A conflict of interest arises whenever there is any potential bias that could affect a researcher’s work. Avoid post-publication headaches by disclosing all conflicts of interest upfront.

1. Conflicts of interest
Helping you get published

2. Conflicts of interest
A cornerstone of science is that it should be objective and
unbiased. Suppose a researcher could gain financially or career-
wise if he or she gets a particular result from a study. Although this
by itself is acceptable, some people might doubt whether such
considerations had compromised the study design, conduct, or
publication of the study findings, especially if the researcher had
not disclosed the potential gain.1 This situation is termed
“Conflicts of interest” (COI).

3. What is conflict of interest?
A conflict of interest arises whenever there is any potential bias that could affect a
researcher’s work.
Conflicts of interest can include both financial and non-financial gains.2,3 For example,
consider a peer reviewer who is evaluating a study that decreases the importance of the
reviewer’s own research. This could lead the reviewer to recommend rejection of the
study even if the study itself is original and robust, which gives rise to a conflict of interest.
Conflict of interest due to financial gain is the most common one that authors face and
must disclose. It includes sources of funding, ownership of stocks in companies that may
gain financially from the research, and acceptance of consulting fees or salary from a
company that may benefit from the research, among others. For example, a review on the
publication of research findings revealed that research sponsorship contributes to
publication bias because the sponsors often own the data, making the data susceptible to
manipulation and suppression.4
The World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) has a very good description of conflicts
of interest that may arise in various scenarios.

4. The six Ps
Conflicts of interest are inevitable in an academic career, and it is the responsibility of
researchers to identify potential or actual conflicts. The Integrity Coordinating Group has
outlined an excellent list – known as the six Ps - that researchers can use to determine
whether a conflict of interest exists:5
Public duty versus private interest: Do I or the research sponsor have personal or
financial interests that may conflict or be perceived to conflict with the interests and
welfare of the general public?
Potentialities: Could there be financial or other intellectual benefits for me, my
organization, or research sponsor that could cast doubts on my research and data?

5. The six Ps
Perception: How will my or my research sponsor’s involvement in study conception,
study supervision, study design, research conduct, and manuscript writing be perceived by
others? Would any bias in research design, sample selection, data reporting, data
modification, and manuscript preparation be perceived as a conflict of interest associated
with me, my organization, or research sponsor? Are there any risks associated with me, my
organization, or research sponsor?
Proportionality: Does my or my research sponsor’s involvement in all decisions regarding
the research appear to be fair and reasonable?
Presence of mind: What consequences will I face if I ignore or do not disclose a conflict
of interest? Can I give a reasonable answer if editors, reviewers, or readers question my or
my research sponsor’s involvement?
Promises: Have I, my organization, or research sponsor made any promises or
commitment in relation to conducting or publishing the research? Do I stand to gain or
lose from the promised action/decision?

6. Why authors must disclose conflicts of interest
Almost all scientific and non-technical journals require authors to disclose potential or
actual conflicts of interest related to their study. Some journals, like JAMA, require authors
to submit signed financial disclosure statements. Other journals, like BMC Cancer, insist in
their guidelines that a separate section on conflict of interest be included in the
manuscript and that any details be provided in the covering letter.
When declaring conflicts of interest, researchers are expected to provide detailed
information about relevant financial interests; grants, financial support, and funding
received from industry; and other intellectual benefits like filed or pending patents that
represent future financial gains. Researchers are also required to specify the role of the
funding organization or sponsor in the study design and conduct; data collection, analysis,
and interpretation; and manuscript drafting, review, and final approval.

7. Why authors must disclose conflicts of interest
It is very important to inform journals about conflicts of interest. Journals may not always
publicly disclose conflicts of interest at the time of publishing the paper. However, if any
one questions the study or raises doubt that a conflict of interest exists, the journal will
publish the authors’ conflict of interest disclosure and mention that the authors had
already informed the journal; this makes the authors’ conduct seem less suspicious.
However, if the authors had not informed the journal and it is discovered that conflicts of
interest did indeed exist, the consequences can be serious, including retraction of the
paper and investigation by the authors’ affiliated institutes.
Journals do not usually police conflicts of interest issues themselves. Rather, it is the
authors’ affiliation (university or research institute) that creates, implements, and
monitors conflicts of interest policies for their faculty. Thus, authors are usually able to
avoid conflict of interest scenarios before their research is complete and their paper is
submitted for publication. When in doubt, researchers are advised to consult their
institution before approaching the journal.

8. Conclusion
When the potential for bias is disclosed, readers are aware of the situation and will
judge the research on its merits. On the other hand, failure to disclose relevant
financial/intellectual interests violates the public’s trust, and if such information is
revealed subsequently, the credibility of the researchers and the journal that publishes
the work may be seriously damaged.6

9. Conflicts of interest
References
1. Financial conflicts of interest and research objectivity: issues for investigators and institutional
review boards. Release Date: June 5, 2000. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not-od-
00-040.html
2. Conflicts of interest in research, University of Southern California. Date issued: November 1,
2007.http://www.usc.edu/research/private/docs/policies/conflictresearch110107.pdf
3. Columbia University. Conflicts of Interest: Responsible Conduct of Research. Available at:
http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/rcr/rcr_conflicts/foundation/index.html#2. Last accessed:
December 26, 2011.
4. Song F, Parekh S, Hooper L, Loke YK, Ryder J, Sutton AJ, et al. Dissemination and publication of
research findings: an update review of related biases. Health Technol Assess 2010;14(8).
5. Integrity in the WA public sector; Integrity Coordinating Group.
http://www.opssc.wa.gov.au/ICG/Integrity_in_the_WA_public_sector/Conflict_of_interest/ Date
accessed: May 21, 2011
6. DeAngelis CD, Fontanarosa PB, Flanagin A. Reporting financial conflicts of interest and relationships
between investigators and research sponsors. JAMA 2001;286:89-91

10. Conflicts of interest
References
7. Shalala, D. (2000). Protecting research subjects—what must be done. New England Journal of
Medicine, 343(11) 808–810.
8. Akst, J. (2009). Consent issues nix blood samples. The Scientist. Available at http://classic.the-
scientist.com/blog/display/56230/%20and%20http://www.texascivilrightsproject.org/?p=1096
9. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts
Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Ethical Considerations in the Conduct and Reporting of Research:
Privacy and Confidentiality. Available at http://www.icmje.org/ethical_5privacy.html
10. The American Journal of Psychiatry. Guidelines For Authors On Preparing Manuscripts. Available
athttp://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/misc/ifora.dtl
11. Journal of the American Medical Association. Instructions for Authors. Available at http://jama.ama-
assn.org/site/misc/ifora.xhtml#EthicalApprovalofStudiesandInformedConsent
12. Levine, S. B., & Stagno, S. J. (2001). Informed consent for case reports: The ethical dilemma of right
to privacy versus pedagogical freedom. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 10. 193–
201. Available at http://jppr.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/10/3/193

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