Presentation for the 2010 Oxford Internet Institute Summer Doctoral Programme on e-Research.

1. The Global Brain: Digital Transformations of Research Eric T. Meyer and Ralph Schroeder

2. The OeSS Project 2005-2011 Oxford e-Social Science Project Oxford Internet Institute Oxford e-Research Centre Institute for Science, Innovation and Society at Saïd Business School

3. OeSS Researcher Disciplines Visualization Source: Boyack, Klavens & Borner (2005) Mapping the Backbone of Science. Scientometrics 64(3): 351-374.

4. Collaborative Links Oxford

5. Empirical Social Science Approaches

6. Reconfiguring Access Source: Dutton (2010). Reconfiguring Access in Research: Information. Expertise, and Experience. In Dutton & Jeffreys (eds) World Wide Research: Reshaping the Sciences and Humanities. The MIT Press.

7. Why is science and research growing more collaborative?

8. Is technology driving it?

9. Or are there big scientific questions that cannot be answered otherwise?

10. Source: Meyer, E.T., Schroeder, R. (2009). Untangling the Web of e-Research: Towards a Sociology of Online Knowledge. Journal of Informetrics 3(3):246-260

12. There is no single discipline (information science, media studies, science studies) which captures the sociology of online knowledge

13. Measurement is possible in new ways and fields become visible

14. e-Research, defined as distributed and collaborative tools and data for knowledge production, can be mapped (using labels) by means of scientometrics and web presence

15. Metrics will increasingly be used, also for science and research policymakers

17. There is no single discipline (information science, media studies, science studies) which captures the sociology of online knowledge

18. Measurement is possible in new ways and fields become visible

19. e-Research, defined as distributed and collaborative tools and data for knowledge production, can be mapped (using labels) by means of scientometrics and web presence

20. Metrics will increasingly be used, also for science and research policymakers

22. The importance of research technologies Technological instruments drive scientific advance (not the other way around) research technologies are ‘generic’, ‘open-ended general purpose devices’ e-Research provides examples of tools shared between disciplines and with globalizing ambitions Networked tools and digitized research materials combine to produce manipulated data and resources as output

24. High-throughput Analysis

26. Catalogue

27. Resource

28. Analysis

30. Datasets

31. Visualization

32. Text

34. Source: Schroeder, R., Meyer, E.T. (2009). Gauging the Impact of e-Research in the Social Sciences. Paper presented at the 104th American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 8-11, San Francisco, California.

35. Source: Meyer, E.T., Schroeder, R. (2009). Untangling the Web of e-Research: Towards a Sociology of Online Knowledge. Journal of Informetrics 3(3):246-260

36. Visibility Source: Meyer, E.T., Park, H-W., Schroeder, R. (2009). Mapping Global e-Research: Scientometrics and Webometrics. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on e-Social Science, June 24-26, Cologne, Germany.

37. Source: Meyer, E.T., Park, H-W., Schroeder, R. (2009). Mapping Global e-Research: Scientometrics and Webometrics. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on e-Social Science, June 24-26, Cologne, Germany.

38. Source: Dutton, W. H., & Meyer, E. T. (2009). Experience with New Tools and Infrastructures of Research: An exploratory study of distance from, and attitudes toward, e-Research. Prometheus, 27(3).

39. Source: Meyer, E.T., Schroeder, R. (2009). Untangling the Web of e-Research: Towards a Sociology of Online Knowledge. Journal of Informetrics 3(3):246-260.

40. Source: Schroeder, R., Meyer, E.T. (2009). Gauging the Impact of e-Research in the Social Sciences. Paper presented at the 104th American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 8-11, San Francisco, California.

41. Source: Meyer, E.T., Schroeder, R. (2009). Untangling the Web of e-Research: Towards a Sociology of Online Knowledge. Journal of Informetrics 3(3):246-260

42. Source: Schroeder, R., Meyer, E.T. (2009). Gauging the Impact of e-Research in the Social Sciences. Paper presented at the 104th American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 8-11, San Francisco, California.

43. Source: Schroeder, R., Meyer, E.T. (2009). Gauging the Impact of e-Research in the Social Sciences. Paper presented at the 104th American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 8-11, San Francisco, California.

44. Source: S. Wuchty et al., (2007). The Increasing Dominance of Teams in Production of Knowledge. Science 316, 1036 -1039. The Growth of Teams

45. Or are there big scientific questions that cannot be answered otherwise?

46. Cases SPLASH: Structure of Populations, Levels of Abundance, and Status of Humpbacks GAIN: Genetic Association Information Network Meyer, E.T. (2009). Moving from small science to big science: Social and organizational impediments to large scale data sharing. In Jankowski, N. (Ed.), E-Research: Transformation in Scholarly Practice (Routledge Advances in Research Methods series). New York: Routledge.

48. Photo-identification Humpback whales

50. GAIN: Genetic Association Information Network

52. 250-300 samples (4 sites)

53. 1997-2007: Family association / linkage studies

54. 1000-1500 samples, 10 K SNPs (13 sites)

55. 2007-2009: Genome wide association studies

56. 3000-5000 samples, 1.2 M SNPs (Multiple multi-site studies combined)

57. 2010+: Whole genome studies

58. 30,000 samples, Millions of SNPs (World-wide collaborations)

60. Particle Physics and EGEE: The world’s largest e-Science collaboration

61. EGEE Enabling Grids for e-Science CERN ’Big Science’ 100+ research groups from many scientific domains User forums A ’project’, a – or the – European and global infrastructure? A federation of projects

62. Particle Physics and EGEE LHC computing grid highly distributed and multi-tiered Petabytes of data, 100,000s CPUs Memoranda of understanding about the uses of computing resources

63. Source: CERN, CERN-EX-0712023, http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1203203

64. Source: CERN, CMS-PHO-GEN-2007-031-1, http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1274849

65. Particle Physics and EGEE The Large Hadron Collider, the most powerful particle accelerator Searching for Higgs Boson The largest e-Science collaboration worldwide, organizationally and technically Enabling Grids for E-Science (EGEE): a European Grid moves beyond Europe and beyond physics Does the model of physics transfer to other forms of research collaboration? Reshapes the nature of collaboration

66. EGEE Other disciplines: a need for high-performance computing and shared computing resources (processing vs. storing) A common middleware (gLite)? A common organizational model (MOU’s, how to share data for publishing) How to keep momentum going? The global geopolitics of e-Science, in physics and beyond (EGEE can’t fail, tries to embrace other projects, sets and follows standards, and competes and collaborates)

67. e-Research in Sweden – New ways of sharing data in the social and health sciences

68. e-Research in Sweden Sweden has a major e-Research initiative ’Universal’ personal identification Uniquely powerful datasets (e.g. twin registry) UK (ID cards, NHS) and US parallels? Significance: If Swedes can’t do it, no one can? Future possibilities: public health via mobile phones?

69. Preventing Flu via Mobile Phones?

70. e-Research in Sweden Use of population data in a ’transparent’ society with high trust between people, authorities and researchers… …but, implementation of secure distributed access and ’incidents’ creating public concerns Reshapes how data are collected

71. SwissBioGrid - Shared computing power for biomedicine

72. SwissBioGrid Aims: high throughput analysis of proteomics data, virtual screening of possible drugs for dengue fever Collaborators: Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Novartis, Swiss National Supercomputing Centre Using the spare capacity of Linux clusters and PCs

73. SwissBioGrid: A Mixture ofClusters and PCs ETHZ Hreidar (Sun Grid Engine) SIB Vital-IT (Platform LSF) NorduGRID/ ARC UniZH Matterhorn (Sun Grid Engine) UniBS BC2 cluster (Platform LSF) ProtoGRID Metascheduler UniBS/FMI PC farms CSCS - Ticino Cluster (Itanium, LSF) - Terrane Cluster (PS 5, PBS) - Sun Cluster (PBS)

74. SwissBioGrid Working across the academic – commercial divide Demonstrates that PC clusters can usefully be deployed in biomedicine… …but a challenge to embed shared computing resources without a larger national Grid Reshapes how data is analysed

75. A Collaborative Wiki for Literary Annotation: The Pynchon Wiki

76. The Pynchon Wiki A Wiki for annotating a contemporary American novel A 1085 page novel is annotated between November 2006 and early 2007 The equivalent single author annotation in book form takes longer than a decade A flexible, highly motivating, distributed collaborative effort – a model for other forms of online collaboration?

77. The Pynchon Wiki A notoriously reclusive novelist; Author of Gravity’s Rainbow, annotated in book form Against the Day, annotated in Wiki form Arcana integral to story-lines

80. The Pynchon Wiki:Charting Pynchon Online Activity Anticipation Annotation And what’s next?

81. Weisenburger vs. the Wiki on Pynchon Comparison of book and wiki annotation efforts Source: Schroeder, R., & Besten, M. D. (2008). Literary Sleuths Online: e-Research collaboration on the Pynchon Wiki. Information, Communication & Society, 11(2), 167 - 187.

82. The Pynchon Wiki:Wiki Edits over Time

83. The Pynchon Wiki A race to finish the ‘detective work’ Encouraging amateur contribution and learning from other contributors A model for self-organized collaboration? ‘Finalization’ of reference work or endless discussion? Reshaping how scholarly resources are distributed, and how we collaborate

84. e-Research as research technologies? Universality in the ’adoption by an end-user audience of a generic instrument entails the audience’s integration of protocols which make the instrument effective’ (middleware? Metadata? Users?...) Momentum at the policy level, at the infrastructure level, at the level of ’passports’, or end-user adoption An ’openness’ movement Resources or tools? Will e-Research become ’invisible’ (but also higher ’visibility’ when scientific output is increasingly online)

85. Implications of Research Technologies Tools drive science, but they impose new practices on researchers (collaboration, digitization, tool use) Aim is to enhance systems? or to advance our understanding of innovation and science? e-Research has different levels – with different forms of momentum and barriers

86. Design and Policy Implications I plan user requirements and user uptake before embarking on system development ensure that infrastructure and resources are in place to sustain project beyond system completion interoperability and standards for software, resources and tools motivate and reward contributions to shared resources and tools are efforts being duplicated, and is there a sufficient user base for all systems?

87. Design and Policy Implications II identify a niche where research technologies are likely to act as ‘passports’ between disciplines and applications collaborative agreements are in place, and project management Ethical and legal issues in data, resource and tool use and sharing (including IP issues) Visibility and transparency Open access strategy

88. So what? Quality of Research Nature of Research: Artisan or Knowledge Worker; Embedded or Mediated Observer Privacy and Confidentiality Ownership, IPR, and Openness Distribution of Expertise: Greater Diversity or a Winner-Takes-All?

89. Quality of Research Intermediation and Disintermediation Intermediation Disintermediation

90. Source: Meyer & Schroeder (2009). The World Wide Web of Research and Access to Knowledge. Journal of Knowledge Management Research and Practice 7 (3):218-233.

91. O e S S Oxford e-Social Science Project http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/microsites/oess/

92. Oxford Internet InstituteUniversity of Oxford Eric T. Meyereric.meyer@oii.ox.ac.ukhttp://people.oii.ox.ac.uk/meyer Ralph Schroederralph.schroeder@oii.ox.ac.uk http://people.oii.ox.ac.uk/schroeder Oxford e-Social Science Project