter 1 - 3
0920 hours Plenary discussion on Group 1’s subjects
- Agree on final content
1000 hours Group 2 Presents Chapter 4 - 6
1115 hours Group 3 presents Chapter 7 - 9
1215 hours Group 4 presents Chapter 10 - 12
1245 hours LUNCH BREAK
1515 hours Plenary discussion on:
- Minimizing gender bias and stereotypes in content
- Suitable book form and layout (fonts, spacing etc.)
- Effective book distribution strategy
1600 hours Plenary discussion led by compilation team (technical, language, layouts)
- Source of information. How can participants contribute or support?
- Production and processing needs and concerns
1630 hours NEXT STEPS
- Production process
- Next (one-day) review meeting of first draft
1700 hours DEPARTURE

41


Annex 4: Group exercise 1 — Review of extension materials

The participants will be divided into four groups at random

1. You have been provided with an inventory of extension materials in feeds and feeding of the
dairy cattle. This list is not exhaustive. We would like you to help us to fill in the gaps.
a. List any type of training or extension material you know of that is not included in the list

b. List any topics in feeding dairy cattle or specific feeding strategies for which there is
need for a training or extension material. Suggest possible sources of information

c. Discuss and come up with the ten most important training or extension materials for
feeding dairy cattle which priority should be given in production?

d. Suggest how best these training or extension materials should be used. Please state how
and why?

Each group will be required to report back in a plenary session. Each group has 10 minutes for
presentation and 5 minutes for questions/ discussions.

42


Annex 5: Group exercise 2 — Identification of gaps in content

The participants will be divided into four new groups at random

2. Before the workshop each one of you was asked to read the feeding dairy cattle manual thoroughly
and identify gaps for which information is needed.
a. You are now required to discuss your sets of gaps and harmonize them into one
comprehensive list of gaps by subject. Agree on gaps and suggestions for corrections in
second edition. Please describe and provide details if possible.

b. Suggest possible sources of information

c. Suggest type of photographs or illustrations to accompany the topics

d. Discuss and come up with what needs adjustment in the current edition of the feeding
manual?

Each group will be required to report back in a plenary session on flip chart or PowerPoint. Please use
bullet points. Each group has 10 minutes for presentation and 5 minutes for questions/discussions.

43


Annex 6: Group exercise 3 — Revision of title and chapter/topic
sequence

The participants will be divided into four new groups at random

3. Having developed the proposed content of the second edition of feeding manual.

a. Suggest chapter or topic sequence that will ensure adequate use

b. Now, think about the title of the feeding manual. Is title adequate? Discuss and suggest
changes if the title is not adequate


44


Annex 7: Group exercise 4 — Detailed subject description

The participants will be divided into four new groups at random. Each group will be allocated two or three
subjects according to participant preference

4. Having developed the proposed chapter or topic sequence of the second edition of feeding manual.
a. For each subject (using current feeding manual edition, highlighted gaps and suggested
adjustments) suggest:

i. Content and suitable sequence of content. Please describe and provide details of
content as much as possible. Pease pay special attention to minimising gender bias
and stereotypes in content

ii. Useful additions: tables, diagrams, formulas

iii. Additional useful sources of information to cited as reference for reader


45

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