4. Abiogenesis vs. Biogenesis
• Biogenesis: Bio – life; Genesis – to form;
• Biogenesis – the process that states that living things can only
be produced by another living thing, and not by a non-living
thing.
• A – the process that states that living things can be produced
by non-living things.
6. Chemosynthetic theory
• States that the very first microscopic life could have evolved as a
result of a series of chemical reactions
• Amino acids ++ peptides and proteins
• Hydrocarbons + sugars = fat molecules
• Carbohydrates ++ starch & complex sugars
• coacervates – aggregate of molecules
• Nucleic acids help in development of coacervates
9. The Cell Theory
• All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be
unicellular or multicellular.
• The cell is the basic unit of life.
• Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
12. Cytoplasm, Cell wall, and Cell
membrane
• Cytoplasm – ‘matrix’ of the inner layer of the cell. Cytosol –
liquid portion
• Cell wall – rigid structure above cell membrane that is thicker
and more rigid
• Cell membrane – semi-permeable structure which controls
the passage of materials in and out of the cell
13. Cell structures and function
• Golgi Apparatus – flattened sacs that store, modify, and
package products that are to be secreted by the cells
• Lysosome – bag-like cells that digest dead organelles, organic
and inorganic materials, food, etc.
• Mitochondria – powerhouse of the cell; contains and produces
ATP
• Vacuoles – storage for nutrients, water, or waste
• Chloroplast – contains pigments that store energy.
14. • Vesicle – contains an aqueous solution using a lipid bilayer
• Ribosome –contains RNA and proteins. Assembles protein in
the cell. 2 types: Free and bound
• Cytoskeleton – provides support in the cell. Microfilaments
and Microtubules.
• Centrioles – aids and functions
at cell division. Made of microtubules
• Flagellum – spins woaaa
15.
16.
17. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Pro Eu
# of cells Single Single or Multi
Size Tiny Relatively larger
Organelles No Yes
DNA Circular Chromosomal
Examples Bacteria Fungi, Animal,
plant
18.
19. Plants and Animal cells
• Animal cells do not have cell walls
• Animal cell round; Plant cell rectangle
• Centrioles are present in all animal cells while only a few in
the plant cells.
• Animal cells do not have chloroplasts
• It is very rare for plant cells to have cilia.
22. Diseases
• A change in the system,
excluding an injury, that causes
a disruption on normal body
functions
• Pathogens/ Infectious agents
• Environmental factors
• Genetic
• Pathogens:
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Protists
• Large parasites
• Fungi
• Prions
• Virion
24. Koch’s postulate
• Pathogen should always be found in a sick organism
• Pathogen should be isolated and grown in pure culture
• When purified pathogens are placed in new host, the same
disease should appear.
• When infected pathogen is isolated, it should be identical to
the original pathogen
25.
26. Germ Theory of Disease
• Infectious disease is caused by
germs or pathogens
Names to remember:
• Ignaz Semmelweis
• washing hands
• Louis Pasteur
• pasteurization
• Joseph Lister – used sterile
equipment, antiseptics, and
anesthetics in surgery
• Robert Koch – worked on bacili
and proved diseases were
caused by bacteria and that it
could infect any organism
despite harsh conditions
• Dmitri Ivanovsky – credited as
the discoverer of viruses
27. Infection – modes and agents
• Airborne
• droplets of pathogen
• Foodborne
• Tape worms
• amoebiasis
• Waterborne
• Carriers or vectors
• Actual contact
28. Pathogen What it is What it causes
Viruses
Noncellular particles
that invade living cells
AIDS, polio, smallpox, measles,
colds, influenza, chicken pox,
SARS, bird flu
Bacteria
Unicellular prokaryotes;
from Domain Bacteria
gonorrhea, botulism,
pneumonia, strep throat,
boils/acne, tuberculosis,
meningitis, cholera, tetanus
Protists
Any eukaryote that is
NOT a plant, an animal, or a fungus;
from Kingdom Protista
malaria, amoebiasis/amoebic
dysentery, African sleeping
sickness
Fungi
Eukaryotic heterotrophs w/ chitinous
CWs; from Kingdom Fungi
ringworm, athlete’s foot, San
Joaquin Valley fever (lung
disease), histoplasmosis
Worms
Parasitic animals from the
phyla Platyhelminthes & Nematoda
schistosomiasis,
beef tapeworm
Prions*
Misfolded proteins that cause other
normal proteins to misfold and cause
widespread damage
Mad-cow disease,
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease,
scrapie
Pasteur - microorganisms cause fermentation and disease; originated the process of pasteurization; saved the beer, wine, and silk industries in France; and developedvaccines against anthrax and rabies.
