magnetic

1. Magnetic Fields
The origin of the magnetic field is moving charges.
The magnetic field due to various current distributions can be calculated.
Ampère’s law is useful in calculating the magnetic field of a highly symmetric
configuration carrying a steady current.
Magnetic effects in matter can be explained on the basis of atomic magnetic
moments.

2. Biot-Savart Law – Introduction
Biot and Savart conducted experiments on the force exerted by an electric
current on a nearby magnet.
They arrived at a mathematical expression that gives the magnetic field at some
point in space due to a current.
The magnetic field described by the Biot-Savart Law is the field due to a given
current carrying conductor.
 Do not confuse this field with any external field applied to the conductor from
some other source.

3. Biot-Savart Law – Observations
The vector is perpendicular to both and to the unit vector directed
from toward P.
The magnitude of is inversely proportional to r2, where r is the distance
from to P.
The magnitude of is proportional to the current and to the magnitude ds
of the length element .
The magnitude of is proportional to sin q, where q is the angle between
the vectors and .
dB rˆ
dB
ds
ds
ds
dB
dB
ds
ds rˆ

4. Biot-Savart Law – Equation
The observations are summarized in the mathematical equation called the Biot-
Savart law:
The constant mo is called the permeability of free space.
mo = 4p x 10-7 T. m / A
2
4
oμ d
d
π r


s r
B
ˆI

5. Total Magnetic Field
is the field created by the current in the length segment ds.
To find the total field, sum up the contributions from all the current elements
I
 The integral is over the entire current distribution.
The law is also valid for a current consisting of charges flowing through
space.
 For example, this could apply to the beam in an accelerator.
2
4
oμ d
π r

 
s r
B
ˆI
ds
dB

6. Magnetic Field Compared to Electric Field
Distance
 The magnitude of the magnetic field varies as the inverse square of the
distance from the source.
 The electric field due to a point charge also varies as the inverse square of
the distance from the charge.
Direction
 The electric field created by a point charge is radial in direction.
 The magnetic field created by a current element is perpendicular to both the
length element and the unit vector.ds rˆ

7. Magnetic Field Compared to Electric Field, cont.
Source
 An electric field is established by an isolated electric charge.
 The current element that produces a magnetic field must be part of an
extended current distribution.
 Therefore you must integrate over the entire current distribution.

8. Magnetic Field for a Long, Straight Conductor
Find the field contribution from a small
element of current and then integrate
over the current distribution.
The thin, straight wire is carrying a
constant current
Integrating over all the current elements
gives
 
2
1
1 2
4
4
θ
o
θ
o
μ
B θ dθ
πa
μ
θ θ
πa
 
 

I
cos
I
sin sin
 sind dx θ s r kˆˆ
Section 30.1

9. Magnetic Field for a Long, Straight Conductor, Special Case
If the conductor is an infinitely long,
straight wire, q1 = p/2 and q2 = -p/2
The field becomes
2
Ioμ
B
πa


10. Magnetic Field for a Curved Wire Segment
Find the field at point O due to the wire
segment.
Integrate, remembering I and R are
constants
 q will be in radians
4
oμ
B θ
πa

I

11. Magnetic Field for a Circular Loop of Wire
Consider the previous result, with a full circle
 θ = 2π
This is the field at the center of the loop.
2
4 4 2
o o oμ μ μ
B θ π
πa πa a
  
I I I

16. Magnetic Field for a Circular Current Loop
The loop has a radius of a and carries a
steady current of I.
Find the field at point P:
 
2
3
2 2 2
2
o
x
μ a
B
a x


I

17. Comparison of Loops
Consider the field at the center of the current loop.
At this special point, x = 0
Then,
 This is exactly the same result as from the curved wire.
 
2
3
2 2 2 22
o o
x
μ a μ
B
aa x
 

I I

22. Biot-Savart Law: Field produced by current
carrying wires
– Distance a from long straight wire
– Centre of a wire loop radius R
– Centre of a tight Wire Coil with N turns
• Force between two wires
a
II
l
F
p
m
2
210

a
I
B
p
m
2
0

R
I
B
2
0m

R
NI
B
2
0m

2
0
ˆ
4 r
rds
B







 Id
p
m