1. Waterfalls
• Sudden, steep and vertical flow of fast-
flowing water falling from great heights
• Formed by river erosion

2. Niagara Falls on Niagara River,
Canada and USA
• formed by
erosion of
rock of
different
resistance

3. Formation of Waterfalls

4. Formation of Waterfalls
• River flows across rocks of different
resistance.

5. Formation of Waterfalls
• River erodes the less resistant rock more rapidly
• This cause a change in the gradient of the river
course.

6. Formation of waterfalls
• Over time, river plunges from a great height to
hit the riverbed below,
• This forms a waterfall.

7. Formation of plunge pools
• Repeated pounding of the river bed leads to a
depression at the base of a waterfall
• A plunge pool is formed.

8. Floodplain
 Areas of low-lying ground adjacent to a
river at the lower course

10. Formation of Floodplain and Levee

11. Formation of Floodplain and
Levee

12. Floodplain and Levee
• During a heavy rainfall, river water
overflows its bank. River loses speed as it
encounters friction.

13. Floodplain and Levee
• Deposition occurs as river’s energy decreases.
• Coarser and heavier sediments are deposited
nearer to the river bank.
• Finer and lighter sediments are deposited
further away.

14. Formation of Floodplain and
Levee

15. Floodplain and Levee
• Overtime, the accumulation of fine
sediments results in the formation of flat
plains

16. • Coarser and heavier sediments are
acculumated
• Results in the formation of raised banks
• Known as levees.