This document discusses how climate change may have impacted the range expansion of the beechdrop parasite (Epifagus virginiana) in relation to its host, the American beech (Fagus grandifolia). The authors analyze fossil pollen records, genetic data from both species, and build spatial models to infer the potential migration corridors used by the parasite as it followed its host northward from refugia after the last glacial maximum. They aim to better understand how host density and dispersal influence parasite colonization of new areas during climate-driven range shifts.

1. Global change, parasites, and community assembly: How a parasite expanded its range in the shadow of its host Yi-Hsin Erica Tsai Paul S. Manos Department of Biology Duke University

2. Climate change and a species’ response

3. Climate change and a species’ response Climate change

4. Climate change and a species’ response Climate change

5. Climate change and a species’ response Climate change

6. Climate change and a species’ response Climate change ?

7. Climate change and a community’s response

8. Climate change and a community’s response

9. Climate change and a community’s response Climate change

10. Climate change and a community’s response Climate change

11. Climate change and a community’s response Climate change ?

12. How do host and parasite migration patterns compare? What host life history characters act as constraints?

13. How do host and parasite migration patterns compare? What host life history characters act as constraints? Host = American beech, Fagus grandifolia Parasite = Beechdrop, Epifagus virginiana Host density effects

14. The parasite: Epifagus virginiana DL Nickrent Obligate parasite Non-photosynthetic Host specific to Fagus grandifolia Annual Selfer EA Saulys

15. Two host migration scenarios 13 kybp 9 kybp 6 kybp Host fossil pollen Davis 1983, Bennett 1985, Delcourt and Delcourt 1987, Williams et al. 2004

16. Two host migration scenarios Host cpDNA McLachlan et al. 2005 13 kybp 9 kybp 6 kybp PP Prairie Peninsula

17. Two host migration scenarios Host fossil pollen Davis 1983, Bennett 1985, Delcourt and Delcourt 1987, Williams et al. 2004 Host cpDNA McLachlan et al. 2005 PP 13 kybp 9 kybp 6 kybp

18. Two host migration scenarios Host fossil pollen Host cpDNA PP 13 kybp 9 kybp 6 kybp High density forest development Initial range expansion

19. What limits parasite colonization of a new area? Host fossil pollen = host density Host cpDNA = host disperal PP 13 kybp 9 kybp 6 kybp

20. Methods: Building a parasite dataset 1064 specimens 95 populations 1016 cpDNA bp 557 bp clpP1 intron 459 bp rbcL pseudogene 47 substitutions 41 haplotypes 4 haplotype groups

21. Parasite haplotype distributions PP 13 kybp 9 kybp 6 kybp

22. Many genetic breaks in the South Monmonier’s analysis: Manni et al. 2004, Miller 2005, Jombart 2008

23. Many genetic breaks in the South - Supported by cross validation analysis

24. Migration into the Midwest Probability Migration rate 0.005 0.015 0.025 1 100 0.01 PP PP 13 kybp 9 kybp 6 kybp 13 kybp 9 kybp Hey and Nielsen 2007

25. Broad-scale story X Host density matters

26. But where are the actual migration corridors?

28. Locating migration corridors Landscape connectivity - McRae et al. 2008

29. Spatial models with all datasets Parasite cpDNA ~ Host pollen age + Host cpDNA

30. Climate change and a community’s response Climate change ?

31. Climate change and a community’s response Climate change ?

32. Acknowledgements Specimen collectors: Yi-Show Tsai Ross McCauley Chuck Williams Fritz Gerhardt Gelyn Kline Jason McLachlan John Freudenstein Maggie Whitson Paul Manos Mark Fishbein Dan Nickrent Heather Nickrent Philip Hyatt Robyn Burnham Sally Gerhardt Sasa Stefanovic Alison Colwell Erin Tripp Jordan Metzgar Jackson Fox Funding sources: NSF, Sigma Xi, Duke Grad School, Duke Dept. of Biology, ASPT, Mellon Foundation, AWIS, GWIS, Deep Time, Google, NESCent Lab/Theory help: Billy Schnackel Amos Little Jason McLachlan Sang-Hun Oh Norm Douglas Dylan O. Burge Erin Tripp Taina Price Dudu Meireles James Beck Christy Henzler Lisa Pokorny Michelle Hersh Sara Chun Advisor: Paul Manos

33. Questions? [email_address] www.duke.edu/~yet2/ phylogeoviz.org