SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 115
Descargar para leer sin conexión
DISEÑODELOSASESTRUCTURALESEN
DOSDIRECCIONES
Ing.JoséMiguelIzquierdoEncarnación,BSCE,MCE,FACI
PORTICUS,Presidente
ACIInternacional,Presidente2003-2004
ColegiodeIngenierosyAgrimensoresdePR,Presidente1994-1996
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES1
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
•ANALISISYDISEÑOSIMPLIFICADO,INCLUYENDO
HOJADEEXCEL
•MÉTODOEMPÍRICOPORELACI318
–ANÁLISISYDISEÑO
•USODEMÉTODODEELEMENTOSFINITOSPARA
ANÁLISIS
•DEFORMACIONES
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES2
TIPOSDESISTEMASENDOSDIRECCIONES
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES3
ANÁLISISYDISEÑOSIMPLIFICADO
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES4
Lapublicacióndelos
Requisitosesencialespara
edificacionesdeconcreto
reforzadoeselresultadodeun
acuerdodecooperaciónentre
elAmericanConcreteInstitute
ydosinstituciones
colombianas:el
InstitutoColombianode
NormasTécnicasyCertificación
ylaAsociaciónColombianade
Ingeniería
Sísmica.
5LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
Alcance
Elpropósitodeeldocumentoesdiseñary
construiredificacionesdeconcretoreforzado
paraedificiosdebajaaltura,deocupación,
númerodepisosyárealimitados.
6LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
Propósito
•Estructurasdebajaaltura
•Seutilizanreconocidosmodelossimplificadosde
resistenciaydedimensionesmínimas.
•Materialesyconstrucciónestánorientadosalusode
acerosdegradosderesistenciamínimayconcretosde
resistenciamedia.
•Eldocumentoesautónomo;porelloincluyecargasy
procesossimplificadosdeanálisisasícomolos
requisitosdeexploracióngeotécnicaparaladefinición
delacapacidadportantedelterreno.
7LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
Propósito
•Laresistenciasísmicasebasaenelempleodemuros
estructuralesdeconcreto(murosdecorte).
•CumplimientoautomáticoconlosCódigos.
•Múltiplestablasydiagramas.
•Losrequisitossepresentanenelordenquese
necesitanamedidaqueseavanzaeneldiseño.
•¡Todoenunsólodocumento!
8LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
1.3-Limitaciones
•Númeromáximodepisos=5
•Númeromáximodesótanos=1
•Áreamáximaporpiso=1000m2.
•Alturamáximadeentrepiso=4m.
•Luzmáxima=10m.
•Diferenciamáximaentreluces=20%
•Númeromínimodeluces=2
•Máximalongituddevoladizos=1/3longitudvanoanterior
•Pendientemáximaparalosas,vigasyviguetas=15°
•Pendientemáximadelterreno=unaelevaciónequivalentea
laalturadelprimerpiso,sinexceder30°.
9LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
CAP7-LOSASMACIZASSOBREVIGASMAESTRAS,VIGAS,
VIGUETASOMUROSDECONCRETOREFORZADO
•Definicióndecargasdediseño
•Detallesgeneralesderefuerzo
•Losasentreviguetas
•Voladizosenlosas
•Losasmacizasenunadireccióndeunaluz
•Losasmacizasenunadireccióndedosomás
luces
•Losasendosdirecciones
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES10
7.3.3-Refuerzoporretracciónytemperatura
11LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
7.3.4-Refuerzoaflexión
12LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
…7.3.4-Refuerzoaflexión
synsysyΜΑfdΜΑfd
Resistencianominalaflexión
13LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
7.3.4.3-Áreamáximaderefuerzoatensión
porflexión.
14LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
7.3.8.2-Refuerzoinferiordeesquina.
15LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
7.6.3.4-Refuerzodevoladizosendos
direcciones.
16LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
7.9-LOSASMACIZASENDOSDIRECCIONESSOBRE
VIGASMAESTRAS,VIGASOMUROS
•Debehaberdosomásluces.
•Losvanossonaproximadamenteiguales,yelmenor
dedosvanosadyacentesnodebesermenordel80
porcientodelvanomáslargo(véase1.3).
•Lasvigasovigasmaestrasdeapoyoseconstruyen
monolíticamenteconlalosaydebenteneruna
alturanomenoratresveceselespesordelalosa
•Lascargasestándistribuidasuniformemente.
•Lacargavivaunitaria,q",noexcedetresvecesla
cargamuertaunitaria,qd.
17LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
7.9.1-Requisitosdimensionales
18LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
7.9.2-Resistenciarequeridaaflexión
19LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
…7.9.2-Resistenciarequeridaaflexión
20LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
…7.9.2-Resistenciarequeridaaflexión
21LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
7.Losasmacizasendosdirecciones
PanelInterior
22LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
7.Losasmacizasendosdirecciones
Paneldeborde,
"aparalelo
alborde
23LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
7.Losasmacizasendosdirecciones
Paneldeborde,
"bparalelo
alborde
24LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
7.Losasmacizasendosdirecciones
Paneldeesquina
25LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
7.9.3.2-Refuerzoaflexión
26LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
7.9.4-Verificaciónderesistenciaacortante
27LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
7.9.4-Verificaciónderesistenciaacortante
28LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES29
ACENGINEERING
SOFTWAREPROGRAMMEDFOR
TWOWAY
CONCRETESLAB
DESIGNPORTICUS
FORSLABBOUNDARYCONDITIONINPUTCASE
INPUTDATATYPE,FOREXAMPLE4
SLABBOUNDARYCONDITIONS=4
LENGTHOFSHORTSIDE,=19.25FT
LENGTHOFLONGSIDE,=30.25FT
THICKNESSOFSLAB,=8.00IN
DISTRIBUTEDLIVELOAD,=60.0PSF
DISTRIBUTEDADDITIONALDEADLOAD,=65.0PSF
OUTPUTDATA-ULTIMATEVALUES-BARSPACING
NEGATIVEMOMENTSHORTSIDE=10.62KIP-FT5@10.3IN.
NEGATIVEMOMENTLONGSIDE=4.24KIP-FT5@24.1IN.
POSITIVEMOMENTSHORTSIDE=6.71KIP-FT5@16.6IN.
POSITIVEMOMENTLONGSIDE=2.80KIP-FT5@27.0IN.
REACTIONSHORTSIDE=0.70KIP/FTMIN=(1.55283)
REACTIONLONGSIDE=2.76KIP/FT
MIN
SHORTBEAMREACTIONSERVICETOTALLOAD=0.47334KIP/FT1.44375KIP/FT
SHORTBEAMREACTIONSERVICEDEADLOAD=0.34712KIP/FT1.05875KIP/FT
SHORTBEAMREACTIONSERVICELIVELOAD=0.12623KIP/FT0.38500KIP/FT
LONGBEAMREACTIONSERVICETOTALLOAD=1.86441KIP/FT
LONGBEAMREACTIONSERVICEDEADLOAD=1.36723KIP/FT
LONGBEAMREACTIONSERVICELIVELOAD=0.49718KIP/FT
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES30
ACENGINEERING
SOFTWAREPROGRAMMEDFOR
TWOWAY
CONCRETESLAB
DESIGNPORTICUS
FORSLABBOUNDARYCONDITIONINPUTCASE
INPUTDATATYPE,FOREXAMPLE4
SLABBOUNDARYCONDITIONS=4
LENGTHOFSHORTSIDE,=19.25FT
LENGTHOFLONGSIDE,=30.25FT
THICKNESSOFSLAB,=8.00IN
DISTRIBUTEDLIVELOAD,=60.0PSF
DISTRIBUTEDADDITIONALDEAD
LOAD,=65.0PSF
OUTPUTDATA-ULTIMATEVALUES-BARSPACING
NEGATIVEMOMENTSHORTSIDE=10.62KIP-FT5@10.3IN.
NEGATIVEMOMENTLONGSIDE=4.24KIP-FT5@24.1IN.
POSITIVEMOMENTSHORTSIDE=6.71KIP-FT5@16.6IN.
POSITIVEMOMENTLONGSIDE=2.80KIP-FT5@27.0IN.
REACTIONSHORTSIDE=0.70KIP/FTMIN=(1.55283)
REACTIONLONGSIDE=2.76KIP/FT
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES31
MIN
SHORTBEAMREACTIONSERVICETOTALLOAD=0.47334KIP/FT1.44375KIP/FT
SHORTBEAMREACTIONSERVICEDEADLOAD=0.34712KIP/FT1.05875KIP/FT
SHORTBEAMREACTIONSERVICELIVELOAD=0.12623KIP/FT0.38500KIP/FT
LONGBEAMREACTIONSERVICETOTALLOAD=1.86441KIP/FT
LONGBEAMREACTIONSERVICEDEADLOAD=1.36723KIP/FT
LONGBEAMREACTIONSERVICELIVELOAD=0.49718KIP/FT
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES32
CASE1
.....................................
::
:SHORTSIDE:
:^:
:|:
:|:
:|:
:-------->:
:LONGSIDE:
::
:...................................:
.DENOTESSIMPLYSUPPORTED
*DENOTESCONTINUOUSENDS
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES33
CASE2
*******************
**
*SHORTSIDE*
*^*
*|*
*|*
*|*
*-------->*
*LONGSIDE*
**
********************
.DENOTESSIMPLYSUPPORTED
*DENOTESCONTINUOUS
ENDS
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES34
CASE4
.....................................
*:
*SHORTSIDE:
*^:
*|:
*|:
*|:
*-------->:
*LONGSIDE:
*:
********************
.DENOTESSIMPLYSUPPORTED
*DENOTESCONTINUOUSENDS
9.1GENERAL
9.2DEFINICIÓNDELASCARGASDEDISEÑO
9.3REQUISITOSDIMENSIONALES
9.4DETALLESDELREFUERZO
9.5RESISTENCIAACORTANTEENLOSASDELSISTEMALOSA-COLUMNA
9.6ESPESORMÍNIMODELOSAREQUERIDOPORPUNZONAMIENTO
9.7ESPESORMÍNIMODELOSAREQUERIDOPORCORTANTESIMPLE
9.8REQUISITOSAFLEXIÓN
9.9CÁLCULODELAREACCIÓNENLOSAPOYOS
CAPÍTULO9-SISTEMAS
LOSA-COLUMNA
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES35
9.2.1-Cargasaincluir
•Cargasmuertas:pesopropiodelaslosas,elementosno
estructurales(horizontalesyverticales)yequiposfijos
siloshay.
•Cargasvivas.
•Silalosaespartedelsistemadecubierta,sedeben
emplearlosvaloresapropiadosdecargavivaen
cubiertas,cargasporlluviaynieve.
36LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
9.3.2-Franjadecolumnas
9.3.3-Franjacentral
37LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
9.3.8-Requisitosespeciales
•Debehaberunmínimodetreslucescontinuasencadadirección.
•Lospanelesdebenserrectangulares,conunarelaciónmáximaentrelado
mayoryladomenorde2,medidaentreloscentrosdelosapoyosdelpanel.
•Lalongituddevanossucesivosnodebesermenordel80porcientodela
luzadyacentemayor,medidaentrecentrosdelosapoyos
•Sepermiteeldesplazamientodecolumnasconrespectoasuejehastaun
máximodel10porcientodelalongituddelvanoenladireccióndel
desplazamiento.
•Todaslascargasempleadassedebenúnicamentealagravedadyestán
uniformementedistribuidassobretodoelpanel.
•Lacargavivaunitarianomayorada,q",nodebeexcederdosveceslacarga
muertaunitarianomayorada,qd.
38LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
9.3.9.3-Aberturasenfranjasdecolumnas.
39LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
9.4-DETALLESDELREFUERZO
•Eláreadelrefuerzodelalosaencadadirecciónenlossistemaslosa-
columnaseobtieneparalosmomentosenlasseccionescríticas,perono
debesermenorqueelrequeridoporretraccióndefraguadoytemperatura
en7.3.3.
•Elrefuerzoaflexióndebecumplirconlosrequisitosde7.3.
•Paralalosasuperiorlocalizadasobrelasceldasenlossistemasdelosa
aligeradaendosdirecciones(reticularcelulado),elrefuerzodebecumplir
conlosrequisitosde7.5.
•Lasviguetasenelsistemadereticularceluladodebencumplirconlos
requisitosgeneralesderefuerzoaflexiónde8.4yrefuerzotransversalde
8.5.
•Elrefuerzoenlasviguetasdelsistemareticularceluladodebecumplirlos
requisitosde8.6.5paraviguetasenlafranjacentralyde8.7.5paraviguetas
enlafranjadecolumnas.
•Elrefuerzoenelreticularceluladononecesitacumplirconlosrequisitosde
9.4.2a9.4.4.
40LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
9.4.3.6-Puntosdesuspensión.
41LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
9.5.4.3-Resistenciadediseñoacortanteendos
direcciones(punzonamiento).
42LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
9.5.5-Cortantesimple
43LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
9.6-ESPESORMÍNIMODELOSAREQUERIDO
PORPUNZONAMIENTO
44LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
9.6.2-Espesormínimodelosapor
punzonamiento
Paracolumnasinteriores
Paracolumnasdebordeconhc
paraleloalborde
Paracolumnasdebordeconbc
paraleloalbordeParacolumnasdeesquina
9.7.3-Espesormínimodelosarequeridopor
cortantesimple
46LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
9.8.1-Resistenciarequeridaaflexión
•Lalosasedivideenambasdireccionesenfranjasdediseño.
•Cadafranjaincluyeunejedecolumnaoapoyoyestádelimitadaporuneje
centraldepanelacadalado.
•Cuandolafranjaesadyacenteyparalelaaunborde,debeincluirelejedela
columnaoapoyodebordeyestádelimitadaporelbordedelalosaenun
ladoyelejedelpanelalotrolado.
•Paratodoslosvanos,entodaslasfranjasenambasdirecciones,el
momentoestáticototalmayoradosedebeevaluarusando.8.1.2.
•Paracadavano,elmomentoestáticototalmayoradosedebedistribuir
entremomentopositivoymomentonegativoempleandolosrequisitosde
9.8.1.3.
•Losmomentospositivosynegativosobtenidosen9.8.1.3sedeben
distribuirenlafranjadecolumnasusandolosrequisitosde9.8.1.4yenlas
dosmitadeslateralesdefranjascentralesusandolosrequisitosde9.8.1.5.
47LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
9.8.1.2-Momentoestáticototalmayorado
paraunaluz.
•Dondelaslucestransversalesdelospanelesacadaladodelejedecolumnas
seandiferentes,"2enlaEcuación(9-10)sedebetomarcomoelpromedio
delaslucesadyacentes.
•Cuandolaluzesadyacenteyparalelaaunborde,ladistanciadesdeelborde
hastaelcentrodelpaneldebesersustituidapor"2enlaEcuación(9-10).
•Laluzlibre"ncorrespondealadistanciaentrecarasdecolumnas,capiteles
omuros.
•Elvalorde"nusadoenlaEcuación(9-10)nodebesermenorque0.65"1.
•Losapoyoscircularesoconformadepolígonoregulardebensertratados
comoapoyosrectangularesdelamismaárea.
•Sepermiteunaredistribucióndenomásdel10porcientodelosmomentos
mayoradospositivosynegativossiempreycuandolasumapermanezcaigual.
…9.8.1-Resistenciarequeridaaflexión
49LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
…9.8.1-Resistenciarequeridaaflexión
50LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
…9.8.1-Resistenciarequeridaaflexión
51LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
9.8.1.8-Transferenciadelmomentono
balanceadoatravésdelalosahastael
apoyo.
•Latransferenciadelmomentonobalanceadoporflexiónse
desarrolladentrodeunanchoefectivodelosacomprendidoentre
laslíneasqueestánaunaymediaveceselespesordelalosao
capitel(1.5h)pordelascaraslateralesdelacolumnaocapitel.
•Pararesistirelmomentoeneseanchoefectivodelosasepuede
usarelrefuerzonegativodelafranjadecolumnaconcentrándolo
mediantemenorseparaciónocolocandorefuerzoadicional.
•Lacuantíadelrefuerzonegativoρenlazonadetransferenciano
debeexceder3/4delacuantíamáximaρmaxdadaen7.3.4.3.
•Elaumentodeenlafuerzacortantedepunzonamientoqueactúaen
lalosasedebeevaluarempleandoelprocedimientode9.5.4.4.
52LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES
ACI318-08
EMPIRICALMETHODS
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES53
EffectiveBeamSection
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES54
Reinforcementnotes
•Accordingto13.3.6,topandbottomreinforcementmust
beprovidedattheexteriorcornersofslabssupported
byedgewallsorwhereoneormoreedgebeamshavea
valueofαfgreaterthan1.0.Thecornerreinforcementin
bothtopandbottomofslabmustbedesignedfora
momentequaltothelargestpositivemomentperunit
widthintheslabpanel,andmustbeplacedinaband
paralleltothediagonalinthetopoftheslabandaband
perpendiculartothediagonalinthebottomoftheslab
(Fig.18-7(a));alternatively,itmaybeplacedintwolayers
paralleltotheedgesoftheslabinboththetopand
bottomoftheslab(Fig.18-7(b)).Additionally,thecorner
reinforcementmustextendatleastone-fifthofthe
longerspanineachdirectionfromthecorner.
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES55
…Reinforcementnotes
•Inslabswithoutbeams,allbottombarsinthe
columnstripshallbecontinuousorsplicedwith
classAsplicesorwithmechanicalorweldedsplices
satisfying12.14.3(13.3.8.5)toprovidesome
capacityfortheslabtospantoanadjacentsupport
intheeventasinglesupportisdamaged.
Additionally,atleasttwoofthesecontinuous
bottombarsshallpassthroughtheregionbounded
bythelongitudinalreinforcementofthecolumn
andmustbeanchoredatexteriorsupports.
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES56
…Reinforcementnotes
•Inlift-slabconstructionandslabswith
shearheadreinforcement,clearancemaybe
inadequateanditmaynotbepracticaltopass
thecolumnstripbottomreinforcingbars
throughthecolumn.Inthesecases,two
continuousbondedbottombarsineach
directionshallpassasclosetothecolumnas
possiblethroughholesintheshearheadarmsor,
inthecaseoflift-slabconstruction,withinthe
liftingcollar(13.3.8.6)
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES57
13.4OPENINGSINSLABSYSTEMS
•Thecodepermitsopeningsofanysizeinanyslabsystem,
providedthatananalysisisperformedthatdemonstratesthat
bothstrengthandserviceabilityrequirementsaresatisfied
(13.4.1).
•Forslabswithoutbeams;theanalysisof13.4.1iswaivedwhen
theprovisionsof13.4.2.1through13.4.2.4aremet:
1.Intheareacommontointersectingmiddlestrips,openingsofany
sizearepermitted(13.4.2.1).
2.Intheareacommontointersectingcolumnstrips,maximum
permittedopeningsizeisone-eighththewidthofthecolumn
stripineitherspan(13.4.2.2).
3.Intheareacommontoonecolumnstripandonemiddlestrip,
maximumpermittedopeningsizeislimitedsuchthatonlya
maximumofone-quarterofslabreinforcementineitherstrip
maybeinterrupted(13.4.2.3).
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES58
OpeningsinSlab
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES59
Limitations
•Bothmethodsareforanalysisundergravityloads
only,andarelimitedinapplicationtobuildingswith
columnsand/orwallslaidoutonabasically
orthogonalgrid,i.e.,wherecolumnlinestaken
longitudinallyandtransverselythroughthebuilding
aremutuallyperpendicular.Bothmethodsare
applicabletoslabswithorwithoutbeamsbetween
supports.Notethatneithermethodappliestoslab
systemswithbeamsspanningbetweenother
beams;thebeamsmustbelocatedalongcolumn
linesandbesupportedbycolumnsorother
essentiallynondeflectingsupportsatthecornersof
theslabpanels.
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES60
CriticalSheartransfer
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES61
MAXIMUNCOMPUTEDDEFLECTION
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES62
MinumumThickness
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES63
MinimumslabThickness
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES64
DropPanel
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES65
DESIGNSTRIPS
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES66
DIRECTDESIGNMETHOD
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES67
DirectDesignMethod(Simple)
•Inthesimpleframemethod,eachdesignstripis
analyzedindependentlyfromtherestoftheslab
systemusinganapproximateplaneframemodel.
Thestiffnessesoftheslabandcolumnsarebased
strictlyontheircross-sectionalgeometry.
•Tosimplifytheplaneframeanalysis,two
approximationscanbeusediftheactualsupports
arenotcolinear.
–Actualframecanbemodeledasaplaneframewithspan
lengthsequaltothecenterlinedistancebetween
supports.
–Tributarywidthsthatvarywithinthespancanbe
conservativelyapproximatedwithconstantwidths.
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES68
R13.6—Directdesignmethod
•Thedirectdesignmethodconsistsofasetofrulesfor
distributingmomentstoslabandbeamsectionstosatisfy
safetyrequirementsandmostserviceabilityrequirements
simultaneously.Threefundamentalstepsareinvolvedas
follows:
1.Determinationofthetotalfactoredstaticmoment(see
13.6.2);
2.Distributionofthetotalfactoredstaticmomenttonegative
andpositivesections(see13.6.3);
3.Distributionofthenegativeandpositivefactoredmoments
tothecolumnandmiddlestripsandtothebeams,ifany
(see13.6.4through13.6.6).Thedistributionofmomentsto
columnandmiddlestripsisalsousedintheequivalent
framemethod(see13.7).
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES69
DirectDesignMethodLimitations
1.Theremustbethreeormorecontinuousspansineachdirection;
2.Slabpanelsmustberectangularwitharatiooflongertoshorter
span(centerline-to-centerlineofsupports)notgreaterthan2;
3.Successivespanlengths(centerline-to-centerlineofsupports)ineach
directionmustnotdifferbymorethan1/3ofthelongerspan;
4.Columnsmustnotbeoffsetmorethan10%ofthespan(indirection
ofoffset)fromeitheraxisbetweencenterlinesofsuccessivecolumns;
5.Loadsmustbeuniformlydistributed,withtheunfactoredorservice
liveloadnotmorethan2timestheunfactoredorservicedeadload
(L/D≤2);
6.Fortwo-waybeam-supportedslabs,relativestiffnessofbeamsin
twoperpendiculardirectionsmustsatisfytheminimumand
maximumrequirementsgivenin13.6.1.6;and
7.Redistributionofnegativemomentsby8.4isnotpermitted.
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES70
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES71
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES72
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES73
EQUIVALENTFRAMEMETHOD
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES74
EquivalentFrameMethod
•Theequivalentframemethodisbasedonessentiallythe
sameconceptasthesimpleframemethod,withone
significantdifference.UsinganACI318recommended
procedure,therelativestiffnessbetweenthecolumn
andtheslabismodifiedtosimulatethetwo-wayaction
ofacolumnsupportedslabthatisotherwiselostinthe
planeframemodeling.Theequivalentframemethod
generallyresultsinreducedsupportmoments,atthe
expenseofanincreaseinmidspanvalues,when
comparedtothesimpleframemethod.Thisisagreat
advantageinpost-tensionedslabs,whereequalmoment
capacitiesaregenerallyavailableoverthesupportsandat
midspanasaresultofthecontinuoustendons.Thiscan
leadtomoreeconomicaldesigns.
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES75
R13.7.2—Equivalentframe
•Applicationoftheequivalentframetoaregular
structureisillustratedinFig.R13.7.2.Thethree-
dimensionalbuildingisdividedintoaseriesof
two-dimensionalframebents(equivalentframes)
centeredoncolumnorsupportCenterlineswith
eachframeextendingthefullheightofthebuilding.
•Thewidthofeachequivalentframeisboundedby
thecenterlinesoftheadjacentpanels.The
completeanalysisofaslabsystemforabuilding
consistsofanalyzingaseriesofequivalent(interior
andexterior)framesspanninglongitudinallyand
transverselythroughthebuilding.
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES76
…R13.7.2—Equivalentframe
•Theequivalentframecomprisesthreeparts:
1.thehorizontalslabstrip,includinganybeams
spanninginthedirectionoftheframe,
2.thecolumnsorotherverticalsupportingmembers,
extendingaboveandbelowtheslab,and
3.theelementsofthestructurethatprovidemoment
transferbetweenthehorizontalandvertical
members.
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES77
…R13.7.2—Equivalentframe
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES78
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES79
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES80
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES81
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES82
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES83
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES84
USEOFFINITEELEMENTMODELS
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES85
FEA
•Theadventofcomputersandautomationhashada
majorimpactonthewayengineersdesignbuildings
andprepareconstructiondocuments.Becausethey
aremuchsimplertomodel,materialsusedin
skeletalframingsystems,especiallysteel,haveseen
thegreatestbenefitfromautomateddesign
software.Amajorobstacletosimilarautomated
designofconcretebuildingsisthestructural
modelingandtreatmentoffloorslabs.This
problemisexacerbatedbytheintroductionofpost-
tensioning,especiallywhenbeamlessfloorsystems
(flatslabs)areused.
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES86
…FEA
•Inthefiniteelementmethod,thefloorsystemis
subdividedintodiscreteelements.Unlikethe
framemethods,theentirefloorisanalyzedatone
timetoobtainanoverallsolution.However,justlike
intheframemethods,thetotalforcesmustbe
obtainedforthedesignstripsanddesignsectionsso
thatcoderequirementsforstrengthand
serviceabilitycanbecheckedandthereinforcement
canbeproperlydistributed.However,thedesign
stripsdonotneedtobeselecteduntilafterthe
analysisiscompleted.
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES87
StiffnessReduction
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES88
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES89
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES90
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES91
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES92
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES93
4X8
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES94
4X8-MX
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES95
4X8-MY
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES96
SUB1
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES97
SUB1-MY
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES98
SUB1-MX
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES99
SUB2
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES100
SUB2-MY
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES101
SUB2-MX
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES102
APARTAMENTO
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES103
APARTAMENTO-MY
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES104
APARTAMENTO-MX
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES105
APARTAMENTO-DEFORMACIONES
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES106
APARTAMENTO2
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES107
APARTAMENTO2-MX
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES108
APARTAMENTO2-MY
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES109
APARTAMENTO2-DEFORMACIONES
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES110
PopularPrograms
•SAFE
–Computers&Structures,
http://www.csiberkeley.com/SAFE
•RISAFLOOR
–http://www.risatech.com/p_risafloor.html
•PCASLAB
–http://www.structurepoint.org/soft
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES111
METHODCOMPARISONS
•Muchofthedesignprocedureisthesame
regardlessofwhetherfiniteelementorframe
methodsareused.Thefinalgoalofdetermining
thereinforcementnecessarydependsonthe
determinationoftheproperdesignvaluesfor
eachdesignsectionalongtheloadpath.Inthe
framemethods,thesevaluesareobtained
directly.Inthefiniteelementmethod,thereis
generallymuchmoreinformationproducedthan
isstrictlynecessaryfordesign.
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES112
…METHODCOMPARISONS
•Theprocessingofthislargeamountofinformation
toobtainthedesignforcesisoneofthechallenges
ofusingthismethod.However,itdoeshavethe
advantagethatgreatereconomyindesignis
achievedwhenthecalculateddesignvaluesare
closertotheelasticresponseofthefloorslab.
Whenthesupportlayoutofafloorsystemis
irregular,finiteelementanalysishasthepotentialof
leadingtoamoreeconomicaldesignandmore
appropriatestructuraldetailingbecauseitallows
theloadpathstobeselectedaftertheflowof
forcescanbevisualized.
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES113
…METHODCOMPARISONS
•Thegreatest,butnotyetfullytapped,potential
forthefiniteelementmethodistofully
automatethedesignofconcretefloorslabs.For
conventionallyreinforcedfloors,currentstate-
of-the-artsoftwareisclosetofullauto-mation.
Forpost-tensionedfloorsystems,however,full
automationisfurtheraway.Asnotedpreviously,
thereasonliesintheneedforadditionalinput
informationfromthedesignerpriortothe
initiationoftheanalysis.
LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES114
FIN
11511111111111111111111111111111111111111111111555555555555555555555555LOSASENDOSDIRECCIONES

Más contenido relacionado

Destacado

2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
 
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPTEverything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPTExpeed Software
 
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsProduct Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
 
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthHow Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
 
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfAI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
 
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
 
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
 
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
 
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsKurio // The Social Media Age(ncy)
 
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
 
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
 
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
 
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Tessa Mero
 
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentGoogle's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
 
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity -  Best PracticesTime Management & Productivity -  Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
 
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementThe six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
 
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...RachelPearson36
 

Destacado (20)

2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
 
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPTEverything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
 
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsProduct Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
 
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthHow Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
 
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfAI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
 
Skeleton Culture Code
Skeleton Culture CodeSkeleton Culture Code
Skeleton Culture Code
 
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
 
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
 
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
 
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
 
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
 
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
 
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
 
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next
 
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentGoogle's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
 
How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations
 
Introduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data ScienceIntroduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data Science
 
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity -  Best PracticesTime Management & Productivity -  Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
 
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementThe six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project management
 
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
 

02. diseño de losas estructurales en dos direcciones. ing. jose-izquierdo.