The document provides an overview of frameworks that can be used for information systems security in higher education. It discusses key frameworks like COBIT, ISO 27002, and NIST standards that define controls and best practices. The presentation aims to help attendees understand how to evaluate their internal control structures and security approaches based on recognized standards and frameworks.

1. An Auditor's Perspective on
Frameworks for Information Systems
Security in Higher Education
Erwin “Chris” Carrow, University System of Georgia
Brian Markham, University of Maryland, College Park
Copyright Erwin L. Carrow & Brian Markham 2009. This work is the intellectual property of the author. Permission is granted for this material
to be shared for non-commercial, educational purposes, provided that this copyright statement appears on the reproduced materials and notice
is given that the copying is by permission of the author and other identified entities. To disseminate otherwise or to republish requires written
permission from the author. Videos and specific graphics presented are not for public distribution.

2. Session Agenda
Key Takeaways and Introductions
What Makes Higher Education Different
Business Risk and Functional Practices
Internal Controls: Quick Overview
Frameworks for Security
Specific Guidance and Standards
Additional Audit Considerations
Q&A

3. Key Takeaways
At the end of this session you should be able
to:
 Identify business goals, functions, and
associated roles and risk;
 Understand the critical success factors
during an audit;
 Evaluate the internal control structure of
your environment;
 Know the standards and frameworks
available for use in your environment;

4. Your Session Guides
Erwin “Chris” Carrow - IT Auditor,
University System of Georgia Board of Regents
High level
General focus
Brian Markham - IT Compliance Specialist,
University of Maryland at College Park
Low level
Specific focus

5. Auditing Higher Education: Challenges
and Business Requirements
Where are you at? Can seem like … HERDING CATS!
EDS “Cat Herding” 1:07 minutes

6. What Makes Higher Education
Similar and Yet Different?
Universities are not Corporations, but …
 Herding Cats may be a common or predominate phenomena
 Business functions and processes are similar
 Objectives, rules and requirements are similar
 Resources, e.g., people information, infrastructure, applications, etc.
Different set of risks, challenges, and regulatory mandates
 “Open System” Attitude (moving target)! “Academic Freedom” is a
privilege, not a right!
 Diversity of administrative operational requirements
 Diversity of instructional and faculty requirements
 Operational and Functional sides of the house not always in
agreement – leadership changes and challenges do exist!
Freedom of information
 Difficulties in blocking or outlawing certain risky behaviors
 Mandated safe guard information and information systems
Bottom-line: Environment must foster Learning and Research!

7. Auditors Ask the Question…
What High Criticality Risks Exist?
Categories of risk that may or may not apply:
Strategic : Affects the entities’ ability to achieve
goals and objectives
Compliance : Affects compliance with laws and
regulations, safety and environmental issues,
litigation, conflicts of interest, etc.
Reputational : Affects reputation, public
perception, political issues, etc.
Financial : Affects loss of assets, technology, etc.
Operational : Affects on-going management
processes and procedures

8. Enterprise Risk Management -
Risk Probability and Impact

9. Threats and the Facts
Privacy Right Clearinghouse
Chronology of Data Breaches 2,500,000 since January 2005
that have been reported
[www.privacyrights.org/ar/ChronDataBreaches.htm]
Ponemon –HRH 2008 Privacy Breach Index Survey (Sept 2008)
Self evaluation of overall performance of organization: -- 9%
gave an “A” -- 31% gave a “B” -- 26% gave a ”C” -- 29% gave a
“D” – 5% gave a “F” [www.HRH.com/privacy]
80 % believed their organizations experienced information
system data breaches and loss of customer and personal
information
50% Negligence, -- 29% Third-Party, 3% Hacker, --1% other
criminal activity;
36% 1 to 4 breaches involving 100 or records; 32% 5 to 8; 31%
9 or more

10. Recognized Method for …
Risk Prevention Assurance
Risk Prevention “IT Trunk Monkey” 1:01 minutes

11. Regulatory Standards
FERPA, FISMA, HIPAA, PCI DSS, SOX, NCAA, A-21,
A-133, PATRIOT, GLBA, ADA, CAA, CWA, OSHA,
FLSA, FMLA, EEO, and possibly many others!
State, Local, and University System and Institution
Guidelines
“Due Negligence” violations have cost institutions
financially, but few if any individuals have gone to
jail for lack of compliance
Reputational losses are the critical issue!
Avoid FUD – Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt

12. Information Security and
Compliance Responsibilities
Know and comply with Federal, State, Local, and
University System and Institution Regulations
Talk to auditors, colleagues, peers, and
administrators about information and information
system regulatory compliance and security
Make the “alphabet soup” and security a top
priority when evaluating new systems and
initiatives
Understand how the regulations trickle down to
through policies, standards, procedures, and the
people involved (in a practical method)

13. What should a Risk Assessment
identify about our environment?
What are the risks?
What are the impacts?
What is the likelihood it
will happen?
Who is involved?
Are we willing to accept
the risk?
What are we currently
doing to mitigate this
risk? Is it working like we
think it should?

14. Making the Lose/Lose Situation …
a Win/Win
A PERFECT information technology operational environment or risk
prevention assurance system does not exist (e.g., IT Trunk Monkey)!
Priority directed to likely threats for known vulnerabilities by:
 Affirming good controls and practices
 Uncovering unknown vulnerabilities or inappropriate
practices
Focus upon what is essential for the success of Your Institutions
“Business Functions.” Which comprise of:
 Business Rules or Requirements: A statement that defines or
constrains some aspect of the business. It is intended to assert
business structure or to control or influence the behavior of the
business.
 Business Standards or Practices: A related group of business
processes that support some aspects of the mission of an enterprise.

15. Doing Business and Dealing with the Nuts
The Old Way…! Assessing Risk?
20th
Century FOX “Ice Age” 1:55 min/sec

16. Nuts Can Be Challenging
Business Process – Gathering and Storing NUTS and the Big Squeeze
Tasks of Dealing with
the NUTS–
1. Gather Nuts
2. Store Nuts
3. The Big Squeeze?
Operational versus
Functional needs!
What are the
Associated Risks?
20th
Century FOX “Ice Age”

17. In Time, Nut Requirements Change
The New Way …! Risk Assessment?
20th
Century FOX “Ice Age 2: The Meltdown” 55 sec

18. Different Nuts, Different Methods
History has a Way of Repeating Itself!
Old Ways can Influence
New Ways of …,
Different Business
Requirements – Use of
Different Methods
(Variety of NUTS)
Sometimes the NUTS
get Bigger and Harder
to CRACK
Risk may Change or
Increase!
20th
Century FOX “Ice Age 2: The Meltdown”

19. Making Peanut Butter Out of Nuts
Moral: Life is Always Going to Be a Little Squirrelly
Business function Goals and
Objectives can make the IT
requirements a little NUTTY
Risk Implications associated
with IT Implementations are
NOT always CONSIDERED
Clearly Define the Task: Try
making PEANUT BUTTER
out of a difficult situation – it
is easier to Store
WHERE DO YOU START?
20th
Century FOX “Ice Age 2: The Meltdown”

20. Know Yourself – Know Your Enemy!
The Art of War (Chinese: 孫子兵法; pinyin: Sūn Zǐ Bīng Fǎ) is a Chinese military
treatise that was written during the 6th century BC by Sun Tzu.
Two Possible not Recommended Responses to the Challenge
 Freak Out: Embrace Hopelessness, Hide, Ignore, Deny, and Play
Computer games until the Inevitable Occurs
 Idealistic and Unrealistic: Do the “Don Quixote (To Dream the
Impossible Dream and Fight the Impossible Fight)” - Wear yourself
out Fighting Windmills by shooting at whatever pops its head out!
Third Approach “How do you Eat the Elephant standing in the corner,
Instead of Avoid it?” Take ONE BITE at a time by…
 Strategizing a Response
 Create a deliberate Long term Plan
 Identify Short term Objectives and Milestones
 Gain Key Shareholder ownership of the challenges
 Test and Monitor the process with Identifiable Outcomes
Start with Business Functions – Gathering and Storing of NUTS

21. Business Functions (other Nuts)
It still comes down to …, Business Needs and Outcomes
 Goals or Objectives
 Rules and Requirements
Identifying critical business functions
 Finance and Accounting
 Financial Aid
 Human Resources
 Registration
 Student Services
 Other administrative functions
Identify the departments and who are the key personnel,
e.g., Business owner, Trustees and Stewards?
Identify the systems that support these functions
How are the people and systems integrated into the
business process?
What internal controls exist to mitigate risk?

22. Business Function’s Objective,
Requirements, Resources, and Practices
YOU MUST
KNOW …
What Business
Principles are in
Operation?
Reasons -Why you
do things a certain
Way
Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (COBIT®)

23. Business Functions and their
Characteristics
Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (COBIT®)

24. Business Function Information
from Origin to Destination
Identify how the information travels and is managed
throughout the business function life cycle!
How packets of data are managed, provisioned,
formatted, and transferred throughout business
functions
How information is handled per its classification and
intended use
Assess information and information system security
from various perspectives
Who are the business owners, trustees, and stewards?

25. “Life Cycle” of Security &
Process Provisioning

26. Risk Assessment Flow
The methodology for auditing the information and information systems
for compliance and security is a Top Down process
Business Goals to Standards and Practices
Business Function to Information System
Leadership (administrator) to Technician or Staff member (end user)
Assess Requirements, Resources, and Processes
The approach will focus on key business functions and their associated
Business Goals and Objectives as it relates to the audited entity e.g.,
Identity and Access Control Management (IAM), Perimeter and
Network Security (NETSEC), etc.
Once identified and agreed upon for each business function, the key
associated requirements, resources, and processes will be identified
and assessed to determine if high or critical risk is being managed.
Focus on Control Practices, Responsibility / Accountability,
associated with key activities with an expected CMMI level 3 criteria
for High Risk Critical processes.

27. Principles for Consideration
1st
Top-down Risk Based identification of threats and
vulnerabilities for key Business processes and related IT
support processes, e.g., change management, access
security, operations, etc. (General Risk Assessment)
2nd
Control of IT Risk that affect critical IT functionality in
financially significant applications and related data
(Particularized Risk Assessment)
3rd
Layered Controls to mitigate risk for application
program code, databases, operating systems, and the
network (Operational processes that align with precedence of
Risk)
4th
Risk mitigation based upon Business and Control
objectives (not the limitations of individual controls), have a
Framework, structure, and methodology to support your
risk strategy

28. When Assessing for Risk …
Risk assessment evaluates components of
information, information system security and
compliance as it relates to the business function
Assess Mitigate / Monitor Re-Assess
Ongoing risk management program must be in
place
Business owner or key shareholder must own the
process
Establish a standard for considering and
negotiating risk
Annual (periodic) risk assessment deliverable with
recommendations for corrective action
Clearly define and document accepted risk –
someone needs to sign off on the responsibility

29. Risk Mitigation
Once risks are identified, they must be mitigated via internal controls
Internal Controls: a practice approved by management to mitigate
risk or produce a desired outcome in a business process for
implementing and enforcing information security and compliance
 Preventive - controls to stop the problem from occurring
 Detective - controls to find the problem
 Corrective - controls to repair the problem after detection
 Administrative - policies, standards, guidelines, and procedures
 Technical - controls using hardware or software for processing
and analysis
 Physical - controls to implement barriers or deterrents
Document and retain artifacts.
Design Document Implement
Test the controls prior to implementation to validate expectations
Monitor results
Re-test controls periodically.

30. High Level IT Control Model
IT Services
OS/Data/Telecom/Continuity/Networks
BusinessProcess
Procurement
BusinessProcess
AccountsPayable
BusinessProcess
AccountsReceivable/
Claiming
BusinessProcess
ProgramsandOperations
Executive
Management
Agency Level IT Considerations
IT General Controls
Application Controls
*End User Computing*

31. Re-Assess Risks
Risk Assessments are an on-going exercise;
Track mitigation strategies, did they work?
What “Framework(s)” are being applied?
Is there an identifiable “Structure” in place e.g., risk
management program?
Is the “Methodology” recognizable, e.g.,
documented and not arbitrary?
Are you using Tools to monitor, manage, and
validate the associated processes?
Test, re-test controls (Design and Effectiveness)
Document test results, corrective actions, changes
in business needs/requirements.

32. Better Controls =
Improved Security
IT Security comes down to presence and
effectiveness of internal controls;
Weak controls = weak security
Audits are an evaluation of controls, audits are
FREE consulting services!
All of the security practices that we utilize are
really just controls, from firewalls to IPS to virus
scanning.
How these controls come together ultimately
determines out overall control environment (and
our control gaps).
Framework?

33. Frameworks for IT Security
COBIT - High level business objectives and
outcomes
ISO & NIST - Standards and checklists for
consideration
Criteria - CMMI
CIS - Tools
ITIL - Process Models
Any framework is better than NO framework!
Frameworks map to structure which should produce
a consistent methodology for addressing risk
Be able to explain …!
How it was derived
Why your strategy makes sense
How it manages risk

34. COBIT
Developed by the ITGI (Current v4.1)
Value of IT, Risk, and Control
Links IT service delivery to business requirements
(already defined, right?)
A lifecycle; constantly adapting, improving, re-
adapting
Four Responsibility Domains:
Plan and Organize (PO)
Acquire and Implement (AI)
Deliver and Support (DS)
Monitor and Evaluate (ME)
Make a grocery list of needs and then go shopping

35. COBIT
Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (COBIT®)

36. COBIT
Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (COBIT®)

37. ISO 27002
Code of Practice for Information Security
Management
Divides IT Security into 11 Categories (Clauses)
Defines key controls over specific sub-categories
Defines implementation guidance for each key
control
39 Control Objectives with 139 Controls
Control objectives are generic functional
requirement specifications for an organization’s
information and information system security
management control architecture

38. ISO 27002
ISOISO
2700227002
SecuritySecurity
PolicyPolicy
OrganizingOrganizing
IT SecurityIT Security
PhysicalPhysical
SecuritySecurity
ComplianceCompliance
HRHR
SecuritySecurity
IncidentIncident
MgmtMgmt
Comm andComm and
Ops MgmtOps Mgmt
ISIS
AcquisitionAcquisition
MgmtMgmt
AccessAccess
ControlControl
AssetAsset
MgmtMgmt
BCMBCM

39. ISO 27002
Benefits:
ISO 27002 is a very hands-on control guideline
DIY Framework, no consultants required
Proactive – not reactive.
Certification
Less stressful audits!
How do we get to ISO 27002?
Evaluate/Implement Key Controls;
This will require policies/processes/procedures;
Executive level buy-in;
Team effort, IT Security is EVERYONES responsibility.

40. NIST
NIST offers security guidance in many areas
Special Publications
Useful high level governance standards and
practices
Practically every IT security subject is covered here
Written for the Feds but very useful for any
organization
Current government agency 2007 self assessment
average grade is “C-”, e.g., Academic probation
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/PubsSPs.html

41. NIST Special Publications
Life Cycle of Risk Consideration

42. Center for Internet Security (CIS)
CIS Benchmarks provide guidelines for operating
systems and databases;
User originated, widely accepted, and reflect the
consensus of expert users worldwide;
Compliance with these benchmarks will reduce
findings and lead to more secure computing
platforms
Some benchmarks include :
Windows Server
Solaris
Oracle
Exchange

43. Center for Internet Security (CIS)
Use benchmarks from CIS for standard builds of
servers, databases, and applications;
A self-appraisal/audit of current systems, builds;
Hardening guide to ward off attacks;
CIS certifies automated tools. Some providers
include:
Belarc
CA
ConfigureSoft
Symantec
Tenable
Tripwire

44. CMMI
An identifiable criteria by which you should
be evaluated!
Capability Maturity Model Integrated
created by the Software Engineering Institute
(SEI)
Level 0 - 5 (Non-Existent to Optimized)

45. CMMI
Variants of the CMMI: CMM & ISO 15504
Identifies WHERE you are at in the application of IT risk
mitigation controls and HOW to get to the next level
Levels of Application
 Level 0: No Recognizable Process, though one is needed
 Level 1: Process is Ad-hoc and perform by key
individuals
 Level 2: Process is Repeatable , but not controlled
 Level 3: Process is Defined & Documented and
periodically Evaluated
 Level 4: Managed & Measurable; effective Internal
Controls with Risk Management
 Level 5: Optimized Enterprise wide risk and control
program

46. CMMI
Capability Maturity Model Integrated created by
the Software Engineering Institute (SEI)
Level 0 - 5 (Non-Existent to Optimized)
Auditors need to be able to do more than “take
someone's word for it”
Therefore … Level 3 is a minimum requirement
Defined processes
Documented processes to identify risk and
associate roles and responsibility to mitigate risk
Processes in place to periodically review and
evaluate controls

47. What Does Evidence Look Like?Definition: Evidence must be Sufficient, Reliable and Relevant
The various types of audit evidence that the IS auditor consider using
include:
Observed processes and existence of physical items, e.g., A
computer room security system in operation
Documentary audit evidence, e.g., Activity and control logs,
System development documentation
Representations, e.g., Written policies and procedures, System
flowcharts, Written or oral statements
Analysis, e.g., Benchmarking IS performance against other
organizations or past periods; Comparison of error rates between
applications, transactions and users
Evidence gathering procedures considered are: Inquiry,
Observation, Inspection, Confirmation, Re-performance, and
Monitoring
Audit evidence should be useful to form an opinion or support the
findings and conclusions.
Evidence gathered should be appropriately documented and
organized to support the findings and conclusions.

48. ITIL - Process Modeling
When you don’t have a good understanding of “what
right looks like”
Models most “Industry Standard “ information and
information system technology processes
When in doubt “check it out and test it out”
Maps to COBIT
Complimentive to NIST and ISO
Helps to provide a starting place
Caution - can be overtly complicated

49. Example of IAM - Audited Entity to be
Assessed for Risk
IAM: Identity and Access Control Management
Identity Management; the management of user
credentials and the means by which users might
log onto and use various systems or resources,
e.g., the provisioning and de-provisioning of
student, faculty, staff, and outside agencies
identities
Access Control; the mechanisms in place to permit
or deny the use of a particular resource by a
particular entity, e.g., technical or administrative
controls to allow or deny access to file shares

50. Users Involved in Business Functions and Types of
System Information?
(Provisioning of High Risk or Critical Information)
Business Functional responsibility for assigning “Rights & Permissions” to
various roles within the organization
 Business Owner: Responsible for the provisioning and delegation of the
processes or functions and associated privileges, e.g., Payroll, Registrar,
FinAid, HR, ConEd, etc.
 Trustees: Responsible to maintain trust granted by Business owner, e.g.,
“Worker Bees” in the associated departments that conduct day to day
operations
 Stewards: Responsible to service and support the business function,
typically provide a technical system or infrastructure to facilitate
business needs, e.g., Information Technology Services, etc.
Types of Information (Data Classification) per institution or university
system standards
 Unrestricted / Public: No consequence typically general information
 Sensitive: typically references’ legal or externally imposed constraints
that requires this restriction
 Confidential: highest level of restriction, applies to the risk or harm
that may result from disclosure or inappropriate use, e.g., FERPA

51. Example associated Key Process –
Ecommerce e.g., One Card System
COBIT high level framework for controls relating to the Ecommerce
systems
 Plan and Organize (PO) — Provides direction to solution delivery(AI) and
service delivery (DS): PO1, PO4, PO5, PO6, PO8, PO9, PO10, and PO11
 Acquire and Implement (AI) —Provides the solutions and passes them to
be turned into services AI5 and AI4
 Deliver and Support (DS) —Receives the solutions and makes them usable
for end users: DS1, DS5 and DS11
Map the requirements to your preferred checklist, e.g. NIST or ISO
Requirements for Ecommerce Compliment other Processes
 Less work required for other system implementations
 No duplication of effort if requirements are properly addressed
Identity Management applies to many different other process
requirements, e.g., Applications, Operating Systems, and Databases

52. Example: Identity and Access Control
Management (IAM) COBIT Slide 1
COBIT 4.1 DS5.3 Identity Management
Ensure that all users (internal, external and temporary) and their
activity on IT systems (business application, IT environment, system
operations, development and maintenance) are uniquely identifiable.
Enable user identities via authentication mechanisms.
Confirm that user access rights to systems and data are in line with
defined and documented business needs and that job requirements
are attached to user identities.
Ensure that user access rights are requested by user management,
approved by system owners and implemented by the security-
responsible person.
Maintain user identities and access rights in a central repository.
Deploy cost-effective technical and procedural measures, and keep
them current to establish user identification, implement
authentication and enforce access rights.

53. Example: Identity and Access Control
Management (IAM) COBIT Slide 2
Logical Didactic Approach - DS5.3 Identity Management (How it
is Evaluated)
 Control over the IT process of Ensure systems security that satisfies the business
requirement for IT of maintaining the integrity of information and processing
infrastructure and minimizing the impact of security vulnerabilities and incidents
 By focusing on
 defining IT security policies, plans and procedures, and monitoring, detecting,
reporting and resolving security vulnerabilities and incidents
 Is achieved by
 Understanding security requirements, vulnerabilities and threats
 Managing user identities and authorizations in a standardized manner
 Testing security regularly
 And is measured by
 Number of incidents damaging the organization's reputation with the public
 Number of systems where security requirements are not met
 Number of violations in segregation of duties

54. How to Measure Success?
Maturity Model – CMMI DS5 Snapshoot (Criteria)
DS5 Ensure Systems Security - Management of the process of Ensure systems security
that satisfies the business requirements for IT of maintaining the integrity of
information and processing infrastructure and minimizing the impact of security
vulnerabilities and incidents is:
0 Non-existent when The organization does not recognize the need for IT security. Responsibilities and accountabilities are not assigned … There is a
complete lack of a recognizable system security administration process.
1 Initial/Ad Hoc when The organization recognizes the need for IT security. Awareness of the need for security depends primarily on the individual. IT
security is addressed on a reactive basis. IT security is not measured. Detected IT security breaches invoke finger-pointing responses, … to IT
security breaches are unpredictable.
2 Repeatable but Intuitive when Responsibilities and accountabilities for IT security are assigned to an IT security …, although the management
authority ... Awareness of the need for security is fragmented and limited. Although security-relevant information …, it is not analyzed. IT security is
seen primarily as the responsibility and domain of IT and the business does not see IT security as within its domain.
3 Defined when Security awareness exists and is promoted by management. IT security procedures are defined and aligned with IT security policy.
Responsibilities for IT security are assigned and understood, but not consistently enforced. An IT security plan and security solutions exist as
driven by risk analysis. Reporting on security does not contain a clear business focus. Ad hoc security testing (e.g., intrusion testing) is performed.
Security training is available for IT and the business, but is only informally scheduled and managed.
4 Managed and Measurable when Responsibilities for IT security are clearly assigned, managed and enforced. IT security risk and impact analysis is
consistently performed. Security policies and procedures are completed with specific security baselines. .... User identification, authentication and
authorization are standardized. Security certification is pursued for staff members ... . Security testing is completed using standard and formalized
processes, leading to improvements of security levels. …. IT security reporting is linked to business objectives. IT security training is conducted
…. IT security training is planned and managed in a manner that responds to business needs and defined security risk profiles. Goals and metrics for
security management have been defined but are not yet measured.
5 Optimized when IT security is a joint responsibility of business and IT management and is integrated with corporate security business
objectives. IT security requirements are clearly defined, optimized and included in an approved security plan. Users and customers are increasingly
accountable for defining security requirements, and security functions are integrated with applications at the design stage. Security
incidents are promptly addressed with formalized incident response procedures supported by automated tools. Periodic security assessments are
conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of the security plan. Information on threats and vulnerabilities is systematically
collected and analyzed. Adequate controls to mitigate risks are promptly communicated ….

55. COBIT 4.01 Standards to NIST Mapping –Integration with
other Standards (Alignment of IT Controls to Mitigate Risk)

56. NIST 800-53, Revision 1 Standards
Terminology and Application

57. Additional Considerations
Develop a strong working relationship with your
auditors
Communicate with them even when not being
audited (typically the most lonely folks on campus)!
Challenge and question their defined and
documented processes for auditing (IIA)
Understand what auditors are looking for and why
Ask them where they see the risk and why
Run questions by them (VM Ware)
Some auditors are fallible, but …, NOT Brian or
Chris (joke)!

58. Call to Action & Challenge
“Birds of a Feather, Flock Together” or
“Life is For the Birds” Be Different?
PIXAR “For the Birds” 3:16 minutes

59. Thank you for your participation
- any questions?
Higher Education is Different!
Understanding Business Risk and
Functional Practices are critical
Internal Controls must be defined,
documented, and reviewed
Chose and apply a security Framework
that provides identifiable structure and an
effective methodology to address risk
Lots of Guidance Standards, tools and
modeled process to emulate
Internal Auditors can be a valuable
resource!

60. Helpful Resources
CIS Benchmarks - http://www.cisecurity.org/benchmarks.html
IIA - www.theiia.org
ISACA - www.isaca.org
ISC(2) - www.isc2.org
ISO - www.iso.org
ITGI - www.itgi.org
NIST - csrc.nist.gov
NSA - www.nsa.gov
IASE - iase.disa.mil
Web App Consortium - www.webappsec.org
EDUCAUSE - educause.edu/security
Univ. Austin Texas Sec. - security.utexas.edu
Univ. Cornell Sec. - www.cit.cornell.edu/security
Virginia Tech Sec. - security.vt.edu
Ga. Tech Info Sec. Center - www.gtisc.gatech.edu

61. Last minute additions…
Thanks to the feedback of some of our participants,
we wanted to add the following:
While CMMI is a maturity model, it is still primarily
aimed towards software delivery. You may want to
look into CMMI for service (SVC) and acquisition.
Check them out here. The maturity model in COBIT is
separate from CMM but is the same basic idea.
The ISO 27000 series in it’s entirety is worth a look.
Check them out here.
COBIT & ITIL are less technical/IT Security related,
NIST and ISO, more so. Keep this in mind when
selecting a framework.