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- 1. The Basics of Lubricant Additives
or
It’s Not Just Oil!
March 2009
© 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants
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- 2. It’s Not
G
Just Oil!
ro
up
Ba
II
se
St
oc
k Viscosity
Index
Anti- Improvers
Oxidants
Dispersants
Detergents
Rust and
Corrosion
Pour Point Inhibitor
Depressants
Foam
Inhibitors
Friction
Modifiers
Antiwear
Agents
G010075
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- 3. Typical Lubricant Composition
Pour Point Depressant
0-2%
Viscosity
Modifier
0-15%
DI
Package
2-30%
Base Oil
70-95%
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- 4. Formulating a Superior Lubricant Requires Optimizing
Additive Combinations to Meet Performance Targets
Viscosity
Engine Cleanliness
Wear Control
Fuel Economy
Drain Interval
Cost
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- 5. Graphic Representation of an
Additive Molecule
Sticky End Slippery Tail
Sticky End Slippery Tail
Consists of a Surface Consists of a Hydrocarbon
Active Group Containing Chain
Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur,
or Phosphorus
G010077
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- 6. Ashless Dispersants
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- 7. Ashless Dispersants
Function • Control Sludge and Varnish Formation at
Lower Operating Temperatures
• Control Thickening Caused by Soot
Structure • High Molecular Weight Tail With Surface
Active Head
Mechanism • Keep Sludge, Soot, and Deposit
Precursors Suspended in Oil
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- 8. Dispersants Impede Particle Aggregation
Rate of
Aggregation Slowed
(Solid Particles)
(Dispersant)
G010078
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- 9. Dispersant Selection
Must Balance Performance Attributes
Need to Control Soot Thickening, Sludge
Too Much May Hurt Seal Performance
(More is Not Always Better!)
© 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants
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- 10. Metallic Detergents
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- 11. Metallic Detergents
Function • Provide High Temperature Cleanliness
• Control Corrosive Wear
Types • Metallic Soaps; Normally Na, Ca, or Mg
• “Soap” Substrates
- Sulfonates
- Salicylates
- Phenates
Mechanism • Neutralize Acids From Engine Blow-By
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- 12. Overbased Detergent
Soap
Basic
Molecule
Core
CaCO3
CaCO CaCO3
3
CaCO3
CaCO3
CaCO3
CaCO3
CaCO3 CaCO3
CaCO3 CaCO
3
CaCO3 CaCO
3
CaCO3
G010079
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- 13. Detergency in Oils
Gum Being Polar, Sticks on Polar Surfaces
The Polar Ends of Detergents Also Stick to Polar Surface
An Effective Detergent Displaces Gum (Deposits)
G010080
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- 14. Detergent Selection
Balance Cost and Performance Requirements
Too Much May Hurt Wear Performance
May Use Multiple Types of Detergent
Phenates for Higher Temperatures
Sulfonates for Lower Temperatures
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- 15. Relationship of TBN and Ash
100
Total Base Number (TBN)
ASTM D 2896 mg KOH/g
90
80
Marine Oil
70
60
50 Railroad Marine Oil
Oil
40
HDMO
30
PCMO
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sulfated Ash, %
© 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants
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- 16. Antioxidants
© 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants
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- 17. Antioxidant Formulation
Function • Control Oxidative Decomposition of Oil
• Minimize Oil Thickening
• Decrease Sludge and Varnish Formation
• Decrease Formation of Corrosive
Compounds (Acids)
Types • Organic – Phenols, Amines
• Metal-Containing – Zinc Dithiophosphates
(ZDP), Molybdenum Compounds
Mechanism • Decrease Rates of Chemical Reactions
With Oxygen
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- 18. Factors Affecting Oxidation
Temperature
Catalysts (Metal Ions)
Aeration Rate
Additive System
Base Stock
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- 19. Antioxidant Selection
Most Performance Comes From the Antiwear Additive
(ZDP)
Supplement to Meet Sequence IIIE
Compatibility With Seals
Cost
May Use Multiple Antioxidants
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- 20. Antiwear Agents
© 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants
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- 21. Antiwear Agent
Function • Reduce Wear of Rubbing Metal Surfaces
Types • Amine or Metal Phosphites, Phosphates,
or Thiophosphates (ZDP)
• Boron Compounds
• Sulfurized Olefins
Mechanism • Adhere to Metal Surfaces, Forming a
Protective Film Which Shears
Preferentially Under Wear Conditions
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- 22. Formation of a Zinc Dithiophosphate (ZDP)
Antiwear Film
Bulk Oil
ZDP
ZDP
ZDP
ZDP
Adsorbed ZDP Layer
ZDP ZDP
ZDP ZDP
Metal Surface
Metal Surface
T
T
EAA
HE
H
Phosphorous Containing
Antiwear Film
Metal Surface
G010081
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- 23. Friction Modifiers
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- 24. Friction Modifiers
Function • Reduce Friction of Rubbing Metal
Surfaces
Types • Fatty Compounds With Polar Ends
• Graphite
• Molybdenum Compounds
Mechanism • Forms an Easily Shearable Film on
Metal Surface
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- 25. Lubricated Metal Surfaces With Friction
Modifier Present
Metal
Oxide/Metal Zone
Oxide Rich Layer
Adsorbed Film of F.M.
(Three Stories High)
Oil Film
Adsorbed Film of F.M.
(Five Stories High)
Oxide Rich Layer
Oxide/Metal Zone
Metal
G010082
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- 26. Asperity Riding on
Friction Modifier Layer
Moving Asperity
Friction Modifier Film
(Five Levels
Remaining)
Oxide Layer
G010083
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- 27. Antifoam Agent
Function • Prevent Oil Loss or Oil Starvation
Caused by Foaming
• Reduce Oil Aeration
Types • Polydimethyl Siloxanes
• Polyacrylates
Mechanism • Reduce Surface Tension of Oil
Causing Bubbles to Collapse
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- 28. Viscosity Modifiers
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- 29. Viscosity Modifiers on Temperature
Dependence of Viscosity
Viscosity Modifiers Are Materials (Usually Polymers)
Which Improve (i.e., Increase) the VI of a Base Oil
SN 250
SN 250 Base Oil + Viscosity Modifier
(High VI)
SAE 10W Max
SAE 10W Max
Viscosity
SAE 30 Min
SAE 30 Min
SN 100
SN 100
Temperature
Viscosity Modifier (VM’s) Viscosity Index Improvers (VII’s)
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- 30. Viscosity Modifier Mechanism
Increasing Temperature
Polymer
Molecule
Oil
Associated
With Polymer
Increasing Viscosity Contribution
(Increasing Effective Size of Polymer)
G010075
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- 31. Pour Point Depressants
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- 32. Pour Point Depressants
Function • Reduce Viscosity Increase at Low
Temperatures Resulting From Wax
Crystallization
• Improve Low Temperature Pumpability
Structure • Organic Polymer
Mechanism • Promote Formation of Smaller, Rounded
Particles Which Are Less Likely to Form
Interlocking Crystals
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- 33. Pour Point Depressants
Wax Crystal Morphology
Without PPD With PPD
G010084
© 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants
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- 34. Other Additives
(See Supplemental Materials)
Corrosion Inhibitors
Demulsifiers
Emulsifiers
EP (Extreme Pressure) Agents
Metal Deactivators
Rust Inhibitors
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- 35. Some Key Points to Remember
Additives Are Carefully Balanced to Enable Base Oils to
Meet Defined Performance Criteria
More is Not Necessarily Better
Additive Interactions Are Strong
Developing a Successful Formulation Requires
Extensive Testing and Verification
Chevron Experience and Commitment to Technical
Excellence is Key
© 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants
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- 36. The Basics of Lubricant Additives
Supplemental Information
© 2006 Chevron Corporation Copyright 2006 Chevron Global Lubricants, a division of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Global Lubricants
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- 37. Global Lubricants
Questions
© 2006 Chevron Corporation
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- 38. Where Additives Are Used
Stabilizers And Dyes
Metal Deactivators
Extreme Pressure
Friction Modifiers
Antifoam Agents
Antiwear Agents
Viscosity Index
Rust Inhibitors
Often Used
Demulisifiers
Antioxidants
Depressants
Dispersants
Emulsifiers
Detergents
Pour Point
Improvers
Additives
Occasionally Used
Engine Oils Crankcase Engine Oil
Automatic Transmission Fluid
Rear Axle Lubricants
Manual Transmission Lubricants
Power Steering Fluid
Body/Chassis Greases
Shock Absorber Fluid
Pre-Lubricants
Industrial Oils Turbine and Other R&O Fluids
Antiwear Hydraulic Fluids
Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluids
Metalworking Lubricants
Industrial Gear Oils
Plant Machinery Greases
Paper Machine Oils
Soluble Oils
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- 39. Additives Commonly Found
in Lubricants
Additive What It Does How It Works
Antiwear • Minimizes wear caused by metal-to- • Additive reacts chemically and
Agent metal contact during conditions of forms a film on metal surfaces
mild boundary lubrication. under normal operating conditions.
Antioxidant or • Inhibits varnish and sludge formation. • Slows the rate of reaction with
Oxidation oxygen by interruption of chain
• Reduces viscosity increase resulting
Inhibitor reactions or by decomposing
from oil oxidation.
reactive peroxides.
• Reduces formation of corrosive acids.
Demulsifier • Loosens and breaks stable emulsions. • Lowers emulsion stability.
Corrosion • Prevents corrosive attack on • Forms a film on nonferrous metallic
Inhibitor nonferrous metallic surfaces. parts thus protecting them from
attack by contaminants in the oil.
Detergent • Prevents oxidation products (gums) • Chemically react with oxidation
which have formed in the oil from products (gums) so that they
sticking to metal parts. remain soluble in the oil and do not
stick to metal surfaces.
• Neutralizes acidic contaminants.
• Metallic Base Reacts With Acid
Dispersant • Keeps oxidation products separated • Additive adsorbs on surface of gum
and suspended in the oil, retards particles or soot and inhibits
formation of sludge and reduces soot agglomeration.
related viscosity increase.
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- 40. Additives Commonly Found in Lubricants
(Continued)
Additive What It Does How It Works
Extreme Pressure • Prevents welding and subsequent wear • Additive combines chemically with surface to
(EP) Agents or seizure of contacting metal parts form a surface film.
under extreme or shock load
• Reaction usually occurs at high temperatures,
conditions.
which result when asperities collide.
Emulsifier • Promotes rapid mixing of oil and water • Reduces interfacial tension and permits
promoting formation of a stable intimate mixing of oil and water.
emulsion.
Foam Inhibitor • Prevents formation of stable foam. • Promotes combination of small bubbles into
large bubbles, which in turn collapse more
easily.
Friction Modifier • Alters coefficient of friction. • Forms an easily shearable film on metal
surfaces.
Metal Deactivator • Reduces the catalytic effect of metals • Forms an inactive film on metal surfaces by
on oxidation rate. combining with metallic ions.
Rust Inhibitor • Prevent rusting of ferrous (iron or • Forms a film on ferrous parts thus protecting
steel) machine parts. them from water or other destructive
materials.
Pour Point • Lowers the pour point and enables the • Changes the size and shape wax crystals.
Depressant lubricant to flow at low temperature.
Viscosity Modifier • Reduces rate of change of viscosity • Polymers uncoil as temperature rises, thus
(VM) or Viscosity with temperature and makes possible increasing their effective size and viscosity.
Index Improver the formulation of multigrade oils.
(VII)
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