Tech Book: WAN Optimization Controller Technologies

WAN Optimization Controller
Technologies

Version 2.0

• Network and Deployment Topologies
• Storage and Replication
• FCIP Configuration
• WAN Optimization Controller Appliances

Vinay Jonnakuti
Eric Pun

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Part number H8076.3

2 WAN Optimization Controller Technologies TechBook

Contents

Preface.............................................................................................................................. 5

Chapter 1 Network and Deployment Topologies and
Implementations
Overview............................................................................................ 12
Network topologies and implementations ................................... 13
Deployment topologies .................................................................... 15
Storage and replication application................................................ 17
Configuration settings............................................................... 17
Network topologies and implementations ............................ 17
Notes............................................................................................ 17
References ................................................................................... 18

Chapter 2 FCIP Configurations
Brocade FCIP ..................................................................................... 20
Brocade FCIP Tunnel settings.................................................. 20
Rules and restrictions................................................................ 21
References ................................................................................... 21
Cisco FCIP .......................................................................................... 22
Notes............................................................................................ 22
Basic guidelines.......................................................................... 23
Rules and restrictions................................................................ 24
References ................................................................................... 24

WAN Optimization Controller Technologies TechBook 3

Contents

Chapter 3 WAN Optimization Controllers
Silver Peak appliances...................................................................... 26
Overview .................................................................................... 26
Terminology ............................................................................... 27
Features ....................................................................................... 29
Deployment topologies............................................................. 30
Failure modes supported ......................................................... 30
FCIP environment ..................................................................... 30
GigE environment ..................................................................... 31
References ................................................................................... 32
Riverbed appliances ......................................................................... 33
Overview .................................................................................... 33
Terminology ............................................................................... 34
Notes............................................................................................ 38
Features ....................................................................................... 39
Deployment topologies............................................................. 39
Failure modes supported ......................................................... 39
FCIP environment ..................................................................... 40
GigE environment ..................................................................... 42
References ................................................................................... 44


Preface

This EMC Engineering TechBook provides a high-level overview of the
WAN Optimization Controller (WOC) appliance, including network and
deployment topologies, storage and replication application, FCIP
configurations, and WAN Optimization Controller appliances.
E-Lab would like to thank all the contributors to this document, including
EMC engineers, EMC field personnel, and partners. Your contributions are
invaluable.
As part of an effort to improve and enhance the performance and capabilities
of its product lines, EMC periodically releases revisions of its hardware and
software. Therefore, some functions described in this document may not be
supported by all versions of the software or hardware currently in use. For
the most up-to-date information on product features, refer to your product
release notes. If a product does not function properly or does not function as
described in this document, please contact your EMC representative.

Audience This TechBook is intended for EMC field personnel, including
technology consultants, and for the storage architect, administrator,
and operator involved in acquiring, managing, operating, or
designing a networked storage environment that contains EMC and
host devices.

EMC Support Matrix For the most up-to-date information, always consult the EMC Support
and E-Lab Matrix (ESM), available through E-Lab Interoperability Navigator
Interoperability (ELN) at http://elabnavigator.EMC.com, under the PDFs and
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resources for reference or download. All of the matrices, including
the ESM (which does not include most software), are subsets of the


Preface

E-Lab Interoperability Navigator database. Included under this tab
are:
◆ The EMC Support Matrix, a complete guide to interoperable, and
supportable, configurations.
◆ Subset matrices for specific storage families, server families,
operating systems or software products.
◆ Host connectivity guides for complete, authoritative information
on how to configure hosts effectively for various storage
environments.
Under the PDFs and Guides tab, consult the Internet Protocol pdf
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Related The following documents, including this one, are available through
documentation the E-Lab Interoperability Navigator, Topology Resource Center tab,
at http://elabnavigator.EMC.com.
These documents are also available at the following location:
http://www.emc.com/products/interoperability/topology-resource-center.htm

• Backup and Recovery in a SAN TechBook
• Building Secure SANs TechBook
• Extended Distance Technologies TechBook
• Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) Data Center Bridging (DCB)
Concepts and Protocols TechBook
• Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) Data Center Bridging (DCB)
Case Studies TechBook
• Fibre Channel SAN Topologies TechBook
• iSCSI SAN Topologies TechBook
• Networked Storage Concepts and Protocols TechBook
• Networking for Storage Virtualization and RecoverPoint TechBook
• EMC Connectrix SAN Products Data Reference Manual
• Legacy SAN Technologies Reference Manual
• Non-EMC SAN Products Data Reference Manual
◆ EMC Support Matrix, available through E-Lab Interoperability
Navigator at http://elabnavigator.EMC.com >PDFs and Guides
◆ RSA security solutions documentation, which can be found at
http://RSA.com > Content Library


Preface

EMC documentation and release notes can be found at EMC Online
Support (https://support.emc.com).
For vendor documentation, refer to the vendor’s website.

Authors of this This TechBook was authored by Vinay Jonnakuti and Eric Pun, along
TechBook with other EMC engineers, EMC field personnel, and partners.
Vinay Jonnakuti is a Sr. Corporate Systems Engineer in the Unified
Storage division of EMC focusing on VNX and VNXe products,
working on pre-sales deliverables including collateral, customer
presentations, customer beta testing and proof of concepts. Vinay has
been with EMC's for over 5 years. Prior to his current position, Vinay
worked in EMC E-Lab leading the qualification and architecting of
solutions with WAN-Optimization appliances from various partners
with various replication technologies, including SRDF (GigE/FCIP),
SAN-Copy, MirrorView, VPLEX, and RecoverPoint. Vinay also
worked on Fibre Channel and iSCSI qualification on the VMAX
Storage arrays.
Eric Pun is a Senior Systems Integration Engineer and has been with
EMC for over 12 years. For the past several years, Eric has worked in
E-lab qualifying interoperability between Fibre Channel switched
hardware and distance extension products. The distance extension
technology includes DWDM, CWDM, OTN, FC-SONET, FC-GbE,
FC-SCTP, and WAN Optimization products. Eric has been a
contributor to various E-Lab documentation, including the SRDF
Connectivity Guide.

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Preface

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Preface

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Preface


1
Network and
Deployment
Topologies and
Implementations

This chapter provides the following information for the WAN
Optimization Controller (WOC) appliance:
◆ Overview ............................................................................................. 12
◆ Network topologies and implementations..................................... 13
◆ Deployment topologies ..................................................................... 15
◆ Storage and replication application................................................. 17

Network and Deployment Topologies and Implementations 11

Network and Deployment Topologies and Implementations

Overview
A WAN Optimization Controller (WOC) is an appliance that can be
placed In-line or Out-of-Path to reduce and optimize the data that is
to be transmitted over the LAN/MAN/WAN. These devices are
designed to help mitigate the effects of packet loss, network
congestion, and latency while reducing the overall amount of data to
be transmitted over the network.
In general, the technologies utilized in accomplishing this are
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) acceleration,
data-deduplication, and compression. Additionally, features such as
QoS, Forward Error Correction (FEC), and Encryption may also be
available.
Network links and WAN circuits can have high latency and/or
packet loss as well as limited capacity. WAN Optimization
Controllers can be used to maximize the amount of data that can be
transmitted over a link. In some cases, these appliances may be a
necessity, depending on performance requirements.
WAN and data optimization can occur at varying layers of the OSI
stack, whether it be at the network and transport layer, the session,
presentation, and application layers, or just to the data (payload)
itself.



Network topologies and implementations
TCP was developed as a local area network (LAN) protocol.
However, with the advancement of the Internet it was expanded to be
used over the WAN. Over time TCP has been enhanced, but even
with these enhancements TCP is still not well-suited for WAN use for
many applications.
The primary factors that directly impact TCP's ability to be optimized
over the WAN are latency, packet loss, and the amount of bandwidth
to be utilized. It is these factors on which the layer 3/4 optimization
products focus. Many of these optimization products will
re-encapsulate the packets into UDP or their proprietary protocol,
while others may still use TCP, but optimize the connections between
a set of WAN Optimization Controllers at each end of the WAN.
While some products create tunnels to perform their peer-to-peer
connection between appliances for the optimized data, others may
just modify, or tag other aspects within the packet to ensure that the
far-end WOC captures the optimized traffic.
Optimization of the payload (data) within the packet focuses on the
reduction of actual payload as it passes over the network through the
use of data compression and/or data de-duplication engines (DDEs).
Compression is performed through the use of data compression
algorithms, while DDE uses large data pattern tables and associated
pointers (fingerprints). Large amounts of memory and/or hard-drive
storage can be used to store these pattern tables and pointers.
Identical tables are built in the optimization appliances on both sides
of the WAN, and as new traffic passes through the WOC patterns are
matched, and only the associated pointers are sent over the network
(versus resending data.) While typical LZ compression ratio is about
2:1, DDE ratios can range greatly, depending on many factors. In
general the combination of both of these technologies, DDE and
compression, will achieve around a 5:1 (and sometimes much higher
ratios) reduction level.
Layer 4/7 optimization is what is called the "application" layer of
optimization. This area of optimization can take many approaches
that can vary widely, but are generally done through the use of
application-aware optimization engines. The actions taken by these
engines can result in benefits, including reductions in the number of
transactions that occur over the network or more efficient use of
bandwidth. It is also at this layer the TCP optimization occurs.

Network topologies and implementations 13


Overall, WAN optimizers can be aligned with customer networking
best practices, and it should be made clear to the customer that
applications using these devices can, and should, be prioritized based
on their WAN bandwidth/throughput requirements.



Deployment topologies
There are two basic topologies for deployment:
◆ In-path/in-line/bridge
◆ Out-of-path/routed
An in-path/in-line/bridge deployment, as shown in Figure 1, means
that the WOC is directly in the path between the source and
destination end points where all inbound and outbound flows will
pass through the WAN Optimization Controllers. The placement of
the WOC devices at each site is typically placed as close as possible to
the WAN circuit.

Figure 1 In-path/in-line/bridge topology

An out-of-path/routed deployment, as shown in Figure 2, means that
the WOC is not in the direct path between the source and destination
end points. The traffic must be routed/redirected to the WOC devices
using routing features such as WCCP, PBR, VRRP, etc.

Figure 2 Out-of-path/routed topology

Deployment topologies 15


◆ WCCPv2 (Web Cache Communication Protocol) is a content
routing protocol that provides a mechanism to redirect traffic in
real-time. WCCP also has built-in mechanisms to support load
balancing, fault tolerance, and scalability.
◆ PBR (Policy Based Routing) is a technique used to make routing
decisions based on policies or a combination of policies such as
packet size, protocol of the payload, source, destination, or other
network characteristics.
◆ VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) is a redundancy
protocol designed to increase the availability of a default gateway.
In the event of a power failure or WOC hardware or software failure,
it is necessary for the WOC to provide some level of action. The WOC
can either continue to allow data to pass through, unoptimized, or it
can block all traffic from flowing through it. The failure modes
typically offered by WAN optimizers are commonly referred to as:
◆ Fails-to-Wire
The appliance will behave as a crossover cable connecting the
Ethernet LAN switch directly to the WAN router and traffic will
continue to flow uninterrupted and unoptimized.
◆ Fails-Open / Fails-to-Block
The appliance will behave as an open port to the WAN router.
The WAN router will recognize that the link is down and will
begin forwarding traffic according to its routing tables.
Depending upon your deployment topology, you may determine that
one method may be better suited for your environment than the
other.



Storage and replication application
This section provides storage and replication application details for
EMC® products:
◆ Symmetrix®/VMAX™ SRDF®
◆ RecoverPoint
◆ SAN Copy™
◆ Celerra Replicator™
◆ MirrorView™

Configuration settings
Configurations settings are as follows:
◆ Compression on GigE (RE) port = Disabled

Note: For Riverbed Steelhead RiOS v6.1.1a or later, the compression
setting could be Enabled on the Symmetrix system. The Steelhead
automatically detects and disables compression on the Symmetrix
system.

◆ SRDF Flow Control = Enabled

Network topologies and implementations
In general, it has been observed that optimization ratios are higher
with SRDF/A than SRDF Adaptive Copy. There are many factors that
impact how much optimization will occur, therefore results will vary.

Notes
Note the following:

For Symmetrix configuration settings

Compression Compression should be disabled on the GigE ports on the MPCD and
the GigE director when a WAN optimization device employing data
deduplication is used. If compression is enabled on the GigE ports on
the MPCD and the GigE director, data deduplication benefits will be
severely impacted, resulting in increased WAN bandwidth needs.

Storage and replication application 17


SRDF Flow Control SRDF Flow Control should be enabled for increased stability of the
SRDF links. Further tuning of SRDF flow control can be made to
improve performance. For more information, please contact your
EMC Customer Service representative.

For SRDF modes and data reduction
In general, it has been observed that optimization ratios are higher
with GigE ports on the MPCD and the GigE director as opposed to
FCIP. There are many factors that impact how much optimization will
occur, therefore results will vary.

References
◆ For further information, refer to the EMC Symmetrix Remote Data
Facility (SRDF) Connectivity Guide, located on the E-Lab
Interoperability Navigator at http://elabnavigator.EMC.com
>PDFs and Guides.


2

FCIP Configurations

This chapter provides FCIP configuration information for:
◆ Brocade FCIP ...................................................................................... 20
◆ Cisco FCIP ........................................................................................... 22

FCIP Configurations 19

FCIP Configurations

Brocade FCIP
This section provides configuration information for Brocade FCIP.

Configuration settings are as follows:
◆ FCIP Fastwrite = Enabled
◆ Compression = Disabled
◆ TCP Byte Streaming = Enabled
◆ Commit Rate = in Kbps (Environment dependent)
◆ Tape Pipelining = Disabled
◆ SACK = Enabled
◆ Min Retransmit Time = 100
◆ Keep-Alive Timeout = 10
◆ Max Re-Transmissions = 8

Brocade FCIP Tunnel settings
Consider the following:
◆ FCIP Fastwrite
This setting accelerates SCSI Write I/Os over the FCIP tunnel.
This can not be combined with FC Fastwrites.
◆ Compression
This simply compresses the data that flows over the FCIP tunnel.
This should be disabled when using with WOC devices, thus
allowing the WOC device to perform the compression and data
de-duplication.
◆ Commit Rate
This setting is environment dependent. This should be set in
accordance with the WAN Optimization vendor. Considerations
such as Data-to-be-Optimized, Available WAN circuit size and
Data-Reduction ratio need to be taken into account.
◆ TCP Byte Streaming


FCIP Configurations

This is a Brocade feature which allows a Brocade FCIP switch to
communicate with a 3rd party WAN Optimization Controller.
This feature supports a FCIP frame which has been split into a
maximum of 8 separate TCP segments. If the frame is split into
more than eight segments, it results in prematurely sending a
frame to the FCIP layer with an incorrect size and the FCIP tunnel
bounces.

Rules and restrictions
Consider the following rules and restrictions when using TCP byte
streaming:
◆ Only one FCIP tunnel is allowed to be configured for a GigE port
that has TCP Byte Streaming configured.
◆ FCIP tunnel cannot have compression enabled.
◆ FCIP tunnel cannot have FC Fastwrite enabled.
◆ FCIP tunnel must have a committed rate set.
◆ Both sides of the FCIP tunnel must be identically configured.
◆ TCP byte streaming is not compatible with older FOS revisions,
which do not have the option available.

References
For further information, refer to https://support.emc.com and
http://www.brocade.com.
◆ EMC Connectrix B Series Fabric OS Administrator's Guide
◆ Brocade Fabric OS Administrator’s Guide

Brocade FCIP 21

FCIP Configurations

Cisco FCIP
This section provides configuration information for Cisco FCIP.

Configuration settings are as follows:
◆ Max-Bandwidth = Environment dependent (Default = 1000 Kb)
◆ Min-Available-Bandwidth = Recommended setting: 50-80% of
Max-Bandwidth
◆ Estimated roundtrip time = Set to measured latency (round-trip
time - RTT) between MDS switches
◆ IP Compression = Disabled
◆ FCIP Write Acceleration = Enabled
◆ Tape Accelerator = Disabled
◆ Encryption = Disabled
◆ Min Re-Transmit Timer = 200 ms
◆ Max Re-Transmissions = 8
◆ Keep-Alive = 60
◆ SACK = Enabled
◆ Timestamp = Disabled
◆ PMTU = Enabled
◆ CWM = Enabled
◆ CWM Burst Size = 50 KB

Notes
Consider the following information for Cisco FCIP tunnel settings:
◆ Max-Bandwidth
The max-bandwidth-mbps parameter and the measured RTT
together determine the maximum window size. This should be
configured to match the worst-case bandwidth available on the
physical link.
◆ Min-Available-Bandwidth


FCIP Configurations

The min-available-bandwidth parameter and the measured RTT
together determine the threshold below which TCP aggressively
maintains a window size sufficient to transmit at minimum
available bandwidth. It is recommend that you adjust this to
50-80% of the Max-Bandwidth.
◆ Estimated Roundtrip-Time
This is the measured latency between the 2 MDS GigE interfaces.
Ping can be used to determine the roundtrip-time.
◆ FCIP Write Acceleration
Write Acceleration is used to help alleviate the effects of network
latency. It can work with Port-Channels only when the
Port-Channel is managed by Port-Channel protocol (PCP). FCIP
write acceleration can be enabled for multiple FCIP tunnels if the
tunnels are part of a dynamic Port-Channel configured with
channel mode active. FCIP write acceleration does not work if
multiple non-Port -Channel ISLs exist with equal weight between
the initiator and the target port.

◆ Min Re-Transmit Timer
This is the amount of time that TCP waits before retransmitting.
In environments where there may be high packet loss /
congestion, this number may need to be adjusted to 4x the
measured roundtrip-time. Ping may be used to measure the
round trip latency between the 2 MDS switches.
◆ Max Re-Transmissions
The maximum number of times that a packet is retransmitted
before the TCP connection is closed.

Basic guidelines
Consider the following guidelines when creating/utilizing multiple
FCIP interfaces /profiles:
◆ Gigabit Ethernet Interfaces support a single IP address.
◆ Every FCIP profile must be uniquely addressable by an IP
address and TCP port pair. Where FCIP profiles share a Gigabit
Ethernet interface, the FCIP profiles must use different TCP port
numbers.

Cisco FCIP 23

FCIP Configurations

◆ A FCIP interface is linked to a single FCIP profile. Up to three
FCIP interfaces can link to an FCIP profile, but only three FCIP
interfaces can be active on any Gigabit Ethernet interface.
◆ A dedicated FCIP profile per FCIP link is recommended.

Rules and restrictions
Consider the following rules and restrictions when enabling FCIP
Write Acceleration:
◆ It can work with Port-Channels only when the Port-Channel is
managed by Port-Channel Protocol (PCP).
◆ FCIP write acceleration can be enabled for multiple FCIP tunnels
if the tunnels are part of a dynamic Port-Channel configured with
channel mode active.
◆ FCIP write acceleration does not work if multiple
non-Port-Channel ISLs exist with equal weight between the
initiator and the target port.
◆ Do not enable time stamp control on an FCIP interface with write
acceleration configured.
◆ Write acceleration can not be used across FSPF equal cost paths in
FCIP deployments. Also, FCIP write acceleration can be used in
Port-Channels configured with channel mode active or
constructed with Port-Channel Protocol (PCP).

References
For further information, refer to the following documentation on
Cisco's website at http://www.cisco.com.
◆ Wide Area Application Services Configuration Guide
◆ Replication Acceleration Deployment Guide
◆ Q&A for WAAS Replication Accelerator Mode
◆ MDS 9000 Family CLI Configuration Guide


3

WAN Optimization
Controllers

This chapter provides information on the following WAN
Optimization Controller (WOC) appliances, along with Riverbed
Granite, which is used in conjunction with Steelhead:
◆ Silver Peak appliances ....................................................................... 26
◆ Riverbed appliances........................................................................... 33

WAN Optimization Controllers 25

WAN Optimization Controllers

Silver Peak appliances
This section provides information on the Silver Peak appliances
optimization controller. The following topics are discussed:
◆ “Overview” on page 26
◆ “Terminology” on page 27
◆ “Features” on page 29
◆ “Deployment topologies” on page 30
◆ “Failure modes supported” on page 30
◆ “FCIP environment” on page 30
◆ “GigE environment” on page 31
◆ “References” on page 32

Overview
Silver Peak appliances are interconnected by tunnels, which transport
optimized traffic flows. Policies control how the appliance filters
LAN side packets into flows and whether:
◆ an individual flow is directed to a tunnel, shaped, and optimized;
◆ processed as shaped, pass-through (unoptimized) traffic;
◆ processed as unshaped, pass-through (unoptimized) traffic;
◆ continued to the next applicable Route Policy entry if a tunnel
goes down; or
◆ dropped.
The appliance manager has separate policies for routing,
optimization, and QoS functions. These policies prescribe how the
appliance handles the LAN packets it receives.
The optimization policy uses optimization techniques to improve the
performance of applications across the WAN. Optimization policy
actions include network memory, payload compression, and TCP
acceleration.
Silver Peak ensures network integrity by using QoS management,
Forward Error Correction, and Packet Order Correction. When
Adaptive Forward Error Correction (FEC) is enabled, the appliance
introduces a parity packet, which helps detect and correct



single-packet loss within a stream of packets, reducing the need for
retransmissions. Silver Peak can dynamically adjust how often this
parity packet is introduced in response to changing link conditions.
This can help maximize error correction while minimizing overhead.
To avoid retransmissions that occur when packets arrive out of order,
Silver Peak appliances use Packet Order Correction (POC) to
resequence packets on the far end of a WAN link, as needed.

Terminology
Consider the following terminology when using Silver Peak
configuration settings:
◆ Coalescing ON — Enables/disables packet coalescing. Packet
coalescing transmits smaller packets in groups of larger packets,
thereby increasing performance and helping to overcome the
effects of latency.
◆ Coalesce Wait — Timer (in milliseconds) used to determine the
amount of time to wait before transmitting coalesced packets.
◆ Compression — Reduces the bandwidth consumed by traffic
traversing the WAN. Payload compression is used in conjunction
with network memory to provide compression on "first pass"
data.
◆ Congestion Control — Techniques used by Silver Peak to manage
congestion scenarios across a WAN. Configuration options are
standard, optimized, and auto. Standard uses standard TCP
congestion control. Optimized congestion control is the most
aggressive mode of congestion control and should only be used in
environments with point-to-point connections for a dedicated to
single application. Auto congestion control aims to improve
throughput over standard congestion control, but may not be
suitable for all environments.
◆ FEC / FEC Ratio — Technique used by Silver Peak to recover
from packet loss without the need for packet retransmissions.
Hence, loss is corrected on the Silver Peak appliance resulting in
higher throughout during the data transmission.
◆ IP Header Compression — Enables/disables compression of the
IP header in order to reduce the packet size. Header compression
can provide additional bandwidth gains by reducing packet
header information using specialized compression algorithms.

Silver Peak appliances 27


◆ Mode — Refers to the Silver Peak tunnel configuration. The
default setting is GRE. Alternative option is UDP.
◆ MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) — The size, in bytes, of the
largest PDU that a given layer of a communications protocol can
pass onwards.
◆ Network Memory — Silver Peak's implementation of real-time
data reduction of network traffic. This de-duplication technology
is used to inspect all inbound and outbound WAN traffic, storing
a local instance of data on each appliance. The NX Series
appliance compares real-time traffic streams with to patterns
stored using Network Memory. If a match exists, a short reference
pointer is sent to the remote Silver Peak appliance, instructing it
to deliver the traffic pattern from its local instance. Repetitive
data is never sent across the WAN. If the content is modified, the
Silver Peak appliance detects the change at the byte level and
updates the network's memory. Only the modifications are sent
across the WAN. These are combined with original content by NX
Series appliances at the destination location.
Currently, it is recommended to enable network memory and set
the network memory mode to 1. Mode 1 is referred to as "low
latency mode" and enables network memory to better balance
data reduction versus high throughput. While network memory
can be enabled from the GUI, configuring it for mode 1 must be
performed through the CLI.
◆ Payload Compression — Uses algorithms to identify relatively
short byte sequences that are repeated frequently over time.
These sequences are then replaced with shorter segments of code
to reduce the size of transmitted data. Simple algorithms can find
repeated bytes within a single packet; more sophisticated
algorithms can find duplication across packets and even across
flows.
◆ Reorder Wait — Time (in milliseconds) that the Silver Peak
appliances will wait to reorder packets. This is a dynamic value
that will change based on line conditions. Recommendation is to
leave this as the default for SRDF traffic.
◆ RTP Header Compression — Used to compress the size of the
RTP protocol packet header used in Voice over IP
communications. Header compression can provide additional
bandwidth gains by reducing packet header information using
specialized compression algorithms.



◆ TCP Acceleration — References several techniques used by Silver
Peak to accelerate the TCP protocol. TCP acceleration uses
techniques such as selective acknowledgement, window scaling,
and transaction size adjustment to compensate for poor
performance on high latency links.
◆ Tunnel Auto Max BW — Allows the Silver Peak to automatically
determine the maximum bandwidth available. Recommendation
is to disable this in SRDF environments.
◆ Tunnel Max BW — For manually configuring the maximum
bandwidth accessible to the Silver Peak. This is recommended in
SRDF environments where bandwidth values are known. This is
a static configuration.
◆ Tunnel Min BW — For manually configuring the maximum
bandwidth accessible to the Silver Peak. This does not need to be
set for proper operation. This is a static configuration. A value of
32kbps is recommended, which is the default.
◆ WAN Bandwidth — Applies to the WAN side of the appliance
and should be set to the amount of bandwidth to be made
available to the appliance on the WAN side. Inputting a value
also configures the tunnel max bandwidth configuration variable.
◆ Windows Scaling — Used to overcome the effects of latency on
single-flow throughput in a TCP network. The window-scale
factor multiplies the standard TCP window of 64 KB by 2 to the
power of the window-scale. Default window-scale is 6.

Features
Features include:
◆ Compression (payload and header)
◆ Network memory (data-deduplication)
◆ TCP acceleration
◆ QoS (Quality of Service)
◆ FEC (Forward Error Correction)
◆ POC (Packet Order Correction)
◆ Encryption - IPsec



Deployment topologies include:
◆ In-line (bridge mode)
• In-line
◆ Out-of-path (router)
• Out-of-path with Policy-Based-Routing (PBR) redirection
• Out-of-path with Web Cache Coordination Protocol
(WCCPv2)
• Out-of-path with VRRP peering to WAN router
• Out-of-path with Policy-Based-Routing (PBR) and VRRP
redundant Silver Peak appliances
• Out-of-path with Web Cache Coordination Protocol (WCCP)
redundant Silver Peak appliances
◆ The Silver Peak appliances can only be deployed in out-of-path
(Router) mode when using 10 Gb Ethernet Fibre data ports as
optical interfaces to do not fail to wire
◆ The Silver Peak NX-8700, NX-9700, and NX-10000 appliances
support 10 Gb Ethernet Fibre data ports
◆ The SilverPeak VX (virtual appliances) and the Silver Peak VRX
(virtual appliances) are supported when deployed on the
VMWARE ESX or ESXi servers. The virtual appliances can only
be deployed in out-of-path configurations.

Failure modes supported
The following failure modes are supported:
• Fail-to-wire
• Fail-open

FCIP environment
The following Silver Peak configuration settings are recommended in
an FCIP environment:
◆ WAN Bandwidth = (Environment dependent)
◆ Tunnel Auto Max BW = Disabled (Unchecked)



◆ Tunnel Max BW = in Kb/s (Environment dependent)
◆ Tunnel Min BW = 32 Kb/s
◆ Reorder Wait = 100 ms
◆ MTU = 1500 (For 3.1 code and higher, maximum MTU = 2500)
◆ Mode = GRE
◆ Network Memory = Enabled
◆ Compression = Enabled
◆ TCP Acceleration = Enabled
◆ CIFS Acceleration = Disabled
◆ FEC = Enabled
◆ FEC Ratio = 1:5 (Recommended)
◆ Windows Scale Factor = 8
◆ Congestion Control = Optimized
◆ IP Header Compression = Enabled
◆ RTP Header Compression = Enabled
◆ Coalescing On = Yes
◆ Coalesce Wait = 0 ms
◆ From the CLI run: "system network-memory mode 1"

GigE environment
The following Silver Peak configuration settings are recommended in
a GigE environment:
◆ WAN Bandwidth = (Environment dependent)
◆ Tunnel Auto Max BW = Disabled (Unchecked)
◆ Tunnel Max BW = in Kbps (Environment dependent)
◆ Tunnel Min BW = 32 Kb/s
◆ Reorder Wait = 100 ms
◆ MTU = 1500
◆ Mode = GRE
◆ Network Memory = Enabled
◆ Compression = Enabled



◆ TCP Acceleration = Enabled
◆ CIFS Acceleration = Disabled
◆ FEC = Enabled
◆ FEC Ratio = 1:5 (Recommended)
◆ Windows Scale Factor = 8
◆ Congestion Control = Optimized
◆ IP Header Compression = Enabled
◆ RTP Header Compression = Enabled
◆ Coalescing On = Yes
◆ Coalesce Wait = 0 ms
◆ From the CLI run: "system network-memory mode 1"

References
For more information, refer to Silver Peak's website at
http://www.silver-peak.com.
◆ NX Series Appliance Operator Guide
◆ NX Series Appliance Network Deployment Guide
◆ Quick Start Guide, VX Virtual Appliance, VMware vSphere / vSphere
Hypervisor for configuring the VX virtual appliance
◆ Quick Start Guide, VRX-8 Virtual Appliance, VMware vSphere /
vSphere Hypervisor, for configuring the VRX-8 virtual appliance
◆ VX Host System Requirements
◆ VRX-8 Host System Requirements



Riverbed appliances
This section provides information on the Riverbed Steelhead WAN
Optimization Controller and the Riverbed Granite system. The
following topics are discussed:
◆ “Overview” on page 33
◆ “Terminology” on page 34
◆ “Notes” on page 38
◆ “Features” on page 39
◆ “Deployment topologies” on page 39
◆ “Failure modes supported” on page 39
◆ “FCIP environment” on page 40
◆ “GigE environment” on page 42
◆ “References” on page 44

Overview
RiOS is the software that powers the Riverbed's Steelhead WAN
Optimization Controller. The optimization techniques RiOS utilizes
are:
◆ Data Streamlining
◆ Transport Streamlining
◆ Application Streamlining, and
◆ Management Streamlining
RiOS uses a Riverbed proprietary algorithm called Scalable Data
Referencing (SDR) along with data compression when optimizing
data across the WAN. SDR breaks up TCP data streams into unique
data chunks that are stored in the hard disk (data store) of the device
running RiOS. Each data chunk is assigned a unique integer label
(reference) before it is sent to a peer RiOS device across the WAN.
When the same byte sequence is seen again in future transmissions
from clients or servers, the reference is sent across the WAN instead
of the raw data chunk. The peer RiOS device uses this reference to
find the original data chunk on its data store, and reconstruct the
original TCP data stream.
After a data pattern is stored on the disk of a Steelhead appliance, it
can be leveraged for transfers to any other Steelhead appliance across

Riverbed appliances 33


all applications being accelerated by Data Streamlining. Data
Streamlining also includes optional QoS enforcement. QoS
enforcement can be applied to both optimized and unoptimized
traffic, both TCP and UDP.
Steelhead appliances also use a generic latency optimization
technique called Transport Streamlining. Transport Streamlining uses
a set of standards and proprietary techniques to optimize TCP traffic
between Steelhead appliances. These techniques ensure efficient
retransmission methods, such as TCP selective acknowledgements,
are used, optimal TCP window sizes are used to minimize the impact
of latency on throughput to maximize throughput across WAN links.
Transport Streamlining ensures that there is always a one-to-one ratio
for active TCP connections between Steelhead appliances, and the
TCP connections to clients and servers. That is, Steelhead appliances
do not tunnel or perform multiplexing and de-multiplexing of data
across connections. This is true regardless of the WAN visibility mode
in use.

Terminology
Consider the following terminology when using Riverbed
configuration settings:
◆ Adaptive Compression — Detects LZ data compression
performance for a connection dynamically and turns it off (sets
the compression level to 0) momentarily if it is not achieving
optimal results. Improves end-to-end throughput over the LAN
by maximizing the WAN throughput. By default, this setting is
disabled.
◆ Adaptive Data Streamlining Mode SDR-M — RiOS uses a
Riverbed proprietary algorithm called Scalable Data Referencing
(SDR). SDR breaks up TCP data streams into unique data chunks
that are stored in the hard disk (data store) of the device running
RiOS. Each data chunk is assigned a unique integer label
(reference) before it is sent to a peer RiOS device across the WAN.
When the same byte sequence is seen again in future
transmissions from clients or servers, the reference is sent across
the WAN instead of the raw data chunk. The peer RiOS device
uses this reference to find the original data chunk on its data
store, and reconstruct the original TCP data stream. SDR-M
performs data reduction entirely in memory, which prevents the
Steelhead appliance from reading and writing to and from the



disk. Enabling this option can yield high LAN-side throughput
because it eliminates all disk latency. SDR-M is most efficient
when used between two identical high-end Steelhead appliance
models; for example, 6050 - 6050. When used between two
different Steelhead appliance models, the smaller model limits
the performance.

! IMPORTANT
You cannot use peer data store synchronization with SDR-M. In
code stream 5.0.x, this must be set from the CLI by running:
"datastore anchor-select 1033" and then "restart clean."

◆ Compression Level — Specifies the relative trade-off of data
compression for LAN throughput speed. Generally, a lower
number provides faster throughput and slightly less data
reduction. Select a data store compression value of 1 (minimum
compression, uses less CPU) through 9 (maximum compression,
uses more CPU) from the drop-down list. The default value is 1.
Riverbed recommends setting the compression level to 1 in
high-throughput environments such as data center to data center
replication.
◆ Correct Addressing — Turns WAN visibility off. Correct
addressing uses Steelhead appliance IP addresses and port
numbers in the TCP/IP packet header fields for optimized traffic
in both directions across the WAN. This is the default setting.
Also see "WAN Visibility Mode" on page 38.
◆ Data Store Segment Replacement Policy — Specifies a
replacement algorithm that replaces the least recently used data
in the data store, which improves hit rates when the data in the
data store are not equally used. The default and recommended
setting is Riverbed LRU.
◆ Guaranteed Bandwidth % — Specify the minimum amount of
bandwidth (as a percentage) to guarantee to a traffic class when
there is bandwidth contention. All of the classes combined cannot
exceed 100%. During contention for bandwidth the class is
guaranteed the amount of bandwidth specified. The class receives
more bandwidth if there is unused bandwidth remaining.
◆ In-Path Rule Type/Auto-Discover — Uses the auto-discovery
process to determine if a remote Steelhead appliance is able to
optimize the connection attempting to be created by this SYN



packet. By default, auto-discover is applied to all IP addresses
and ports that are not secure, interactive, or default Riverbed
ports. Defining in-path rules modifies this default setting.
◆ Multi-Core Balancing — Enables multi-core balancing which
ensures better distribution of workload across all CPUs, thereby
maximizing throughput by keeping all CPUs busy. Core
balancing is useful when handling a small number of
high-throughput connections (approximately 25 or less). By
default, this setting is disabled. In the 5.0.x code stream, this
needs to be performed from the CLI by running: "datastore
traffic-load rule scraddr all scrport 0 dstaddr all dstport "1748"
encode "med".
◆ Neural Framing Mode — Neural framing enables the system to
select the optimal packet framing boundaries for SDR. Neural
framing creates a set of heuristics to intelligently determine the
optimal moment to flush TCP buffers. The system continuously
evaluates these heuristics and uses the optimal heuristic to
maximize the amount of buffered data transmitted in each flush,
while minimizing the amount of idle time that the data sits in the
buffer.
For different types of traffic, one algorithm might be better than
others. The considerations include: latency added to the
connection, compression, and SDR performance.
You can specify the following neural framing settings:
• Never — Never use the Nagle algorithm. All the data is
immediately encoded without waiting for timers to fire or
application buffers to fill past a specified threshold. Neural
heuristics are computed in this mode but are not used.
• Always — Always use the Nagle algorithm. All data is passed
to the codec which attempts to coalesce consume calls (if
needed) to achieve better fingerprinting. A timer (6 ms) backs
up the codec and causes leftover data to be consumed. Neural
heuristics are computed in this mode but are not used.
• TCP Hints — This is the default setting which is based on the
TCP hints. If data is received from a partial frame packet or a
packet with the TCP PUSH flag set, the encoder encodes the
data instead of immediately coalescing it. Neural heuristics
are computed in this mode but are not used.



• Dynamic — Dynamically adjust the Nagle parameters. In this
option, the system discerns the optimum algorithm for a
particular type of traffic and switches to the best algorithm
based on traffic characteristic changes.
◆ Optimization Policy — When configuring In-path Rules you have
the option of configuring the optimization policy. There are
multiple options that can be selected and it is recommended to set
this option to "Normal" for EMC replication protocols, such as
SRDF/A. The configurable options are as follows:
• Normal — Perform LZ compression and SDR
• SDR-Only — Perform SDR; do not perform LZ compression
• Compression-Only — Perform LZ compression; do not
perform SDR
• None — Do not perform SDR or LZ compression
◆ Queue - MXTCP — When creating QoS Classes you will need to
specify a queuing method. MXTCP has very different use cases
than the other queue parameters.
MXTCP also has secondary effects that you need to understand
before configuring, including:
• When optimized traffic is mapped into a QoS class with the
MXTCP queuing parameter, the TCP congestion control
mechanism for that traffic is altered on the Steelhead
appliance. The normal TCP behavior of reducing the
outbound sending rate when detecting congestion or packet
loss is disabled, and the outbound rate is made to match the
minimum guaranteed bandwidth configured on the QoS class.
• You can use MXTCP to achieve high-throughput rates even
when the physical medium carrying the traffic has high loss
rates. For example, MXTCP is commonly used for ensuring
high throughput on satellite connections where a
lower-layer-loss recovery technique is not in use.
• Another usage of MXTCP is to achieve high throughput over
high bandwidth, high-latency links, especially when
intermediate routers do not have properly tuned interface
buffers. Improperly tuned router buffers cause TCP to
perceive congestion in the network, resulting in unnecessarily
dropped packets, even when the network can support high
throughput rates.



! IMPORTANT
Use caution when specifying MXTCP. The outbound rate for
the optimized traffic in the configured QoS class immediately
increases to the specified bandwidth, and does not decrease in
the presence of network congestion. The Steelhead appliance
always tries to transmit traffic at the specified rate.

If no QoS mechanism (either parent classes on the Steelhead
appliance, or another QoS mechanism in the WAN or WAN
infrastructure) is in use to protect other traffic, that other traffic
might be impacted by MXTCP not backing off to fairly share
bandwidth. When MXTCP is configured as the queue
parameter for a QoS class, the following parameters for that
class are also affected:

Link share weight — The link share weight parameter has no
effect on a QoS class configured with MXTCP.

Upper limit —The upper limit parameter has no effect on a
QoS class configured with MXTCP.

◆ Reset Existing Client Connections on Start-Up — Enables kickoff.
If you enable kickoff, connections that exist when the Steelhead
service is started and restarted are disconnected. When the
connections are retried they are optimized. If kickoff is enabled,
all connections that existed before the Steelhead appliance started
are reset.
◆ WAN Visibility Mode/CA — Enables WAN visibility, which
pertains to how packets traversing the WAN are addressed. RiOS
v5.0 or later offers three types of WAN visibility modes: correct
addressing, port transparency, and full address transparency. You
configure WAN visibility on the client-side Steelhead appliance
(where the connection is initiated). The server-side Steelhead
appliance must also support WAN visibility (RiOS v5.0 or later).
ALso see "Correct Addressing" on page 35.

Notes
Consider the following when using Riverbed configuration settings:
◆ LAN Send and Receive Buffer Size should be configured to 2 MB



◆ WAN Send and Receive Buffer Size is environment dependent
and should be configured with the result utilizing the following
formula:
WAN BW * RTT * 2 / 8 = xxxxxxx bytes

Features
Features include:
◆ SDR (Scalable Data Referencing)
◆ Compression
◆ QoS (Quality of Service)
◆ Data / Transport / Application / Management Streamlining
◆ Encryption - IPsec

Deployment topologies include:
◆ In-Path
• Physical In-Path
◆ Virtual In-Path
• WCCPv2 (Web Cache Coordination Protocol)
• PBR (Policy-Based-Routing)
◆ Out-of-Path
• Proxy
◆ Steelheads 7050 and 701 support 10 Gb Fibre data ports
◆ The virtual steelheads are supported when deployed on
VMWARE ESX or ESXi servers. The virtual appliances can only
be deployed in out-of-path configurations.

Failure modes supported
The following failure modes are supported:
◆ Fail-to-wire
◆ Fail-to-block



FCIP environment
The following Riverbed configuration settings are recommended in a
FCIP environment:
◆ Configure > Networking > QoS Classification:
• QoS Classification and Enforcement = Enabled
• QoS Mode = Flat
• QoS Network Interface with WAN throughput = Enabled for
appropriate WAN interface and set available WAN Bandwidth
• QoS Class Latency Priority = Real Time
• QoS Class Guaranteed Bandwidth % = Environment
dependent
• QoS Class Link Share Weight = Environment dependent
• QoS Class Upper Bandwidth % = Environment dependent
• Queue = MXTCP
• QoS Rule Protocol = All
• QoS Rule Traffic Type = Optimized
• DSCP = All
• VLAN = All
◆ Configure > Optimization > General Service Settings:
• In-Path Support = Enabled
• Reset Existing Client Connections on Start-Up = Enabled
• Enable In-Path Optimizations on Interface In-Path_X_X for
appropriate In-Path interface
• In RiOS v5.5.3 CLI or later: “datastore codec multi-codec
encoder max-ackqlen 30"
• In RiOS v6.0.1a or later: "datastore codec multi-codec encoder
global-txn-max 128"
• In RiOS v6.0.1a or later: "datastore sdr-policy sdr-m"
• In RiOS v6.0.1a or later: " datastore codec multi-core-bal"
• In RiOS v6.0.1a or later: "datastore codec compression level 1"
◆ Configure > Optimization > In-Path Rules:
• Type = Auto Discovery
• Preoptimization Policy = None



• Optimization Policy = Normal
• Latency Optimization Policy = Normal
• Neural Framing Mode = Never
• WAN Visibility = Correct Addressing
• In RiOS v5.5.3 CLI or later for FCIP: “in-path always-probe
enable”
• In RiOS v5.5.3 CLI or later for FCIP: “in-path always-probe
port 3225”
• In RiOS v6.0.1a or later: "in-path always-probe port 0"
• In RiOS v6.0.1a or later: "tcp adv-win-scale -1"
• In RiOS v6.0.1a or later: "in-path kickoff-resume"
• In RiOS v6.0.1a or later: "protocol FCIP enable" for FCIP
• In RiOS v6.0.1a or later: "protocol srdf enable " for Symmetrix
DMX and VMAX
Or, in RiOS v 6.1.1.a or later, you can use the GUI as follows:
– Configure > Optimization > FCIP
- FCIP Settings
- Enable FCIP
- FCIP Ports: 3225, 3226, 3227, 3228
• In RiOS v6.0.1a or later: "protocol fcip rule scr-ip 0.0.0.0 dst-ip
0.0.0.0 dif enable" for EMC Symmetrix VMAX™
– Rules > Add a New Rule
- Enable DIF if R1 and R2 are VMAX and hosts are Open
Systems or IBM iSeries (AS/400)
- DIF Data Block Size: 512 bytes (Open Systems) and 520
Bytes (IBM iSeries, AS/400)
- No DIF setting is required if mainframe hosts are in use
• In RiOS v6.0.1i or later: "sport splice-policy outer-rst-port port
3226" for Brocade FCIP only
◆ Configure > Optimization > Performance:
• High Speed TCP = Enabled
• LAN Send Buffer Size = 2097152
• LAN Receive Buffer Size = 2097152



• WAN Default Send Buffer Size = 2*BDP (BW * RTT * 2 / 8 =
xxxxxxx bytes)

Note: BDP = Bandwidth delay product.

• WAN Default Rcv Buffer Size = 2*BDP (BW * RTT * 2 / 8 =
xxxxxxx bytes)
• Data Store Segment Replacement Policy = Riverbed LRU
• Adaptive Data Streamlining Modes = SDR-M

Note: Adaptive Data Streamlining Modes = SDR-Default for the
7050/701 appliances.

• Compression Level = 1
• Adaptive Compression = Disabled
• Multi-Core Balancing = Enabled

Note: Multi-Core Balancing should be disabled if the number of
connections through the steelheads is greater than the number of
cores on the Steelhead appliance.

GigE environment
The following are Riverbed configuration settings recommended in a
GigE environment:
In RiOS v6.1.1a or later, Steelheads will be able to automatically
detect and disable the Symmetrix VMAX and DMX compression by
default. Use show log from the Steelhead to verify that compression
on the VMAX/DMX has been disabled. The "Native Symmetrix RE
port compression detected: auto-disabling" message will display only
on the Steellhead present on the Symmetrix local or remote side
which initiates the connection.
With Riverbed firmware v6.1.3a and above, the SRDF Selective
Optimization feature is supported for SRDF group level optimization
for end-to-end GigE environments with VMAX which have EMC
Enginuity v5875 and later. Refer to the Riverbed Steelhead
deployment and CLI guide for further instructions.
◆ Configure > Networking > Outbound QoS (Advanced):
• QoS Classification and Enforcement = Enabled



• QoS Mode = Flat
• QoS Network Interface with WAN throughput = Enabled for
appropriate WAN interfaces and set to available WAN
Bandwidth
• QoS Class Latency Priority = Real Time
• QoS Class Guaranteed Bandwidth % = Environment
dependent
• QoS Class Link Share Weight = Environment dependent
• QoS Class Upper Bandwidth % = Environment dependent
• Queue = MXTCP
• QoS Rule Protocol = All
• QoS Rule Traffic Type = Optimized
• DSCP = Reflect
◆ Configure > Optimization > General Service Settings:
• In-Path Support = Enabled
• Reset Existing Client Connections on Start-Up = Enabled
• Enable In-Path Optimizations on Interface In-Path_X_X
• In RiOS v5.5.3 CLI and later: “datastore codec multi-codec
encoder max-ackqlen 30
• In RiOS v6.0.1a CLI or later: "datastore codec multi-codec
encoder global-txn-max 128"
◆ Configure > Optimization > In-Path Rules:
• Type = Auto Discovery
• Preoptimization Policy = None
• Optimization Policy = Normal
• Latency Optimization Policy = Normal
• Cloud Acceleration = Auto
• Neural Framing Mode = Never
• WAN Visibility =Correct Addressing
• In RiOS v5.5.3 CLI or later for GigE: “in-path always-probe
enable”
• In RiOS v5.5.3 CLI or later for GigE: “in-path always-probe
port 1748”
• In RiOS v5.0.5-DR CLI or later for GigE: “in-path asyn-srdf
always-probe enable”
• In RiOS v6.0.1a or later: "in-path always-probe port 0"
• In RiOS v6.0.1a or later: "tcp adv-win-scale -1"
• In RiOS v6.0.1a or later: "in-path kickoff-resume"
• In RiOS v6.0.1a or later: "protocol srdf enable " for Symmetrix
DMX and VMAX
– Configure > Optimization > SRDF



– SRDF Settings
– Enable SRDF
– SRDF Ports: 1748
• In RiOS v6.0.1a or later: "protocol srdf rule src-ip 0.0.0.0 dst-ip
0.0.0.0 dif enable” for Symmetrix VMAX
Or, in RiOS v6.1.1.a or later, you can use the GUI as follows:
– Rules > Add a New Rule
– Enable DIF if R1 and R2 are VMAX and hosts are Open
Systems or IBM iSeries (AS/400)
– DIF Data Block Size: 512 bytes (Open Systems) and 520
Bytes (IBM iSeries, AS/400)
◆ Configure > Optimization > Transport Settings:
• High Speed TCP = Enabled
• LAN Send Buffer Size = 2097152
• LAN Receive Buffer Size = 2097152
• WAN Default Send Buffer Size = 2*BDP (BW * RTT * 2 / 8 =
xxxxxxx bytes)
◆ Configure > Optimization > Performance
• WAN Default Rcv Buffer Size = 2*BDP (BW * RTT * 2 / 8 =
xxxxxxx bytes)
• Data Store Segment Replacement Policy = Riverbed LRU
• Adaptive Data Streamlining Modes = SDR-M
Note: Adaptive Data Streamlining Modes = SDR-Default for the
7050/701 appliances.

• Compression Level = 1
• Adaptive Compression = Disabled
• Multi-Core Balancing = Enabled
Note: Multi-Core Balancing should be disabled if the number of
connections through the steelheads is greater than the number of
cores on the Steelhead appliance.

References
For more information, refer to Silver Peak's website at
http://www.silver-peak.com.
◆ NX Series Appliance Operator Guide
◆ NX Series Appliance Network Deployment Guide



◆ Quick Start Guide, VX Virtual Appliance, VMware vSphere / vSphere
Hypervisor for configuring the VX virtual appliance
◆ Quick Start Guide, VRX-8 Virtual Appliance, VMware vSphere /
vSphere Hypervisor, for configuring the VRX-8 virtual appliance
◆ VX Host System Requirements
◆ VRX-8 Host System Requirements


Tech Book: WAN Optimization Controller Technologies

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