Agriculture sector of pakistan

1. AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN PAKISTAN
By Group C

2. Group Members
Ehtisham Saeed Malik Fayzan
Abdul Rehman Muhammad Mudassir Shahbaz
Farhan Ehsan Danial Arshad
Mehtab Ali Waseem
Ali Khalid

3. Agriculture Sector
• It is the primary sector of state’s economy making
direct use of natural resources.
– “Agriculture is basically the science or practice of farming,
including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops
and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and
other products”.

4. John Salazar (former US Commissioner of agriculture
department) said;
– “There is only one thing that can bring our nation
down_our dependence on foreign countries for food and
energy. Agriculture is the backbone of our economy”.
• So, Agriculture is Primary sector of economy.

5. Agriculture Sector in Pakistan:
• Pakistan has a rich and vast natural resource base,
covering various ecological and climatic zones; hence
the country has great potential for producing all
types of food. Agriculture sector of Pakistan is the
major contributor to her economy and is wide-
spread all over the country.

6. Agri……
• Agricultural sector contributes about 24% to GDP.
• The total geographical area of Pakistan is 79.6 million hectares;
– About 27% of the area is currently under cultivation. Of this area, 80%
is irrigated.
– The cultivable waste lands offering good possibilities of crop
production amount to 8.9 million hectares.
• Growth in cropped area (since 1947 to last decade):
– from 11.6 million hectares to 22.6 million hectares.

7. Major Crops
• Wheat
• Maize
• Rice
• Sugarcane
• Cotton

8. Production index of imp. crops
Crops 2011-12 2012-13
Wheat 110.3 113.9
Maize 139.5 148.9
Rice 111.1 99.9
Sugarcane 130.7 139.9
Cotton 104.4 100.0

9. Crops …
• During the last 5 to 6 decades, a significant increase in
production of the major crops has been achieved.
• Wheat production rose from 3.3 million tons since 1950/51 to
18.6 million tons.
• Rice production rose from 0.86 million tons to 4.32 million
tons

10. Crops…...
• There was also a records increase in cereal
production. The production of cotton reached 9.4
million bales during 1996/97.
• Sugarcane production reached 5.3 million tons
during 1997/98

11. Agricultural Yield:
• “A measurement of the amount of a crop that was
harvested per unit of land area. Yield is the
measurement often used for a cereal, grain or
legume and is normally measured in metric tons per
hectare (or kilograms per hectare).”

12. Area under Cultivation
Province Total Area(million
hectors)
Area under cultivation
Punjab 20.63 12.51
Sindh 14.09 5.03
KPK 10.17 1.87
Baluchistan 34.72 2.63

13. • is measured as the ratio of agricultural outputs to agricultural
inputs
• output is usually measured as the market value of final output
• This output value may be compared to many different types
of inputs such as labour and land (yield).
• These are called partial measures of productivity

14. Agricultural Productivity
• Agricultural productivity may also be measured by what is
termed total factor productivity (TFP).
• This method of calculating agricultural productivity compares
• an index of agricultural inputs to an index of outputs.

15. Classification
• Food crops
• Rice ,wheat,maize,gram,j owar bajra .
• Cash crops
Cotton,sugarcane,tobacco. Oil Seed and
Vegetable Oils
• pulses
• Green Moong Bean & Yellow Moong Daal,
Masoor Daal, Toor Daal, Maash Daal, Kala
Channa
• Fruits
• dates, bananas, mango, guava, apple,
banana, apricot, grapes, almonds, peach

16. FOOD CROPS
Wheat:
• Wheat is the principal food crop .
• It occupies an important position in farming policies.
• The share of wheat is 3% to GDP.
• The area under wheat crop was 8494 thousand hectares and
wheat output stood at 23.52 million tons and it contributed
14.4% to value added in agriculture in 20012-13

17. Rice
• Rice is the 2nd largest food crop in Pakistan.
• It is now a major export item
• accounting for 6.1% of total export
• earnings over the last five years and contributes1.2% to GDP.

18. Gram
Gram is an important source
• of vegetable protein and play an
• important role in the diet.
• It is grown both as rabi and kharif crops.
• The total area under gram was 1073 thousand hectares in 2012-13. The
total production was 842 thousand tones in 2012-13.

19. Cash Crops
• Sugarcane: Sugarcane crop serves
• as a major raw material
• for production of white sugar and gur.
• Its share in value added in agriculture
• is 3.5% and in GDP 0.7% in 20012-13.

20. Cotton
• Cotton:
• Cotton is the most important
• cash crop of Pakistan in terms of area
• and value addition. It is the main foreign
• exchange earnings for the country with
• the production of 13.0 million cash return to the farmers. Its
contribution is 1.8% to GDP.

21. Pulses
• Pulses are the most important source of vegetable
protein in Pakistan. They are cultivated on 5% of the
total cropped area. Their use ranges from baby food
to delicacies of the rich and the poor.
• Masoor daal
• Toor daal
• Daal Channa
• Maash daal

22. Fruits
• Dates
• Banana
• Kinnow
• Mango
• Apple

23. Agricultural Imports
• “The word "import" is derived from the word "port," since goods are often
shipped via boat to foreign countries. Countries are most likely to import goods
that domestic industries cannot produce as efficiently or cheaply, but may also
import raw materials or commodities that are not available within its borders. For
example tea, wheat, Edible oil and fertilizers.”

24. Imports….
• Pakistan has imported 2.2 million tons edible oil in the
calendar year ended December 31, 2013 from Malaysia and
Indonesia according to an official of Malaysian Palm Oil
Council (MPOC)
• The tea imports decrease of 26.57 percent. The tea imports
during July-November (2013-14) were recorded at $108.476
million according to Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS).

25. Wheat Imports
2010 112 1000 MT
2011 52 1000 MT
2012 52 1000 MT
2013 500 1000 MT

26. Imports…..
YEAR 2000 2010
Agricultural raw materials imports (% of merchandise imports) in Pakistan3.3 4.9
Food imports (% of merchandise imports) in Pakistan14.1 13.1

27. Exports
• According to Food and Agriculture Ministry (Minfal) officials Pakistan during
2009-10 Pakistan exported agriculture products worth Rs 288.18 billion.
• Rs 20 billions fruits
• Rs 1.15 billions tobacco/tobacco products
• Rs 180 billions rice
• Rs 10 billions vegetables
• Rs 10 billions livestock and meat products
• R 13.78 billions oilseeds/nuts
• Rs 32 billions other agri products

28. Economic Importance
The importance of agriculture to the economy is seen in three
ways:
• It provides food to consumers and fibers for domestic
industry.
• It is a source of scarce foreign exchange earnings
• It provides a market for industrial goods.

29. Imp…..
• Agriculture contributes about 24% of the gross domestic
product (GDP) and employs 47% of the national employed
labor force.
• The contribution of the agricultural sector to the GDP has
declined gradually since Pakistan came into existence, from
over 50% in 1949-50 to about 24% (currently).

30. Foreign Trade
• In foreign trade, agriculture again dominates through exports
of raw products such as rice and cotton and semi-processed
and processed products such as cotton yarn, cloth, carpets
and leather production.
• Of the total export earnings, the share of primary
commodities and processed and semi-processed products
constituted almost 60% of the total exports.

31. Eco. Imp…..
• The average annual growth rates in the agricultural sector
during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s were 5.07, 2.37 and 5.4%
respectively.
• With the announcement of a new agriculture package by the
government, the growth rate is improved to 5.9%.

32. Province-wise share in ADP
Province Year Total (million Rs.) Agricultural share
Punjab 2012-13 220000 7455
Sindh 2012-13 111000 6053
KPK 2012-13 85141 1355
Baluchistan 2012-13 31352.35 928.65

33. In short…….!
The agricultural sector plays an important part in Pakistan's
economy by:
• Contributing 24% towards GDP.
• Providing food to about 130 million people.
• Earning about 60% of the country's total export earnings.
• providing employment to 47% of the total work force.
• Providing the main source of livelihood for the rural population of Pakistan.
• Providing raw materials for many industries and a market for many locally
produced industrial products.

34. Rainfall
• About 68% of the geographical area has annual rainfall of 250
mm.
• About 24% has annual rainfall of 251 to 500 mm.
• Only 8% of the geographical area has annual rainfall
exceeding 500 mm.

35. Irrigation system in Pakistan
• Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the Soil.
• Assistance in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance
of landscapes, and for revegetation.
• Also used for dust suppressions, disposal of sewage, and
in mining.
• Often studied together with drainage.

36. Dams in Pak.
• Warsak Dam
• Khanpur Dam
• Tarbela Dam
• Mangla Dam

37. Warsak Dam
• Location:
– Warsak Hydro Electric Power Project is located on River Kabul at
about 30 km from Peshawar in KPK, Pakistan.
• Built in:
– 2003
• Power Generation:
– 1450MW

38. Tarbela dam
• Location:
– It is located in Haripur District, KPK, about 50 kilometers (31 mi)
northwest of Islamabad.
• Built in:
– 1974.

39. Mangla dam
• Location:
– About 100 miles (160 km) South-East of Islamabad, in Mirpur district
of Azad Kashmir.
– 12th Largest Dam in the World.
– Pakistan's Premier Major Dam.
• Built in:
– 1967 (1962-1967)

40. Khanpur Dam
• Location:
– On the Haro River near the town of Khanpur, about 25 miles (40 km)
from Islamabad.
• Built in:
– 1983

41. Irrigation Methods used in
Pakistan
• Lift System
• Karez
• Rod-Kohi Irrigation
• Canals

42. Lift System
• It is an old system practiced in Pakistan.
• Procedure:
– Water is lifted by hands in a bucket attached to a rope.
– It involved a considerable labor and, therefore, only a small area could
be irrigated.
– It is an earlier method of irrigation.

43. Karez
• It is confined to the province of Baluchistan.
• It is used in the valleys of Quetta, Pashin, Mastung and some
areas of Mekran.
• This system is also used in Iran with name of Qanat and in
adjoining Arab countries as ‘Fogarra’.

44. Rod-Kohi Irrigation
• It is runoff irrigation system being practiced in Pakistan.
• Traditional flood or spate irrigation schemes have been
constructed and operated in Pakistan by farming
communities for hundreds of years.

45. Canals
• Canals are the most popular means of irrigation.
• Canals perform there functions including the distribution of
flood water, linking of eastern and western rivers and
permanent supply of water for irrigation.
• The canal irrigation is carried out with the help of dams and
barrages.

46. Existing situation
• Water is becoming scarce with each passing day. Per capita
availability of fresh water in Pakistan has decreased by about
800% since 1950.
• Efficient use of the irrigation water is the only sustainable
option left with us.
• Surface water is still the largest source of irrigation in Pakistan
(31% as a single source)

47. Future Water Scenario
• Year Population Water availability
• (Million) per capita (m3
)
• 1951 34 5300
• 1961 46 3950
• 1971 65 2700
• 1981 84 2100
• 1991 115 1600
• 2000 148 1200
• 2010 168 1066
• 2020 196 915
• 2025 209 850

48. Current Irrigated Area
Irrigated Area 36 million acres
(14.56 million hectares)
Length of canals 56,073km
Length of water courses 1.6 million km

49. Indus-Basin Irrigation system
World's largest and unified irrigation system
that consists of:
• Three major reservoirs:
– Chashma
– Mangla
– Tarbela

50. Indus Basin
18 barrages:
• Ferozepur
• Sulemanki
• Islam
• Balloki
• Marala
• Trimmu
• Panjna
• Kalabagh
• Sukkur

51. Indus Basin
• Kotri
• Taunsa
• Guddu
• Chashma
• Mailsi
• Sidhnai
• Rasul
• Qadirabad
• Marala

52. Indus Basin
• 12 link canals
• 45 irrigation canals
• Over 107,000 water courses
• And millions of farm channels & field ditches.
• The total length of main canal system is estimated about
585000 Km (36932 miles) and that of watercourses & field
channels exceeds 1.62 million Km (over 1.02 million miles).

53. Mechanized Agriculture
• Mechanized agriculture is the process of using agricultural
machinery to mechanized the work of agriculture, greatly
increasing farm productivity.
• In modern times powered machinery has replaced many jobs
carried out by men or animals.

54. Ancients Methodology

55. Agricultural Sector Development
• Significant progress has been made in development of the
agricultural sector in Pakistan since the time of independence
in 1947.
• At that time, the Indus Basin was irrigated with an extensive
system of canal irrigation, with low-yielding traditional seed
varieties, fertilized mainly with animal manure and cultivated
by means of animal power and by hand.

56. In the early 1960s……..
Conditions that favored more rapid growth were put in
place:
• The Indus Water Agreement was signed under the
chairing of the World Bank.
• The Indus Basin Development Fund was established
with multidonor support.

57. Modern Technology
• In the 20th
century through mechanization self propelled
mechanical harvester, planters and other equipments were
developed ,further revolutionizing agriculture.
• These invention allow farming tasks to be done with a speed
and on a scale previously impossible leading modern farms to
output much greater volume of high quality produce per land
unit.

58. Agricultural Machinery
• TRACTOR
• CULTIVATOR
• SEED DRILL
• POTATO PLANTER
• RICE TRANSPLANTER
• BROADCAST SPREADER
• DRIP IRRIGATION
• BALER
• LIVESTOCH TRAILER
• MILKING MACHINE
• BULK TANK

59. Modern Machinery
• Combine:
– or mower is a powerful engine agricultural machine, comb
cutter to cut the plants mature grain and a long rake that
goes before the machine and rotates about a horizontal
axis.

60. Modern Machinery
• Walking Tractor:
– Agricultural machine is a single axle and is operated by handles, have
median motor power and strength led to horticultural and ornamental
work, can work in strong fields, but is preferably used in construction
of gardens.

61. Modern Machinery
• TRACTOR:-
• Used for pulling and pushing agricultural machinery
or trailers etc
• CULTIVATOR:-
• It is used for stir and pulverize .

62. Modern Machinery
• SEED DRILL:-
• It is a sowing device.
• The use of seed drill can improve the ratio of crop yield by as
much as nine times.

63. Modern Machinery
DRIP IRRIGATION: (tickle or micro irrigation)
Saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of
plants ,through a pipes ,tubing, and emmiters.
It is done through narrow tubes that deliver water directly to the base of
plant.

64. Issues with Irrigation system
• Supply driven rather than demand led distribution of
water without consideration of cropping pattern
• Inequity of irrigation water both inter and intra
provincial level and watercourse level

65. Irrigation Issues
• Maintenance of centuries old irrigation system
• System losses as high as 55%
• Slow approach for watercourse improvement and
lining
• Lack of water conservation and application
techniques at the farm level

66. Operations for Improving Irrigation Water Productivity
• Technical:
– Land leveling to apply water more uniformly
– Efficient sprinklers to apply water more uniformly
– Furrow and bed cultivation to save water
– Drip irrigation to conserve water

67. Operations for Improvement
• Managerial:
– Better irrigation scheduling
– Improving canal operations for timely deliveries
– Applying water when most crucial to a crops yield
– Water-conserving field operation methods
– Better maintenance of canal, watercourses and equipment
– Recycling drainage water

68. Operations for Improvement
• Institutional:
• Establishing water users organizations for better
management of water
• Fostering rural infrastructure for private sector
dissemination of efficient technologies
• Better training and extension efforts

69. Issues with Agriculture
• At present about 1/5th
of the cultivated land is
affected by:
– water logging and salinity
– An additional area of 2.8 million hectares suffers from
sodicity

70. Issues…
• Notwithstanding huge investments, the water
table was;
– 0 to 1.5 m under 2.2 million hectares of irrigated land,
– 1.5 to 3 m under 6 million hectares
– 0 to 3 m under 8 million hectares.

71. Issues …
• In 1998, the total population of Pakistan was 130 million.
• With a population growth rate of 2.6% there is a net addition
of 3.4 million people each year. In 1947 the population of
Pakistan was 32.5 million;
– In 50 years it has increased fourfold.
•But………….

72. But…….!
• During this period the production of wheat, the major food
crop, has increased only 2.9 fold. During 1970/71 the amount
of wheat imported was 0.3 million tons; it has increased to
4.1 million tons in 1997.
– So, wheat import was increasing since 1970s.

73. Issues…
• There have been some years of dismal growth and some
years of cruising growth.
– Since 1980, agricultural GDP has more than doubled, increasing from
Rs 76 billion in 1980 to more than Rs 141 billion in 1996/97, with a
steady growth rate of 3.9% annually.
– Agriculture's share of total GDP however, declined from about 31% to
just 24% over the same period. Crop production contributed the
largest share of agricultural GDP (62%). With livestock contributing
34% and fisheries and forestry the remaining 4%.

74. Other issues may include
• Floods
• Scarcity of funds
• Ignorance of farmers
• Under utilization of cultivable land
• Land erosion
• Poor system of transportation, etc….

75. Solutions
Steps taken by government to solve the agricultural issues:
• Policy measures:
– Better support prices
– Soil preparation practices
– Timely availability of fertilizer
– Certified seeds

76. Solutions
By virtue of this policy:
– Production of wheat reached a level of 16.7
million tons, and there was also a 13.7% increase
in the production of Basmati rice. The overall
production of rice registered an increase of 8.5%.

77. Recommendations
• Control of water-logging and salinity
• Flood Control
• Training of farmers
• Invest in small-scale food production
• Support sustainable models of production

78. Recommendations
• Beware of false solutions – agriculture in carbon
markets and agrofuels
• Secure access to land
• Align finance, trade and agriculture policies to realize
the right to adequate food
• Change consumption patterns and reduce food
waste and post-harvest loss
•

79. QUESTIONS?????