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Chapter 13
1.
CHAPTER 13
Nutrition for Adults: Early, Middle, and Later Years Eleanor D. Schlenker Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2.
Adulthood: Continuing Growth
and Development Aging Across the Life Cycle Aging begins at the moment of conception and continues until death All periods of life have their unique potential and fulfillment Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2
3.
Adulthood: Continuing Growth
and Development – Cont’d Aging Across the Life Cycle – cont’d Two important considerations govern the physiologic, psychosocial, and nutritional needs across the adult years: 1. The individual 2. The total life Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3
4.
Adulthood: Continuing Growth
and Development – Cont’d Aging in America Changes in population and available technology are affecting the personal and working lives of adults in the United States and around the world This generation must cope with the costs of educating their children while caring for their aging parents Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4
5.
Adulthood: Continuing Growth
and Development – Cont’d Many factors shape the path of adult development Physical Socioeconomic Psychosocial Nutritional Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5
6.
Adulthood: Continuing Growth
and Development – Cont’d Physical Characteristics Cell replication: forming new cells to replace old ones and maintain body structure and function At older ages physical growth gradually declines as cells are lost more rapidly than they can be replaced Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6
7.
Adulthood: Continuing Growth
and Development – Cont’d Socioeconomic Status Many adults experience changes in resources as they move through early, middle, and later adulthood Financial pressures at any life stage influence food security and the availability of healthcare Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7
8.
Adulthood: Continuing Growth
and Development – Cont’d Psychosocial Development Three developmental tasks of psychosocial growth characterize the adult years: 1. Young adults develop intimacy and expand relationships outside of their parents and siblings 2. Middle adults pursue creative expression or explore new career direction 3. Older adults seek fulfillment and strength of purpose Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8
9.
Adulthood: Continuing Growth
and Development – Cont’d Nutritional Needs Nutrient needs remain important even after maturation and physical growth are complete Nutrient requirements remain dynamic throughout life according to age, physical activity, lifestyle, illness, chronic disease, or pregnancy and lactation Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9
10.
Adult Stages Young Adult:
19 to 45 Years Physical characteristics Body functions are fully developed with sexual maturation and reproductive capacity Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10
11.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Young Adult: 19 to 45 Years – cont’d Socioeconomic status Households are established, and individuals may take on the parenting role The changing work environment can bring difficulty in meeting the life tasks of education, work, and family Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11
12.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Young Adult: 19 to 45 Years – cont’d Psychosocial development If positive development is achieved, the individual can build on personal relationships leading to self- fulfillment Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12
13.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Young Adult: 19 to 45 Years – cont’d Nutritional needs: Energy Needs tend to continue to decrease with age Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for active men ages 19 to 30 is about 3000 kcal/day RDA for active women ages 19 to 30 is 2400 kcal/day Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13
14.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Young Adult: 19 to 45 Years – cont’d Nutritional needs: Energy – cont’d RDA for active men ages 31 to 50 is about 2900 kcal/day RDA for active women ages 31 to 50 is about 2300 kcal/day Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14
15.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Young Adult: 19 to 45 Years – cont’d Nutritional needs: Protein RDA is 56 g/day for young men RDA is 46 g/day for young women An additional 25 g/day is required during pregnancy and lactation Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15
16.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Young Adult: 19 to 45 Years – cont’d Nutritional needs: Minerals Young adults need 1000 mg of calcium RDA for iron is 18 mg/day for women of child- bearing age and 8 mg/day for young men The iron requirement in pregnancy is 27 mg/day Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16
17.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Young Adult: 19 to 45 Years – cont’d Nutritional needs: Vitamins Intakes of certain vitamins are less than optimal in many young adults Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17
18.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Middle Adult: 45 to 65 Years Physical characteristics Decline in skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength, a condition called sarcopenia, meaning “vanishing flesh” Most persons increase in body fat Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18
19.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Middle Adult: 45 to 65 Years – cont’d Psychosocial development Focus is on family, grandchildren, community Some experience the “empty nest” More opportunities to expand personal horizons Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19
20.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Middle Adult: 45 to 65 Years – cont’d Socioeconomic status Shifts in the nature of employment can bring job loss for workers at all levels of responsibility Displaced workers may seek out new educational opportunities or workforce training for new careers Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20
21.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Middle Adult: 45 to 65 Years – cont’d Nutritional needs Energy needs decline Waist circumference can increase Calcium intake assumes special importance Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21
22.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Middle Adult: 45 to 65 Years – cont’d Food habits In current surveys fat provides 33% of total kilocalories (kcalories or kcal), and saturated fat more than 11% Salty snacks and desserts add up to almost 13% of total kcalories Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22
23.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Middle Adult: 45 to 65 Years – cont’d Chronic diseases Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer often develop in this stage of life The prevalence of overweight and obesity has helped to fuel the rise in diabetes Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23
24.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Middle Adult: 45 to 65 Years – cont’d Nutritional needs Energy needs continue to decline Protein needs remain the same 56 g/day for men 46 g/day for women Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24
25.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Middle Adult: 45 to 65 Years – cont’d Nutritional needs: Minerals Calcium needs rise to 1200 mg/day for adults over age 50 Iron needs drop to 8 mg/day for women after menopause Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25
26.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Middle Adult: 45 to 65 Years – cont’d Nutritional needs: Vitamins Vitamin D needs rise to 10 µg/day (400 IU) for adults ages 51 to 70 Vitamin B6 needs increase for both men and women Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26
27.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Older Adult: 65 to 85 Years Physical characteristics Chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis, heart disease, pulmonary disease, and diabetes may limit physical activity Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 27
28.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Older Adult: 65 to 85 Years – cont’d Physiologic changes influence nutritional status: Body composition Cardiovascular system Renal system Respiratory system Gastrointestinal system Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 28
29.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Older Adult: 65 to 85 Years – cont’d Psychosocial development Requires continuing adaptation to new challenges as physical abilities decline and emotional supports are lost Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 29
30.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Older Adult: 65 to 85 Years – cont’d Socioeconomic status Older adults usually enter retirement on a fixed income Financial resources influence nutrient intake, and lower-income older people have poorer diets than higher-income older people Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 30
31.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Older Adult: 65 to 85 Years – cont’d Nutritional needs: Energy A physically active 65-year-old man weighing 77 kg needs about 2600 kcal/day A physically active woman of this age weighing 57 kg needs about 2100 kcal/ day Beyond age 70 there are further declines in energy expenditure Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 31
32.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Older Adult: 65 to 85 Years – cont’d Nutritional needs: Protein RDA is 56 g/day for men and 46 g/day for women (same as for younger adults) Health status may change protein needs Low energy intake may influence utilization of dietary protein Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 32
33.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Older Adult: 65 to 85 Years – cont’d Nutritional needs: Minerals The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for calcium rises from 1000 mg to 1200 mg for persons over age 50 Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 33
34.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Older Adult: 65 to 85 Years – cont’d Nutritional needs: Vitamins Vitamin B6 is used less efficiently by the older adult, so the RDA is higher The DRI for Vitamin D is 10 g (400 IU) for those ages 51 to 70 and 15 g (600 IU) for persons over age 70 Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 34
35.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Older Adult: 65 to 85 Years – cont’d Food intake Likely problem is unwanted weight loss with increasing frailty and disability Energy intake continues to decline Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 35
36.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Older Adult: 65 to 85 Years – cont’d Food intake – cont’d Increasing fat intake to the upper end of the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) may help to stem weight loss Nonfood calcium rises with over half of this age- group using either calcium supplements or calcium-containing antacids Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 36
37.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Older Adult: 65 to 85 Years – cont’d Chronic diseases Elevated blood pressure increases vulnerability to heart attack or stroke Paralysis affecting speech, mobility, movement, or loss of some degree of cognitive function often results from a stroke Deaths from cancer rise in older age-groups Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 37
38.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Older Adult: 65 to 85 Years – cont’d Interest in health improvement Older adults are an important target audience for health education Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 38
39.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Oldest-Old: 85 Years and Older Population Projections U.S. Census Bureau developed the following three categories: 1. The young-old: ages 65 through 74 years 2. The old-old: ages 75 through 84 years 3. The oldest-old: ages 85 years and older Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 39
40.
Adult Stages –
Cont’d Oldest-Old: 85 Years and Older – cont’d Nutritional needs As persons continue to age, they become less efficient in nutrient absorption and utilization Nutrient stores undergo rapid loss in acute illness or long-term disease We know very little about the interactions between the aging process and chronic disease and how they might influence nutritional needs Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 40
41.
The Aging Process The
Study of Gerontology The field of gerontology includes the biologic, physiologic, sociologic, and behavioral aspects of the aging process as they play out in each individual Geriatrics: refers to the diseases and medical conditions common to older people Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 41
42.
The Aging Process
– Cont’d Length of Life Life expectancy of Americans at birth has increased from 49 years to 77 years Lowering the infant death rate and the development of antibiotics and effective public health practices reduced the early deaths of young adults, effectively increasing life expectancy at birth Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 42
43.
The Aging Process
– Cont’d Length of Life – cont’d Life expectancy at older ages is influenced by environmental factors such as pollution and personal lifestyle including diet, smoking habits, alcohol use, or activity level Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 43
44.
The Aging Process
– Cont’d Quality of Life Average healthcare costs for adults ages 65 to 74 are $8297 per year These costs increase to $18,353 for those ages 85 and older Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 44
45.
The Aging Process
– Cont’d Quality of Life – cont’d Researchers are studying both the nature and rate of physiologic aging, looking for possible means of slowing or preventing these changes and related diseases Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 45
46.
Biologic Changes in
Aging Nature of Biologic Changes By the age of 70: The kidneys will have lost about 28% of their weight The liver will have lost approximately 25% of its weight Skeletal muscle will have decreased by almost half, as compared to a young adult Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 46
47.
Biologic Changes in
Aging – Cont’d Individuality of the Aging Process Lifestyle choices, disease history, and exposure to environmental hazards or pollution act on genes to determine the rate and severity of aging changes Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 47
48.
Biologic Changes in
Aging – Cont’d Individuality of the Aging Process – cont’d Because each person experiences a different set of these influences over a lifetime, persons age at different rates; thus older people of the same chronologic age are very different from each other, whereas young children of the same age are biologically very much alike Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 48
49.
Adult Health Food Intake
for Optimal Function The Dietary Guidelines for Americans and MyPyramid emphasize moderation and variety and provide an outline for food selection Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 49
50.
Adult Health –
Cont’d Physical Activity for Optimal Function Two types of physical activity promote fitness and well-being: 1. Endurance exercise 2. Resistance exercise Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 50
51.
Nutritional Needs of
Older Adults Maintaining Energy Intake Daily energy needs range from 1600 to 2200 kcal for women and 2000 to 2800 kcal for men Chronic conditions common in older adults tend to increase energy needs Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 51
52.
Nutritional Needs of
Older Adults – Cont’d Maintaining Energy Intake – cont’d For persons above age 59 underweight carries greater risk than moderate overweight Geriatric physicians recommend that older adults maintain a body mass index (BMI) of 22 or higher Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 52
53.
Nutritional Needs of
Older Adults – Cont’d Planning an Adequate Diet Carbohydrates Persons of all ages should obtain 45% to 65% of their total energy from carbohydrates Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 53
54.
Nutritional Needs of
Older Adults – Cont’d Planning an Adequate Diet – cont’d Fats Fat intake is best contained within the range of 20% to 35% of total kcalories; including fat at the upper end of the range may help to prevent weight loss when food intake is low Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 54
55.
Nutritional Needs of
Older Adults – Cont’d Planning an Adequate Diet – cont’d Protein Current RDA of 0.8 g/kg body weight may not be sufficient for frail or chronically ill older adults Overall, 10% to 35% of total kcalories should be supplied by good-quality protein Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 55
56.
Nutritional Needs of
Older Adults – Cont’d Vitamins Vitamins of special importance to the aging adult: Folate Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Vitamin D Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 56
57.
Nutritional Needs of
Older Adults – Cont’d Minerals and Electrolytes In planning diets for older adults, the following require particular attention: Calcium Potassium Sodium Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 57
58.
Nutritional Needs of
Older Adults – Cont’d Water Dehydration is a concern for both healthy and chronically ill older adults Older adults experience a change in the thirst center of the brain and do not become thirsty as they should Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 58
59.
Nutritional Needs of
Older Adults – Cont’d Water – cont’d The general fluid requirement of 1500 ml/day increases when either the outside or inside temperature rises High protein intakes will increase the need for fluids Monitoring fluid intake is especially important for older persons who cannot drink or obtain fluids without help Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 59
60.
Nutrient Supplementation
Older adults with low energy intakes can benefit from prudent, individually assessed supplementation May be needed to replenish losses following critical or debilitating illness Should be based on an individual assessment and advice of a healthcare professional Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 60
61.
Influences on Food
Intake of Older Adults Physical Changes Decayed teeth, tooth loss, or poorly fitting dentures all make chewing and eating both painful and difficult Losses in taste, smell, or sight reduce the enjoyment of eating and lower appetite Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 61
62.
Influences on Food
Intake of Older Adults – Cont’d Multiple Medications Can lower food intake by producing Anorexia Nausea Unpleasant taste Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 62
63.
Influences on Food
Intake of Older Adults – Cont’d Psychosocial Distress Emotional loss arising from the death of a spouse or physical separation from family and friends causing depression can lead to disinterest in food Alcohol sometimes displaces food in the diet Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 63
64.
Influences on Food
Intake of Older Adults – Cont’d Economic Problems Lack of resources to purchase the quantity or quality of food they should have Chronic Illness and Disability Food shopping and meal preparation can be difficult or impossible with some physical disabilities Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 64
65.
Clinical Applications Medical Nutrition
Therapy Under certain circumstances a medically indicated diet may be appropriate; however, the greater the restriction the more likely the rejection of the food offered and consequent weight loss Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 65
66.
Clinical Applications –
Cont’d Medical Nutrition Therapy – cont’d Older persons with diabetes can often be well managed on a regular diet if high-sugar items are restricted A regular diet—well-balanced nutritionally— that offers a wide variety of foods with moderation in fats and sweets has the best outcomes Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 66
67.
Clinical Applications –
Cont’d Support Programs for Self-Care Expand knowledge about a condition and its management, build emotional support, and work with the individual and family to promote creative decision making Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 67
68.
Community Resources
for the Aging Food Assistance Programs for Older Americans Food stamps Commodities distribution program Elderly Nutrition Program: national program with the greatest impact on the nutritional status of older adults Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 68
69.
Food Assistance Programs Elderly
Nutrition Program Funded under the Older Americans Act and managed by the Administration on Aging First authorized in 1972 Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 69
70.
Food Assistance Programs
– Cont’d Elderly Nutrition Program – cont’d Intended to meet both the nutritional and social needs of older adults Operates in all 50 states and provides various nutrition services based on local needs and the funds available Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 70
71.
Government Research
and Education Services Research Centers of the United States Department of Agriculture Authorized by Congress to study the role of nutrition in the aging process and help us learn more about nutritional requirements at older ages Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 71
72.
Government Research
and Education Services – Cont’d Extension Services of the United States Department of Agriculture Provide nutrition education classes and practical nutrition materials for older adults and community workers Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 72
73.
Government Research
and Education Services – Cont’d State Public Health Departments Provide nutrition education and oversee nutrition and health screening of older people in the community Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 73
74.
Government Research
and Education Services – Cont’d State Departments for the Aging Area agencies on aging manage congregate and home-delivered meals programs on the local level under the guidelines of the state unit Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 74
75.
Professional Organizations
and Resources National Council on the Aging Nonprofit organization that promotes research, training, technical assistance, advocacy and public policy, program standards, and publications relating to all aspects of aging Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 75
76.
Professional Organizations
and Resources – Cont’d American Geriatrics Society Made up of physicians who provide medical care to older patients The Gerontological Society Includes a wide range of health and social service professionals Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 76
77.
Professional Organizations
and Resources – Cont’d Volunteer Health Organizations Organizations such as the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association Support health and nutrition programs of interest to older adults Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 77
78.
Professional Organizations
and Resources – Cont’d Community Groups Medical societies, nursing organizations, and dietetic associations Sponsor classes and programs to help meet the needs of older adults in their communities Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 78
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