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Role of endoscopy in achalasia and gerd
1. ROLE OF ENDOSCOPY
IN
ACHALASIA& GERD
Dr.Easwaramoorthy MS FRCS
Lotus hospital, Erode,TN
Vice President, IAGES South Zone
Convener, EFIAGES Fellowship Course
2. Role of Endoscopy in Achalasia:
Learning Objectives
Role of endoscopy in diagnosis of Achalasia
Endo therapy forAchalasia
Endoscopy during laparoscopic Heller’s
Myotomy
3. Endoscopy Findings in Achalasia
•Food & fluid in esophagus
•Dilated esophagus
•Spastic LES
•No Peristalsis
Pseudo achalasia
11. Lap Heller’s Myotomy &
Intra operative Endoscopy
•Help to locate OG junction
•To confirm adequacy of myotomy
•Test for any leak/mucosal breach
Optional
Or
Essential
Mark Bloomston et al
Videoscopic Heller Myotomy with
Intraoperative Endoscopy
Promotes Optimal Outcomes
JSLS JSLS. 2002 Apr-Jun; 6(2): 133–13
13. Requirements
Expertise
Equipments
HDVideo endoscopy
Good diathermy Unit
Accessories: Hybrid Knife
Low Pressure Co2
insufflation
Irrigation pump
Environment
OT
Under GA
14. Steps of POEM
A. Mucosal incision
B. Submucosal tunnel
C. Myotomy
D. Closure of mucosal incision
15. Steps of POEM
A. Mucosal incision
B. Submucosal tunnel
C. Myotomy
D. Closure of mucosal incision
16. Steps of POEM
A. Mucosal incision
B. Submucosal tunnel
C. Myotomy
D. Closure of mucosal incision
17. Steps of POEM
A. Mucosal incision
B. Submucosal tunnel
C. Myotomy
D. Closure of mucosal incision
18. Comparative Studies
No C0mparison Balloon
dilatation
Lap Heller’s Myotomy POEM
1 Type of
procedure
Least invasive Most invasive Less invasive
2 Ease of
procedure
Very easy Easy to master Steep learning
curve
3 Effectiveness Short term Long term Long term
results awaited
4 Incidence of
reflux
Significant Less with anti reflux
procedures
Matter of debate
19. Advantages
Less Invasive
Less painful
Preservation of natural anti reflux barriers
Phreno esophageal ligament
Angle of His
Clasp fibresVs sling fibres
20. Key Messages
SuspectAchalasia in cases of fluid filled oesophagus
Exclude Pseudoachalasia prior to any intervention in
cases of achalasia
Lap Heller’s myotomy with antireflux procedure
Endotherapy for Achalasia is very promising
22. GERD:
Learning Objectives
1. Endoscopy grading of esophagitis
2. Investigation for GERD prior to surgery
3. Endoscopy findings in various types of hiatus hernia
4. Endotherapy for GERD
5. Endoscopy after fundoplication
36. Barrett’s esophagus
No dysplasia Indefinite for dysplasia Low grade dysplasia High grade dysplasia
3 years repeat yearly endoscopy 3month/therapy
4 quadrant biopsy at 2 cm interval
38. Endoscopy in Sliding Hiatus hernia
Level of Hiatus in cm
Level of LES
Level of Z line
Degree of Esophagitis
Size of hiatus hernia
39. Hill Classification of Hiatus
Normal edge of tissue
Closely approximated
to Scope
Less well defined ridge
Opens with respiration
Effaced ridge
Patulous hiatus
Hiatus wide open
Displaced axially
Grade I Grade II Grade III Grade IV
42. Stretta Procedure
Fass R et al, Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled and prospective cohort efficacy
studies of endoscopic radiofrequency for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease Surg
Endosc. 2017 Feb 23. doi: 10.1007
43. TIF: Trans oral Incisionless Fundoplication
Esophyx device
Endoscopic stapling to
create 270 degree 4cm
wrap akin to Belsy’s
fundoplication
Effective in selected cases
Durable?
Velanovich, Endoscopic, endoluminal fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease:
initial experience and lessons learned. Surgery 2010 Oct;148(4):646-51
48. Key Messages
Grading of severity of Esophagitis
Look for Barrett’s Esophagus and dysplasia
Endoscopic findings in Hiatus hernia
Endotherapy for GERD?
Notas del editor
15cm above og junction
Inject dilute indigocarmine with adrenaline
Hybrid knife to create mucosal incision
Extend on to stomach for 2-3cm along lesser curve. Coagulation grasper from olympus to control tiny vessels
Markings on the endoscope, retroflexed view of cardia, more vessles in the submucosal plane indicate we reached cardia
Myotomy started 3cm below the mucosal incision site and proceed dividing circular muscle, last 5-6cm both layers of muscles
LHM distrupts both circular and oblique fibres/clasp and sling fibres and hence reflux but with POEM only clasp fibres are divided at right lateral myotomy
>3000 cases
Nearly 8 years of followup
Promising results