A presentation of my PhD thesis work on exploratory user experiences

1. Politecnico di Milano
Department of Electronics, Information and
Bioengineering
Exploratory Computing: designing engines
for discovery-driven user experiences
Luigi Spagnolo
spagnolo@elet.polimi.it
December 10, 2012
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 1 / 39

2. Outline
Information exploration
The proposed model
The interface
Conclusions
Publications
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 2 / 39

3. Information exploration | A different experience
Beyond information seeking: making sense, understanding,
investigating.
• Example: digital library of scientific publications
Retrieval task
Finding recent, significant publications on a certain research topic
and/or by certain authors
Exploration
• (E.g. scholar) acquiring knowledge about a research domain or
specific community: approaches, terminology, main sources of
contribution, communication style, etc.
• (E.g. university reviewers): Evaluating the contribution of a
person/research group (citations, co-authors, metrics, etc.)
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 3 / 39

4. Information exploration | Traditional approaches
• Hypertext navigation
Based on well-engineered information architectures
(hierarchies of hyperlinked pages)
Static taxonomies fail to scale to large bodies of information
Interesting content buried under levels of navigation and
information overload
• Keyword-based search
Arranges content items dynamically according to user needs
(expressed by a query)
Not very suitable for ill-defined knowledge, non-retrieval goals
The user is required to know the terminology
• Emerging patterns combine search and browsing →
exploratory search
Faceted navigation: iterative filtering according to multiple
criteria (facets). Becoming a de facto standard.
Limit: focus is still mainly on object seeking
A more comprehensive approach to the problem is needed
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 4 / 39

5. Information exploration | My proposal
FELIS: Faceted Exploration for Large Information Spaces
A comprehensive, general framework for exploratory user
experiences, covering:
• Knowledge representation according to multiple item
properties (facets) and querying
• Widgets and interaction patterns for (semantic) faceted
explorations
• information visualization strategies to highlight the
correlation between item features, supported by exploration
metrics to estimate their relevance
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 5 / 39

6. Outline
Information exploration
The proposed model
The interface
Conclusions
Publications
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 6 / 39

7. The proposed model | How the exploration works
• Over a structured information base
Represented according to a more or less complex semantics
Basic faceted classification: categories grouped by property
Semantic faceted classification: also the properties of
related items are used (e.g. browsing artworks by artist’s
country)
• The user iteratively defines the scope of exploration within the
whole space
The query specifies the features that information items should
or should not possess
• The user gets the set of items matching the query plus
feedback information about the properties shared by such
results
• Shared features are also used to refine the query restricting
(zoom-in) or enlarging (zoom-out) the scope of the
exploration.
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 7 / 39

8. The proposed model | FelisQL (1)
FelisQL: knowledge modelling and query language
• An extension to LISQL (Prof. Ferré, University of Rennes I)
• Item representation and querying, definition of faceted
taxonomies, syntactic query transformations
• Fully translatable into standard RDF and SPARQL
Why yet another language?!
• user-centric, high level representation of concepts (for
both item description and querying) in a concise and natural
way (e.g. avoiding unnecessary variables)
• easier graphical representation into interface elements
• Understandable by domain experts (designers and power
users) with lack of expertise in programming
Easier configuration and fast prototyping of exploratory
applications (future work: computer-aided design tools)
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 8 / 39

9. The proposed model | FelisQL (2)
Examples of representable queries:
• Publications authored by foreign PhD students at Politecnico
di Milano, with the support of a professor from a foreign
university
a publication and a u t h o r :
[ a ’PhD student ’ and c o u n t r y : not Italy ]
at a f f i l i a t i o n : ’Politecnico di Milano ’ ,
[ a professor ]
at a f f i l i a t i o n : c o u n t r y : not Italy
• Italian painters authors of landscapes in XIX or XX century
a painter
and c o u n t r y : ’Italy ’
and a u t h o r of
[ s u b j e c t : [ a landscape ]
and p e r i o d :
"XIX century " or "XX century " ]
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 9 / 39

10. The proposed model | FelisQL (3)
Example of description:
’Monna Lisa ’ [ a painting
and s u b j e c t : [ a woman and h a i r : c o l o r : " black " ] ,
[ a landscape ]
and a u t h o r : ’Leonardo Da Vinci ’ [
a painter and an engineer and a scientist
and n a t i o n a l i t y : " Italian "
and b i r t h : [
p l a c e : Vinci [ a city and
part of ’Province of Florence ’ ]
and y e a r : 1 4 5 2 ]
and d e a t h : [
p l a c e : Amboise [ a city and
part of ’Indre et Loire ’ ]
and y e a r : 1 5 1 9 ]
] ...
]
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 10 / 39

11. The proposed model | FelisQL (4)
Query transformations: syntactic operations (supported out by
hyperlinks in the interface) allowing to move from a stage to
another of the exploration, e.g.:
• Focus change: selecting the specific sub-expression (focus) of
the query at which appending a new restriction
a painting and artist : [a woman] focus a woman
• And-insertion: adding a new restriction in conjunction at the
selected focus
a painting and artist : [a woman] and country : ‘UK’
• Or-insertion adding a new restriction in disjunction at the
selected focus
a painting and artist : [a woman and country : ‘UK’] or country : ‘USA’
• Exclusion: selecting items that do not have certain features
a painting and artist : [a woman and country : ‘UK’ or ‘USA’]
exclude subject : [a portrait]
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 11 / 39

12. The proposed model | Relevance measures (1)
Providing feedback about the interestingness of a item feature C
w.r.t. the whole information space Ω or the specific context of
exploration represented by the query q
Notation: | {C }Ω | is the number of items in Ω matching C .
• Relative count: most common measure
µcount (C, q) = q and C
Ω
• Frequency: the percentage of items that match the query q
and also the feature C
µcount (C, q)
µf req (C, q) =
|{q}Ω |
Corresponds to the confidence of the association rule q → C,
i.e. conf(q → C)
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 12 / 39

13. The proposed model | Relevance measures (2)
• Recall: the percentage of items that match the query q
among those matching the feature C
µcount (C, q)
µrecall (C, q) = q
C Ω
Corresponds to conf(C → q)
Measures peculiarity, i.e. how much C is typical in the context
of q (and less likely to be found elsewhere)
• Highlighting significant correlations between a feature C
and the query q
estimating how much both frequency and recall diverge from
their expected values if C and q where statistically independent
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 13 / 39

14. The proposed model | Relevance measures (3)
Civilization or
periods related to
archaeological
venues in Italy.
• Font size:
frequency/count
of terms
• Bar charts:
frequency and
recall When no
filter is set, the
recall is 100%.
Demo available at: http:
//hoc12.elet.polimi.
it/metrics/archeo/
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 14 / 39

15. The proposed model | Relevance measures (4)
Civilization or
periods related to
archaeological
venues in Northern
Italy.
• Coloured tags:
significant
postive/negative
frequency (text
color) or recall
(background)
• Bar charts: Detail
and deviance
from expected.
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 15 / 39

16. The proposed model | Relevance measures (5)
Civilization or
periods related to
museums in
Southern Italy.
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 16 / 39

17. The proposed model | Relevance measures (6)
Joint relevance measure: measuring how much the features Ca
and Cc are correlated in the context of the query q
• E.g. Lift:
q and Ca and Cb
Ω
νlif t (Ca , Cb , q) =
q and Ca · q and Cb
Ω Ω
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 17 / 39

18. The proposed model | Relevance measures (7)
Correlations between
concepts representing
Civilization or
periods related to
archaeological
venues in Central
Italy.
• Node: count
(size) and
significant
frequency (color)
• Edge size and
colour: Lift
measure between
pairs of concepts
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 18 / 39

19. The proposed model | Relevance measures (8)
Correlations between
concepts representing
Civilization or
periods related to
archaeological
venues in Central
Italy.
• Selection of a
node (filtering
preview)
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 19 / 39

20. The proposed model | Difference metrics (1)
Providing feedback about how much the relevance measure of a
item feature C changes when moving from a new stage of the
texploration, e.g. from query qn−1 to query qn
• Difference metrics can be applied to the result of any query
trasformation
• providing additional clues of possible correlations to be
investigated
• Absolute frequency difference:
∆f req (C, qn ) = µf req (C, qn ) − µf req (C, qn−1 )
• Relative frequency difference:
∆f req (C, qn )
δf req (C, qn ) =
µf req (C, qn )
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 20 / 39

21. The proposed model | Difference metrics (2)
Bipolar bar chart
• showing frequency differences for types of archaeological venue
• previous query:
location : ‘Southern Italy’ or ‘Insular Italy’
• current query: location : ‘Central Italy’
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 21 / 39

22. The proposed model | Difference metrics (3)
Difference bar chart
• showing frequency
differences for
periods and
civilizations
associated to
archaeological
venues
• previous query:
location :
‘Southern Italy’ or
‘Insular Italy’
• current query:
location :
‘Central Italy’
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 22 / 39

23. Outline
Information exploration
The proposed model
The interface
Conclusions
Publications
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 23 / 39

24. The interface | Main elements (1)
• Facet widgets
Represent a specific faceting property ( mono-dimensional)
Allow to apply restrictions over property values (one or more
query transformations are implemented)
Show the distribution of property values (according to one
ore more relevance metrics)
Possible visualizations depend on: type of property (functional
vs. multivalued) and communicative vs. analytical purposes
• Canvases
Provide preview and access to information items
Possibly provide aggregate view according to two or more facet
properties (multidimensional) at a given level of granularity
• (Interactive) query representation
Shows the current selection of filters (can be embedded in
facet widgets)
Allows for focus change in semantic faceted exploration
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 24 / 39

25. The interface | Main elements (2)
Demo: PoliculturaPortal www.policulturaportal.it: allows
exploring 600+ interactive narratives produced within the
Policultura context for schools.
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 25 / 39

26. The interface | Canvases (1)
Mosaic canvas for PoliculturaPortal:
shapes represent a fixed dimension (school level), colours a second
selectable property (e.g. year)
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 26 / 39

27. The interface | Canvases (2)
Mosaic canvas for PoliculturaPortal:
items that are no more relevant for the current query disappear.
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 27 / 39

28. The interface | Canvases (3)
Pie-chart map for PoliculturaPortal:
a selected property (e.g. year) is show at different geographic levels
of granularity (Region, Province)
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 28 / 39

29. The interface | Canvases (4)
Pie-chart map for PoliculturaPortal:
index providing access to items in specific selected area
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 29 / 39

30. The interface | Semantic exploration (1)
Concept of semantic faceted exploration for artworks.
ArtExplorer Start a new exploration Exploration history Saved explorations
Your exploration
a painting
period: XIX Century or XX Century 220 items of type Artwork matching the query
author: gender: female
A Canvas: Thumbnails 12345
C
Main item features:
location: artist:
B
Art Institute, Chicago 18 Berthe Morisot 21
Metropolitan, New York 39 Elizabeth Thompson 14
Musée d'Orsay, Paris 40 Frida Kahlo 18
National Museum of Mary Cassatt 45
Women in the Arts, 28 Tamara de Lempicka 23
Washington D.C. Others (show) 99
Tate Gallery, London 23
Others (show) 72
art movement:
Art Decò 26
subject: Impressionism 87
Preraphaelites 21
a child a drawing room a flower Realism 16
a garden a girl a landscape Surrealism 26
a person a portrait Others (show) 46
a self-portrait a theatre a woman
period:
technique:
Charcoal 7
Oil on canvas 132
Pastels 33 1801 Show by: Decade 1992
Print 16
Watercolours 27
Others (show) 5
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 30 / 39

31. The interface | Semantic exploration (2)
Concept of semantic faceted exploration for artworks.
ArtExplorer Start a new exploration Exploration history Saved explorations
Your exploration
a painting
period: XIX Century or XX Century 220 items of type Artwork matching the query
author: gender: female
A Canvas: Thumbnails 12345
C
Main item features:
location: artist:
B
Art Institute, Chicago 18 Berthe Morisot 21
Metropolitan, New York 39 Elizabeth Thompson 14
Musée d'Orsay, Paris 40 Frida Kahlo 18
National Museum of Mary Cassatt 45
Women in the Arts, 28 Tamara de Lempicka 23
A
Washington D.C. Others (show) 99
Tate Gallery, London 23
Others (show) 72
art movement:
Query
subject:
a child a drawing room a flower
Art Decò
Impressionism
Preraphaelites
Realism
26
87
21
16
a garden a girl a landscape 26
representation
a person
a woman
a portrait
a self-portrait a theatre
Surrealism
Others (show) 46
period:
a painting and
technique:
Charcoal 7
Oil on canvas 132
period : [‘XIX century’ or
Pastels
Print
33
16
1801 Show by: Decade 1992
Watercolours 27
Others (show) 5
‘XX century’] and
artist : [gender : “female”]
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 30 / 39

32. The interface | Semantic exploration (3)
Concept of semantic faceted exploration for artworks.
ArtExplorer Start a new exploration Exploration history Saved explorations
Your exploration
a painting
period: XIX Century or XX Century 220 items of type Artwork matching the query
author: gender: female
A Canvas: Thumbnails 12345
C
Main item features:
location: artist:
B
Art Institute, Chicago 18 Berthe Morisot 21
Metropolitan, New York 39 Elizabeth Thompson 14
Musée d'Orsay, Paris 40 Frida Kahlo 18
National Museum of
Women in the Arts,
Washington D.C.
28
Mary Cassatt
Tamara de Lempicka
Others (show)
45
23
99
B
Tate Gallery, London 23
Others (show) 72
art movement:
Art Decò 26
Facets widgets
subject: Impressionism 87
a child a drawing room a flower
a garden a girl a landscape
Preraphaelites
Realism
Surrealism
21
16
26
• for the current
a person a portrait Others (show) 46
a self-portrait a theatre a woman (main) focus
period:
technique:
Charcoal 7
• properties of
Oil on canvas 132
Pastels
Print
Watercolours 27
33
16
1801 Show by: Decade 1992
paintings (location,
Others (show) 5
subject, artist name,
technique, etc.)
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 30 / 39

33. The interface | Semantic exploration (4)
Concept of semantic faceted exploration for artworks.
ArtExplorer Start a new exploration Exploration history Saved explorations
Your exploration
a painting
period: XIX Century or XX Century 220 items of type Artwork matching the query
author: gender: female
A Canvas: Thumbnails 12345
C
Main item features:
location: artist:
B
Art Institute, Chicago 18 Berthe Morisot 21
Metropolitan, New York 39 Elizabeth Thompson 14
Musée d'Orsay, Paris 40 Frida Kahlo 18
National Museum of Mary Cassatt 45
Women in the Arts, 28 Tamara de Lempicka 23
Washington D.C. Others (show) 99
Tate Gallery, London 23
Others (show) 72
art movement:
Art Decò 26
subject: Impressionism 87
Preraphaelites 21
a child a drawing room a flower Realism 16
a garden a girl a landscape
a person a portrait
a self-portrait a theatre a woman
Surrealism
Others (show)
26
46
C
technique:
Charcoal 7
period:
Canvas
Oil on canvas 132
Pastels
Print
Watercolours 27
33
16
1801 Show by: Decade 1992
• Simple thumbnail
Others (show) 5
view of artworks
matching the query
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 30 / 39

34. The interface | Semantic exploration (5)
Concept of semantic faceted exploration for artworks (other focus).
ArtExplorer Start a new exploration Exploration history Saved explorations
Your exploration
a painting
period: XIX Century or XX Century 220 items of type Artwork matching the query
author: gender: female
A Canvas: Thumbnails 12345
Features for this focus (58 items of type Artist ):
D
type:
an Illustrator 8
Berthe Morisot 21 a Painter 202
Elizabeth Siddal 11 a Photographer 10
Elizabeth Thompson 14
a Sculptor 38
Evelyn De Morgan 12
Frida Kahlo 18
Georgia O'Keeffe 9
Gwen John 8 art movement:
Louise Bourgeois 12 Art Decò 26
Mary Cassatt 45 Impressionism 87
Natalia Goncharova 5
Suzanne Valadon 6
B Preraphaelites
Realism
21
16
Tamara de Lempicka 23 Surrealism 26
Others (show) 36 Others (show) 46
country:
France 47 birth: year:
Mexico 18
Poland 23
United Kingdom 59
United States 62 1771 Show by: Decade 1968
Others (show) 11
C
death: year:
subject of
a Painting 15
a Photography 3
a Drawing 1 1836 Show by: Decade alive
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 31 / 39

35. The interface | Semantic exploration (6)
Concept of semantic faceted exploration for artworks (other focus).
ArtExplorer Start a new exploration Exploration history Saved explorations
Your exploration
a painting
period: XIX Century or XX Century 220 items of type Artwork matching the query
author: gender: female
A Canvas: Thumbnails 12345
Features for this focus (58 items of type Artist ):
D
type:
an Illustrator 8
Berthe Morisot 21 a Painter 202
Elizabeth Siddal 11 a Photographer 10
Elizabeth Thompson 14
a Sculptor 38
Frida Kahlo
A
Evelyn De Morgan 12
Georgia O'Keeffe
Gwen John
18
9
8 art movement:
Louise Bourgeois 12 Art Decò 26
Mary Cassatt
Query B
Suzanne Valadon
45
Natalia Goncharova 5
6
Tamara de Lempicka 23
Impressionism
Preraphaelites
Realism
Surrealism
87
21
16
26
Others (show)
representation
country:
36 Others (show) 46
France 47 birth: year:
a painting and
Mexico
Poland
18
23
United Kingdom 59
United States 62 1771 Show by: Decade 1968
period : [‘XIX century’ or
Others (show)
C 11
death: year:
‘XX century’] and
subject of
a Painting 15
a Photography 3
a Drawing 1 1836 Show by: Decade alive
artist : [gender : “female”]
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 31 / 39

36. The interface | Semantic exploration (7)
Concept of semantic faceted exploration for artworks (other focus).
ArtExplorer Start a new exploration Exploration history Saved explorations
Your exploration
a painting
period: XIX Century or XX Century 220 items of type Artwork matching the query
author: gender: female
A Canvas: Thumbnails 12345
Features for this focus (58 items of type Artist ): B and C
D
type:
Berthe Morisot
Elizabeth Siddal
21
11
an Illustrator
a Painter
8
202
a Photographer 10
Facets widgets
Elizabeth Thompson 14
a Sculptor 38
Evelyn De Morgan 12
Frida Kahlo
Georgia O'Keeffe
18
9
• for the current focus
Gwen John 8 art movement:
Louise Bourgeois
Mary Cassatt
12
45
Art Decò
Impressionism
26
87
[gender : “female”]
Natalia Goncharova 5
Suzanne Valadon 6
B Preraphaelites
Realism
21
16
Tamara de Lempicka 23
Others (show) 36
Surrealism
Others (show)
26
46 • list of artists names
country:
France 47 birth: year:
(B), plus
Mexico 18
Poland
United Kingdom
United States
23
59
62 1771 Show by: Decade 1968
• properties of artists
Others (show) 11
C (C): country, type,
death: year:
subject of
a Painting
a Photography
15
3
date of birth/death,
a Drawing 1 1836 Show by: Decade alive
etc.
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 31 / 39

37. The interface | Semantic exploration (8)
Concept of semantic faceted exploration for artworks (other focus).
ArtExplorer Start a new exploration Exploration history Saved explorations
Your exploration
a painting
period: XIX Century or XX Century 220 items of type Artwork matching the query
author: gender: female
A Canvas: Thumbnails 12345
Features for this focus (58 items of type Artist ):
D
type:
an Illustrator 8
Berthe Morisot 21 a Painter 202
Elizabeth Siddal 11 a Photographer 10
Elizabeth Thompson 14
a Sculptor 38
Evelyn De Morgan 12
Frida Kahlo 18
Georgia O'Keeffe 9
Gwen John
Louise Bourgeois
Mary Cassatt
8
12
45
art movement:
Art Decò
Impressionism
26
87
D
Natalia Goncharova 5
Suzanne Valadon B Preraphaelites 21
Others (show)
6
Tamara de Lempicka 23
36
Realism
Surrealism
Others (show)
16
26
46
Canvas
country:
France
Mexico
47
18
birth: year: • Simple thumbnail
Poland
United Kingdom
United States
23
59
62 1771 Show by: Decade 1968
view of artworks
Others (show) 11
C matching the query,
death: year:
subject of
a Painting 15
the same as
a Photography 3
a Drawing 1 1836 Show by: Decade alive
previous one
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 31 / 39

38. Outline
Information exploration
The proposed model
The interface
Conclusions
Publications
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 32 / 39

39. Conclusions | Possible applications (1)
• Support to knowledge acquisition and exploratory
storytelling
“Learning by doing” to acquire knowledge about a specific
domain and its ontology → cultural heritage, edutainment
Faceted exploratory applications help users focusing on the
whole picture → perceive the forest rather that the trees
only
Exploratory storytelling: telling sorties with data, to inform
and persuade → e-journalism, e-commerce, education,
advertising
• Exploratory analysis and user-driven feature mining
Investigating underlying phenomena in the information space
(correlations between features) → Support to scholar research,
data warehousing (OLAP)
Discovery arises from guided “trial-and-error” browsing, no
need to have a preliminary hypothesis
Support to decision making
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 33 / 39

40. Conclusions | Possible applications (2)
• Enhanced information architectures and exploratory
search
Enhancing findability is not the primary goal of Felis (rather
aimed at supporting the other fundamental requirements of
exploration)
Creating complex, semantic and full boolean queries by
navigation can however also serve for enhancing the retrieval of
specific items
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 34 / 39

41. Conclusions | Results achieved
• A general framework of design and implementation
strategies for exploratory user experiences,
• User-centred design methodologies have be applied on a
number case studies
Prototype for the Directorate-General of Antiquities, Italian
Ministry of Culture
PoliculturaPortal (exploring PoliCultura interactive narratives)
“Twinned” applications: L4All Portal (teaching exoeriences)
and University of Lugano research projects portal
• JavaScript APIs allowing for fast prototyping of applications
(both client-side only and based on Solr as search server)
Towards computer-aided tools for design and protyping (future
work)
• Concepts for advanced semantic faceted exploration
Future work: obtaining a prototype based on Sewelis
(University of Rennes 1) as search server
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 35 / 39

42. Outline
Information exploration
The proposed model
The interface
Conclusions
Publications
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 36 / 39

43. Publications | So far I
Journals
Spagnolo, Luigi, Davide Bolchini, Paolo Paolini, and Nicoletta Di
Blas (2010). “Beyond Findability: Search-Enhanced Information
Architecture for Content-Intensive Rich Internet Applications”. In:
Journal of Information Architecture 2.1, pp. 19–36.
Conference proceedings
Di Blas, N., P. Paolini, and L. Spagnolo (2012). “PoliCultura
Portal: 17,000 Students Tell their Stories about Cultural Heritage”.
In: Museums and the Web 2012.
De Caro, Stefano, Nicoletta Di Blas, and Luigi Spagnolo (2010).
“In SEARCH of Novel Ways to Design Large Cultural Heritage
Websites”. In: Museum and the Web 2010 Proceedings. Ed. by
J Trant and D Bearman. Archives and Museum Informatics,
Toronto.
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 37 / 39

44. Publications | So far II
De Caro, Stefano, Nicoletta Di Blas, Paolo Paolini, and
Luigi Spagnolo (2009). “Search-enhanced web information
architecture for findability and discovery of archeological heritage:
the MiBAC-DGA case study”. In: Congresso Nazionale AICA.
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 38 / 39

45. Publications | In progress
• L.Spagnolo , P. Paolini, and F. Ferré
“Exploratory computing: a new paradigm for accessing large
bodies of information”
ACM Trans. on Information Systems
• L.Spagnolo and S. Ferré “A flexible, user-centric language for
supporting faceted explorations”
IEEE Trans. On Knowledge and Data Engineering
• L.Spagnolo and P. Paolini
“Advanced widgets for faceted visual exploration”
ACM Trans. On Computer-Human Interaction
L. Spagnolo Exploratory Computing 39 / 39