3. SHIFTING CULTIVATION A type of farming in which basic tools and burning are used to clear a small area of land for growing crops. When the soil is no longer fertile, the farmers move on to another plot of land to start the process again. Eg Rice, maize, tapioca http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-pQng2qZbqQ

4. Select site Slash and Burn forests (fertilize) Plant crops Move to new site Eg Indonesia Fig 7.4 pg 48 Infertile soil

5. WORLD DISTRIBUTION

6. CYCLE OF ACTIVITIES (a) A small plot of land approximately 1 to 2 hectares is selected. (b) The trees are felled at the beginning of the DRY season using very simple tools. (c) After 1 to 2 months, when the felled trees have dried out, they are set on fire and the resulting ashes add nutrients (fertilizer) to the soil.

7. CYCLE OF ACTIVITIES (d) Planting takes place at the beginning of the rainy period, when the soil is cool and moist. Long, pointed sticks are used to make holes in the ground and seeds are dropped into the holes. Once the seeds are sown, the shifting cultivators do not spend much time tending their crops.

8. Before Clearing After Clearing

9. CYCLE OF ACTIVITIES (e) Harvesting takes place when the crops are ready. Some of the best seeds from the harvest are kept for the next planting season.

10. Select area and slash Harvest Planting crops Burn

11. CYCLE OF ACTIVITIES (f) The soil may become infertile after 2 to 3 years of planting. The shifting cultivators will look for another plot of land to carry out the slash-and-burn method again. The original plot of land is left to fallow . They may return to the same spot after 7 to 10 years when the land has regained its fertility .

12. Lets look at text page 49. 1. What do you see in the first picture? 2. What does the second picture tell you about the level of technology?

13. Inputs for Shifting cultivation Flat land for easier farming Relief Traditional eg Dibble Tools Burnt vegetation from trees Fertiliser Infertile after few years Soil No (cannot afford to) Pesticides / Herbicides From previous harvests Seeds Little or no (poor farmers) Capital Family members Labour High temperature , high rainfall, high humidity Sunlight/ Rainfall

14. Shifting Cultivation (Indonesia) Wet Rice Cultivation ( Thailand/China) Plantation agriculture (Malaysia) High Tech farming (Singapore) Agricultural Types

15. Wet rice is grown on terraces (steps cut into steep hillsides)

17. Inputs (Wet rice) Traditional Commercial Relief Tools Fertiliser Soil Pesticides / Herbicides Seeds Capital Labour High temperature , high rainfall, high humidity Sunlight/ Rainfall Hired workers Family/Some workers Yes Little or none Purchased (may be HYVs) Previous harvests High Low Intermediate Basic Chemical fertiliser Animal manure Clayey soil, Flooded rice fields, Fertile alluvial soil Cut terraces onto slopes to create flat land

18. WORLD DISTRIBUTION

20. Irrigation : To supply (dry land) with water by means of ditches, pipes, or streams; water artificially. (Worksheet page 5)

22. CYCLE OF ACTIVITIES (a) Before the rainy season, farmers build and repair bunds to separate and retain water in rice fields. At the same time, sowing of rice seeds in the nursery begins. (b) Rainy season arrives and ploughing is done with water buffaloes or tractors. (c) Transplanting the seedlings from the nursery to the main field in neat rows.

23. Bunds Close up of a bund Ploughing by tractors Ploughing by water buffaloes

24. CYCLE OF ACTIVITIES - Irrigation is practised in areas where rainfall is not adequate. - Fertilisers are added to increase nutrients for the rice plants. - Use of pesticides and herbicides to kill pests and weeds respectively. If left alone, the weeds would use up the soil nutrients. - Rice fields are kept flooded during the entire growing season.

25. Growing rice seeds into seedlings in the nursery Transplanting seedlings into the main field in neat rows

26. CYCLE OF ACTIVITIES (e) When dry season arrives, bunds are broken to let the water drain off. (f) Harvesting is carried out manually using a sickle or through use of machines such as combine harvesters (tools) .  Beginning of Rainy season in Asia – October to December  Rainy season in Asia– January to March  Beginning of dry season in Asia – April to June

27. Lets look at text page 52 fig 7.10. Qn: What kind of settlement pattern do you think Udon Thani has?

31. Inputs Relief Tools Fertiliser Soil Pesticides / Herbicides Seeds Capital Labour High temperature , high rainfall, high humidity Sunlight/ Rainfall Educated & skilled workers Yes & No (Organic) HYVs Highest High tech Organic fertiliser Soiless / Soil Flat land

34. Automated sprinklers High-tech poultry farm

35. HIGH-TECH FARMING Hydroponics – plants are grown in a trough filled with a nutrient solution instead of soil. Aeroponics – roots of the plants are suspended in the air and nutrient solution is sprayed onto the roots at preset intervals. The greenhouse is covered with a layer of netting to prevent pests. The temperature and moisture in the greenhouse is carefully controlled through computer s.

36. Netting Aeroponics

38. Spraying pesticides using aircraft Spotlight to speed up growing process

40. How many percent of Singapore’s land area is used for farming? 1.6% of the total land area (692 sq k m)

47. Inputs Relief Tools Fertiliser Soil Pesticides / Herbicides Seeds Capital Labour High temperature , high rainfall, high humidity Sunlight/ Rainfall A lot of hired labourers Yes HYVs Higher Intermediate Chemical fertiliser Fertile Flat land

49. Oil Palm Plantation Tea Plantation

51. The oil palm fruit Using a long-handled chisel to remove the fruits

53. Refinery of palm oil At the Processing Factory

58. Lets try to guess the order of a standard farming process… 1. Ploughing 2. Sowing 5. Harvesting 4. Fertilising 3. Irrigating

59. URPOSE.. Intention/reason NPUT… Resources put in ARIETY… Type produced UTPUT… What’s produced ECHNOLOGY… Machines/tools P I V O T

60. P URPOSE Large plot of land Small plot of land Land size Hired workers Family members Labour type High capital input Low capital input Capital cost Chemical fertilisers Natural fertilisers Types of fertilisers High technology tools/machines Traditional tools/machines Tools/machines For sale For own use Output High level Low level Level of technology Commercial Farming Subsistence Farming Factors

65. V ARIETY… Type produced Monoculture 1 type of crop Different varieties Eg Maize, rice, veg, fruits

68. P URPOSE Commercial Commercial - Exports - Raw materials for local markets Commercial -Sale in local & overseas markets Eg Export Rice Subsistence Subsistence High-Technology farming Plantation Agriculture Wet Rice Agriculture (Commercial) Wet Rice Agriculture (Traditional) Shifting Agriculture

70. Flat land Flat land Cut terraces onto slopes to create flat land Flat land Relief High temperature , high rainfall, high humidity e.g. tropical countries like Thailand, Malaysia, India Sunlight/ Rainfall High tech Intermediate Intermediate Basic Traditional Tools Organic fertiliser Chemical fertiliser Chemical fertiliser Animal manure Burnt veg Fertiliser Soiless / Soil Fertile Clayey soil, Flooded rice fields, Fertile alluvial soil Infertile after few years Soil Yes & No (Organic) Yes Yes Little or none No Pesticides / Herbicides HYVs HYVs Purchased (may be HYVs) Previous harvests Previous harvests Seeds Highest Higher High Low Lowest Capital Educated & skilled workers A lot of hired labourers Hired workers Family/Some workers Family Labour Inputs/ Resources High-Technology farming Plantation Agriculture Wet Rice Agriculture (Commercial) Wet Rice Agriculture (Traditional) Shifting Agriculture

71. V ARIETY Organic & healthier vegetables, Orchids farm, Fish farm Monoculture, Cash crops, Raw materials eg Oil palm/rubber Only Rice Mainly Rice, with some variety of vegetables & fruits Rice, vegetables, sugar cane, bananas, maize, sweet potatoes High-Technology farming Plantation Agriculture Wet Rice Agriculture (Commercial) Wet Rice Agriculture (Traditional) Shifting Agriculture

73. Shifting cultivation Plantation Agriculture High Tech Farming Wet Rice (Commercial) Wet Rice (Traditional) Quiz time: Name the agriculture type that produces this crop

74. Shifting cultivation Plantation Agriculture High Tech Farming Wet Rice (Commercial) Wet Rice (Traditional) Quiz time: Name the agriculture type that uses this technology

75. T ECHNOLOGY High Tech -Computers -R&D Intermediate -Fertilisers/ Pesticides -HYVs - Machinery Intermediate -Irrigation, dams, drainage canals, -HYVs -Fertilisers/ pesticides Basic -Wooden plough drawn by buffalo, sickle, animal manure Traditional -Simple tools Eg Dribbling sticks, machetes, sickles High-Technology farming Plantation Agriculture Wet Rice Agriculture (Commercial) Wet Rice Agriculture (Traditional) Shifting Agriculture

77. Class activity You are tour guides that will be bringing a group of Xinmin students on a tour around the farm.Prepare as much information about the farm using your textbook and general knowledge on the materials provided. :(One guide to answer one question) Your presentation should include 1. What is the farming process ? Describe it briefly. 2. What is the purpose of this type of farming? Why? Hint: Subsistence or Commercial 3. What type of resources (input) are needed in the farm? 4. What crops are produced (variety/output)? 5. What tools (technology) are being used?

78. Revision for Agriculture What are some of the differences between the 3 types of farming? What are the examples of OUTPUTS for this type of farming? What are some of the similarities between the 3 types of farming? Explain the PROCESS for this farm type What are the INPUTS for this type of farming? High tech farming Wet rice (Commercial) Wet rice (traditional) Shifting Cultivation