16 April 2016 magnitude 7.8 earthquake strikes Ecuador

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Professor Eric K. Noji, M.D., MPH, DTMH(Lon), FRCP(UK)hon

The 2016 Ecuador earthquake occurred on April 16 at 18:58:37 ECT with a moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). The very large thrust earthquake was centered approximately 27 km (17 mi) from the towns of Muisne and Pedernales in a sparsely populated part of the country, and 170 km (110 mi) from the capital Quito, where it was felt strongly. Regions of Manta, Pedernales and Portoviejo accounted for over 75 percent of total casualties.[6] Manta's central commercial shopping district Tarqui, was completely destroyed. Widespread damage was caused across Manabi province, with structures hundreds of kilometres from the epicenter collapsing. At least 659 people were killed and 27,732 people injured. President Rafael Correa declared a state of emergency; 13,500 military personnel and police officers were dispatched for recovery operations.

Medio ambiente

LEARNING FROM GLOBAL
DISASTER LABORATORIES
APRIL 16, 2016
EARTHQUAKE STRIKES ECUADOR

A M7.8, 20-KM-DEEP EARTHQUAKE
LOCATED OFFSHORE ECUADOR
STRUCK ON SATURDAY MIGHT,
KILLING AT LEAST 77, WJTH MORE
DEATHS EXPECTED

ECUADOR IN ON THE PACIFIC
RING OF FIRE
• CIRCUM-
PACIFIC
NATIONS ARE
PRONE TO
EARTHQUAKES
AND TSUNAMIS

TECTONIC
DEFORMATION
EARTHQUAKE
TSUNAMI
GROUND
SHAKING
FAULT RUPTURE
FOUNDATION
FAILURE
SITE
AMPLIFICATION
LIQUEFACTION
LANDSLIDES
AFTERSHOCKS
SEICHE
DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF
UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF
DAMAGE
CAUSES OF
DAMAGE
GLOBAL
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
GLOBAL
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”

The two most devastated
areas were Pedernales, a
popular tourist destination
with beaches lined with palm-
trees and tropical thatch-hut
restaurants, and nearby
Cojimies.

"There are villages that are
totally devastated," Pedernales'
mayor, Gabriel Alcivar, said in a
radio interview. "What happened
here in Pedernales is
catastrophic."

The 7.8 magnitude earthquake
was felt hundreds of miles (km)
away in the capital of Quito as
well as in the large commercial
city of Guayaquil, where rubble
filled the streets and some
buildings were cracked or
partially collapsed.

- - - TO BE CONTINUED AS
FACTUAL DETAILS BECOME
AVAILABLE- - -

YOURYOUR
COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
DATA BASESDATA BASES
AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS:
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP
AFTERSHOCKS
•MONITORING
•HAZARD MAPS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
BOOKS OFBOOKS OF
KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGE
•PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•EM RESPONSE
•RECOSTRUCTION AND
RECOVERY
EARTHQUAKE DISASTEREARTHQUAKE DISASTER
RESILIENCERESILIENCE

PILLARS OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER
RESILIENCE
Preparedness
Protection: Adoption and Implementation of a
Modern Earthquake Engineering Building Code
and Lifeline Standards
Prevention: Land Use Planning and Base
Isolation

PILLARS OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER
RESILIENCE (continued)
Monitoring
Realistic Earthquake Disaster Scenarios
Timely Emergency Response (including search
and Rescue and Emergency Medical Services)
Cost-Effective Recovery and Reconstruction

THE CHALLENGE:
CHANGING EXISTING POLICIES:
CREATE, ADJUST, AND REALIGN PROGRAMS,
PARTNERS AND PEOPLE UNTIL YOU HAVE
CREATED THE KINDS OF TURNING POINTS
NEEDED FOR MOVING TOWARDS
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

AN UNDER-UTILIZED GLOBAL
STRATEGY
To Create Turning Points for
Earthquake Disaster Resilience
 USING EDUCATIONAL SURGES CONTAINING
THE PAST AND PRESENT LESSONS TO FOSTER
AND ACCELERATE POLICY CHANGES

MOVING TOWARDS THE MUST-
HAPPEN GLOBAL STRATEGY
To Achieve Earthquake Disaster
Resilience
INTEGRATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS WITH POLITICAL
SOLUTIONS IN EVERY NATION FOR
REALISTIC POLICIES ON PREPAREDNESS,
PROTECTION, DISASTER SCENARIOS,
EMERGENCY RESPONSE,
RECONSTRUCTION, AND RECOVERY

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Professor Eric K. Noji, M.D., MPH, DTMH(Lon), FRCP(UK)hon

Popocatapatele and Colima, two of Mexico’s most active volcanoes, are acting up again. For now the eruptions are not considered to be dangerous and no evacuations have been ordered. But don’t forget that the world’s 1,498 other active volcanoes can erupt at anytime too. A re-eruption of any of these active volcanoes is likely to be very devastating, locally, regionally, and globally. Location and a large explosivity index (VEI) combine to make some volcanoes especially dangerous. Location refers to proximity to cities and other areas of high human population density. An eruption with large VEI at such locations is certain to be devastating to people, their property, their health, the community infra-structure, the environment, and the economy. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction.

Two Of Mexico's Dangerous Volcanoes Are Threatening To Erupt

Professor Eric K. Noji, M.D., MPH, DTMH(Lon), FRCP(UK)hon

INDIA IS BIG, DIVERSE, and CAPABLE. It is the seventh largest country, The second most populous country with human resources of over 1.2 billion people having cultural and religious diversity, The most populous democracy, with many well- educated and well-trained people, with high-tech and low-tech capabilities. On the downside, it is also a country with many living in poverty, with many living in non-earthquake-resistant housing, with cities and towns that are dependent upon non- earthquake-resistant infrastructure and critical facilities. India faces potential disasters each year from floods, earthquakes, and cyclones, some of which have triggered notable disasters in the past, and very recently. That will happen again, unless a paradigm shift occurs. Disaster resilience has become an urgent global goal in the 21st century as many Nations are experiencing disasters after a natural hazard strikes, and learning that their communities, institutions, and people do NOT yet have the capacity to be disaster resilient. Disaster resilience does not just happen; it is the result of decision-making for a national paradigm shift from the status quo to an improved “coping capacity” that enables the country to rebound quickly after a disaster. A paradigm shift towards earthquake disaster resilience is a three step process. Step 1: Integrate Past Experiences Into Books of Knowledge. Step 2: From Books of Knowledge to Innovative Educational Surges to Build Professional and Technical Capacit. Step 3: From Professional and Technical Capacity to Disaster Resilience. In summary, BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE are are “TOOLS” to facilitate India’s continuing commitment to minimize the likely impacts of the inevitable future earthquake, thereby preventing another disaster

India Case Study. A paradigm shift towards earthquake disaster resilience.

Professor Eric K. Noji, M.D., MPH, DTMH(Lon), FRCP(UK)hon

Disaster resilience, which is the capacity of a country to rebound quickly after the socioeconomic impacts of a disaster, requires decision-making for a national paradigm shift from the status quo. Disaster resilience has become an urgent global goal in the 21st century as many Nations are experiencing disasters after a natural hazard strikes, and learning that their communities, institutions, and people do NOT yet have the capacity to be disaster resilient. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction.

Towards disaster resilience in Pakistan. A paradigm shift that will improve t...

Professor Eric K. Noji, M.D., MPH, DTMH(Lon), FRCP(UK)hon

On January 29, 2015, a routine delivery of gas to a maternity hospital in Mexico City leads to a deadly explosion killing 4 and injuring dozens. The explosion occurred when a gas tanker was making a routine, early morning delivery of gas to the hospital kitchen, and gas started to leak. The tanker workers worked for 15 to 20 minutes to repair the leak while a large cloud of gas was forming, then exploded. Technologies for monitoring, forecasting, and warning are vital for becoming resilient. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction

Making Our World Disaster Resilient Is Our Legacy

Professor Eric K. Noji, M.D., MPH, DTMH(Lon), FRCP(UK)hon

Snow Tsunami Temporarily Spares Northeastern USA 25 January 2015

Professor Eric K. Noji, M.D., MPH, DTMH(Lon), FRCP(UK)hon

As we begin the year 2015, we must unfortunately recognize that it is well past the time to speed up the long-term recovery process for earthquakes (and tsunamis). The main insights from global earthquakes have consistently shown that being prepared includes pre-earthquake planning for post-earthquake recovery ("PEPPER"). Only about 110 of the 10 million earthquakes of all sizes that occur somewhere in the world each year are large enough and close enough to a community to cause a disaster, which creates a multitude of local and regional dilemmas about what to do, both before and after the quake, to shorten the recovery process. THE SOLUTION: PRE-EARTHQUAKE PLANNING FOR POST-EARTHQUAKE RECOVERY(PEPPER). “THE END GAME” FOR JAPAN AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: Identification of the physical, social and economic consequences of a major earthquake in Tokai, Japan or Southern California will enable end users to identify what they can change now before the earthquake—to shorten recovery from the catastrophic impacts after the inevitable “big ones” occur, probably in the near future.

Towards Pre-Earthquake Planning for Post-Earthquake Recovery 2015-2020

Professor Eric K. Noji, M.D., MPH, DTMH(Lon), FRCP(UK)hon

Floods occur somewhere in the world 10,000 times or more each year. With 2015’s spring floods only weeks away, it’s past time to speed up the long-term recovery process for floods. In 2008, after weeks of flooding through Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Indiana and Wisconsin, the region faced billions of dollars in losses, threats of disease, and a long cleanup. Losses included millions of acres of prime farm land that are still requiring restoration and the rebuilding of large urban areas such as Cedar Rapids, Iowa which alone is estimated to have required at least $1 billion. However, the total direct and indirect losses may never be known. Flood waters during the summer of 2008 seeped into countless wells, affecting drinking water for thousands of homes and businesses across the region. Hazardous materials were also released into the flood waters that ultimately emptied into the Gulf of Mexico exacerbating what marine biologists call a “dead zone” – bodies of water so starved for oxygen that aquatic life can no longer be supported. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction.

Towards faster disaster recovery. case study the 2008 midwest usa floods

Professor Eric K. Noji, M.D., MPH, DTMH(Lon), FRCP(UK)hon

5th Anniversary of the Haiti Earthquake: 12 January 2010

Professor Eric K. Noji, M.D., MPH, DTMH(Lon), FRCP(UK)hon

20th Anniversary of the Great Kobe Japan Earthquake

Professor Eric K. Noji, M.D., MPH, DTMH(Lon), FRCP(UK)hon

Northridge California Earthquake January 17, 2014

Professor Eric K. Noji, M.D., MPH, DTMH(Lon), FRCP(UK)hon

A focus on actions in 2015 will accelerate the transition from the past 14 years of global disaster proneness to global disaster resilience by 2020. A snaphot of our world circa 1st January 2015: 7+ billion people, and growing while Living and competing in an interconnected global economy, producing $60 trillion+ of products each year,and facing complex disasters every year that cause multi-billions in losses and reduce a community’s ability to withstand natural catastrophes. The challenge of our time in the 21st century: Protecting and preserving PEOPLE and COMMUNITIES from the potential disaster agents of natural hazards. The “best solution set” vis a vis the global policy framework to strengthen disaster resilience include (1) anticipate and plan for the full spectrum of what can happen; (2) to build capacity at the community level to strengthen disaster in the areas of preparedness, protection, early warning, emergency response, and recovery/reconstruction; (3) to be relentless in informing, educating, training, and building equity in all areas that constitute disaster resilience in all sectors of every community in every nation. WE KNOW WHAT TO DO AND HOW TO DO IT. But just knowing is not enough. Tangible action is essential to reach the urgent goal of global disaster resilience by 2020 and will require that all communities work strategically to implement a realistic set of scientific, technical, and political solutions nested within EXISTING administrative, legal, and economic constraints. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction.

The challenge of disaster resilience in the framework of 21st century reality

Professor Eric K. Noji, M.D., MPH, DTMH(Lon), FRCP(UK)hon

A disaster is the set of failures that occur when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) recurring events (e.g., floods, earthquakes, ...,) intersect at a point in space and time, when and where the people and community are not ready. We have an opportunity after each record or near-record disaster of the 21st century to accelerate the recovery and reconstruction process, one of the five pillars of global disaster resilience. Strategy: take advantage of recovery/reconstruction. The political and media spotlight is on all decisions and activities. Political priority: restoration to normal (or better) as quickly as possible. International assistance, insurance payouts, and donors: always available. What is the payoff of global disaster resilience? Failure: we will have disasters during the 21st century that could make 1990—2014’s disasters look like “a walk in the park.” Success: everyone wins. A disaster is the set of failures that occur when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) recurring events (e.g., floods, earthquakes, ...,) intersect at a point in space and time, when and where the people and community are not ready. We have an opportunity after each record or near-record disaster of the 21st century to accelerate the recovery and reconstruction process, one of the five pillars of global disaster resilience. Strategy: take advantage of recovery/reconstruction. The political and media spotlight is on all decisions and activities. Political priority: restoration to normal (or better) as quickly as possible. International assistance, insurance payouts, and donors: always available. What is the payoff of global disaster resilience? Failure: we will have disasters during the 21st century that could make 1990—2014’s disasters look like “a walk in the park.” Success: everyone wins. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction

Factors impeding global disaster resilience

Professor Eric K. Noji, M.D., MPH, DTMH(Lon), FRCP(UK)hon

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16 April 2016 magnitude 7.8 earthquake strikes Ecuador

1. LEARNING FROM GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES APRIL 16, 2016 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES ECUADOR

2. A M7.8, 20-KM-DEEP EARTHQUAKE LOCATED OFFSHORE ECUADOR STRUCK ON SATURDAY MIGHT, KILLING AT LEAST 77, WJTH MORE DEATHS EXPECTED

3. ECUADOR IN ON THE PACIFIC RING OF FIRE • CIRCUM- PACIFIC NATIONS ARE PRONE TO EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS

4. TECTONIC DEFORMATION EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI GROUND SHAKING FAULT RUPTURE FOUNDATION FAILURE SITE AMPLIFICATION LIQUEFACTION LANDSLIDES AFTERSHOCKS SEICHE DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS

5. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE CAUSES OF DAMAGE GLOBAL “DISASTER LABORATORIES” GLOBAL “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

6. The two most devastated areas were Pedernales, a popular tourist destination with beaches lined with palm- trees and tropical thatch-hut restaurants, and nearby Cojimies.

7. "There are villages that are totally devastated," Pedernales' mayor, Gabriel Alcivar, said in a radio interview. "What happened here in Pedernales is catastrophic."

8. The 7.8 magnitude earthquake was felt hundreds of miles (km) away in the capital of Quito as well as in the large commercial city of Guayaquil, where rubble filled the streets and some buildings were cracked or partially collapsed.

9. - - - TO BE CONTINUED AS FACTUAL DETAILS BECOME AVAILABLE- - -

10. YOURYOUR COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY DATA BASESDATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS •MONITORING •HAZARD MAPS •INVENTORY •VULNERABILITY •LOCATION RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK BOOKS OFBOOKS OF KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGE •PREPAREDNESS •PROTECTION •EM RESPONSE •RECOSTRUCTION AND RECOVERY EARTHQUAKE DISASTEREARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

11. PILLARS OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE Preparedness Protection: Adoption and Implementation of a Modern Earthquake Engineering Building Code and Lifeline Standards Prevention: Land Use Planning and Base Isolation

12. PILLARS OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE (continued) Monitoring Realistic Earthquake Disaster Scenarios Timely Emergency Response (including search and Rescue and Emergency Medical Services) Cost-Effective Recovery and Reconstruction

13. THE CHALLENGE: CHANGING EXISTING POLICIES: CREATE, ADJUST, AND REALIGN PROGRAMS, PARTNERS AND PEOPLE UNTIL YOU HAVE CREATED THE KINDS OF TURNING POINTS NEEDED FOR MOVING TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

14. AN UNDER-UTILIZED GLOBAL STRATEGY To Create Turning Points for Earthquake Disaster Resilience  USING EDUCATIONAL SURGES CONTAINING THE PAST AND PRESENT LESSONS TO FOSTER AND ACCELERATE POLICY CHANGES

15. MOVING TOWARDS THE MUST- HAPPEN GLOBAL STRATEGY To Achieve Earthquake Disaster Resilience INTEGRATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS WITH POLITICAL SOLUTIONS IN EVERY NATION FOR REALISTIC POLICIES ON PREPAREDNESS, PROTECTION, DISASTER SCENARIOS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE, RECONSTRUCTION, AND RECOVERY

16 April 2016 magnitude 7.8 earthquake strikes Ecuador

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16 April 2016 magnitude 7.8 earthquake strikes Ecuador