2. The preceding is intended to outline our general
product direction. It is intended for information
purposes only, and may not be incorporated into any
contract. It is not a commitment to deliver any
material, code, or functionality, and should not be
relied upon in making purchasing decisions.
The development, release, and timing of any
features or functionality described for Oracle’s
products remains at the sole discretion of Oracle.
5. DBA Challenge
• Core responsibility for backup and recovery
• But, its not easy
– Databases are growing exponentially
– Backup times are increasing even faster
• Your Backups impact other activities
– End Users
– DBA Maintenance
• And your storage costs are out of control
• And when bad things happen
• Needs to work
• Taking forever to recover
6. Database Backup: Terms
• Online Backup (aka “Hot” or “Online”)
– Backup while database is running
– Zero business interruption during backups
• Incremental Backup
– Backup of data that has changed since the last full backup.
• Partial Backup
– Backup of select tables
• Consistent Point in Time Recovery
– Restoring a database with data in a consistent state at a date
and time
• Roll Forward Recovery
– Recovery that restores a database to a specific date and
time.
7. Most Critical Questions to Ask First
• What are my recovery requirements?
– Assess tolerance for data loss: Recovery Point Objective (RPO)
• How frequently should backups be taken?
• Is point-in-time recovery required?
– Assess tolerance for downtime: Recovery Time Objective (RTO)
• Downtime: Problem identification + recovery planning +
systems recovery
• Tiered RTO per level of granularity, e.g. database, tablespace,
table, row
– Determine backup retention policy
• Onsite, offsite, long-term
• How Does MySQL Enterprise Backup strategy fulfill
those requirements?
8. Backup Method 1: Full
• Well Suited for:
– Databases that can tolerate hours/days RTO
– Medium-High change between backups (e.g. over 30%)
– Environments where disk can be allocated for 1x size of database
• Backup Strategy
– Full backups with optional backup compression
– Full backup archived to tape, as needed
9. Backup Method 2: Full + Incremental
• Well suited for
– Databases that can tolerate no more than a few hours RTO
– Environments where disk can be allocated for 1x size of database
• Backup strategy
–
–
–
–
Occasional Full backup, followed by more frequent incremental
To recover - apply Full and then applying 1 or more Incremental
Full backups archived to tape, as needed
Incremental Backups retained on-disk, as needed
10. Backup Method 3: Full + Incremental + Log
• Well suited for
– Databases that can tolerate no more than a few minutes RTO
– Environments where disk can be allocated for more than1x size of
database
• Backup strategy
–
–
–
–
–
–
Initial full backup, followed by incremental backups
Backup Transaction Logs
To recover - apply Full and then applying 1 or more Incremental
Finally Roll Forward with Transaction Log to “minute” desired.
Full backups and incrementals archived to tape, as needed
Logs are backup up and retained on-disk, as needed
11. Backup Method 4: Offload Backups to Slave
(Replication)
• Well Suited for:
– Databases that require no more than several minutes of
recovery time, in event of failure
– Environments that can preferably allocate symmetric
hardware and storage for physical standby database
– Environments whose backup storage infrastructure can be
shared between master and slave database sites
• Backup Strategy
–
–
–
–
–
Setup Master / Slave replication
Slave acts as physical standby database
Run full and incremental backup on slave
Backup can be restored to master or slave database
Backups can be taken at each database for optimal
protection
12. Determining Backup Strategy
Low Value Data
High Value Data
F: Daily
A: Replication,
Backup on Slave
F: Weekly
I: Daily
F: Daily
F: Daily
I: Hourly
I: Hourly
Low Change
Change Frequency
I: Hourly
A: Binlog Backups: 5 min
F: Monthly
F: Full
I: Incremental
A: Additional
I: Weekly
F: Weekly
I: Daily
F: Monthly
Value of Data
High Change
13. Backup Strategies Comparison
Method
Backup Factors
Recovery Factors
Method 1:
Full Backups
• Longest Backup Times
• Largest Storage Space
• Save space with compression
• Easy to Recover
• Fastest Restore Times
Method 2:
Full + Incremental
Backup
• Shortest Backup Time
• Reduced Storage Requirements
• Requires 1X production storage
for copy
• Finer-grained Recovery
• Slower Restore Times
• First Restore Full Backup
• Then Restore Incrementals
Method 3:
Full + Incremental +
Log Backup
• Added Storage Requirements
• Requires more than 1X
production storage for copy
• Finest-grained Recovery
• Slowest Restore Times
• First Restore Full Backup
• Then Restore Incrementals
• Then Apply Logs
Method 4:
• Used with 1 of the above
Offload Backups Slave • Frees Master for more workload
Replication
• Requires 1X production hardware
and storage for standby database
• Fast failover to standby
• Backups are last resort, in
event of double site failure
or need to perform PITR
17. MySQL Enterprise Backup
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Online Backup for InnoDB
Support for MyISAM (Read-only)
High Performance Backup & Restore
Compressed Backup
Full Backup
Incremental Backup
Partial Backups
Point in Time Recovery
Unlimited Database Size
Cross-Platform
– Windows, Linux, Unix
18. Benefits
• Online “Hot” Backup (Non-blocking)
– Reads and Writes to InnoDB
– Reads for MyISAM tables
• High Performance
– Backup: >3x faster than mysqldump (export)
– Restore: >10x than mysqldump recovery
• Consistent Backups
– Point in Time Recovery
• Compression
– Multi-level compression
– Save 70% or more of the storage required
19. Benefits
• Reliable
– Proven for 7+ Years
• Scalable for Large Databases
– No Database Size Limitations
• Easy to automate
– Easily integrate within various scheduling systems
– Examples: cron, OSB scheduler, others
20. MySQL Enterprise Backup 3.5: New Features
• Incremental backup
• Support of InnoDB Barracuda file format
• Backup of compressed tables
• Backup of partition files
• Backup of in-memory database
• with --exec-when-locked option
• Adds mysql system tables to keep backup status,
progress, and history
22. High Performance Restore
Restore is up to 16x Faster than MySQL Dump
- mysqldump performance is non-linear (more table/indexes impacts performance)
- MySQL Enterprise performance is near linear
25. MySQL Backup Tools
•
Hot Backup (online)
– MySQL Enterprise Backup
•
Export/Import (portable copies – a logical backup)
– mysqldump
•
Standby Copy (hot swap)
•
•
MySQL Replication
Cold Backup (offline)
– Simple File Copies when server is shutdown
•
File System Volume Managers (snapshots)
– LVM for example - create snapshot copy
26. mysqldump
• Advantages
– Good for small databases or tables
– Good assurance that database files are not corrupt
– Logical Backup – thus flexible and portable
• Disadvantages
– Very slow restore times
– Uses database processing cycles and resources
– Not Online (requires Transaction or Locks on Tables in the
database)
– Not Incremental (requires a Full Backup every time)
– Not Consistent (unless transaction is used)
27. MySQL Replication
• Advantages
–
–
–
–
Rolling “snapshot”
Quick Recovery - via failover
Non-Blocking
Works well in conjunction with other backup options
• Disadvantages
–
–
–
–
Only latest “Point in Time” (point it time keeps moving forward)
Not historical
Not for archival purposes
Doesn’t protect from “oops”
28. LVM Snapshots
• Advantages
– Quick
– Feature of Linux
– Good to use in conjunction with backups
• Disadvantages
– It’s a snapshot
– Still need to make a backup copy – which is “full” in size
– Performance degrades with each concurrent snapshot
– Snapshots need to be released
– Cross File System Limitations
29. MySQL Enterprise Backup
• Advantages
–
–
–
–
–
–
Physical Backup so Fast – esp. restores
Flexible - many options
Archival
Scalable
Consistent
Supported
• Disadvantages
• Requires some planning
30. MySQL Backup Types: Comparison
mysqldump
LVM Snapshots
MySQL
Replication
MySQL Enterprise
Backup
Full Backup
✔
✔
✔
✔
Incremental
Backups
✖
✔
✖
✔
Partial Backups
✔
✖
✖
✔
Compression
Support
✖
✖
✖
✔
Allows updates
✖
✖
✔
✔
Point in Time Consistent
✖
✔
✔
✔
Backup Speed
Poor
Good
Very Good
Very Good
Very Poor
Good
Very Good
Very Good
Partial Restore
✔
✖
✖
✔
Corruption
Detection
✔
✖
✖
✔
Meets Regulatory
Archive Req.
✔
✖
✖
✔
Supports DDL
✔
✖
✖
✔
Recovery Speed
32. MySQL Enterprise Backup
• MySQL Enterprise Backup CLI
• MySQL Enterprise Monitor
• Oracle Secure Backup
Intrinsic knowledge of
database file formats
• Block Validation
Media Manager
(like Oracle Secure Backup)
• Tablespace/Data file
recovery
• Unused Block
Compression
• Consistent Recovery
• File Compression
Database
Quickly
Accessible
Disk Storage
Tape
Archive
33. MySQL Enterprise Backup: Terms
• mysqlbackup : backup executable which includes InnoDB, MyISAM
and other MySQL Data. mysqlbackup is a compatible replacement
for the innobackup post 3.5.1 and includes additional features and
capabilites
• ibbackup: finer grained raw innodb backup executable for innodb
files alone
• binlog: contains database changes – eg DDL and DML
• LSN: Log Sequence Number – the unique monotonically increasing
id for each change in the binlog
• Ibdata: system tablespace files
• .ibd: single table space file
34. How it Works: Backup for InnoDB
• Step 1: Backing Up InnoDB Data Files
– Copies and compresses InnoDB data files
• System Database (ibdata) & Single-table Tablespaces (.ibd)
– Produces “Fuzzy Backup
• Backup of data files doesn’t correspond to any specific log
sequence number (LSN)
• Different database pages are copied at varying times
ibbackup
1. InnoDB
Tables & Indexes
MEB Backup
Files
MySQL
Database
Files
35. How it Works: Backing Up InnoDB Data Files
Newest LSN
InnoDB
data
file
compressed
data file
L
S
N
data
L
S
N
L
S
N
data
data
L
S
N
L
S
N
data
Oldest LSN
data
L
S
N
data
L
S
N
L
S
N
data
data
L
S
N
L
S
N
data
data
L
S
N
data
L
S
N
data
L
S
N
L
S
N
data
data
• Backup files size is reduced by 70%
– Omits unused storage in each block, empty pages
• Produces “Fuzzy Backup”
• Notes earliest and latest Log Sequence Number (LSN)
36. How it Works: Backup for InnoDB
• Step 2: Backing up InnoDB Log Files
– Copies Log Records accumulated during data file copy
– All redo records with LSNs during data file copy
ibbackup
1. InnoDB
Tables & Indexes
MEB Backup
Files
2. Log Files
MySQL
Database
Files
37. How it Works: Backing up InnoDB Log Files
Log File
Earliest needed
redo info
L
S
N
redo
info
L
S
N
redo
info
L
S
N
redo
info
Last needed
redo info
L
S
N
redo
info
L
S
N
redo
info
L
S
N
redo
info
ibbackup_logfile
L
S
N
Oldest LSN
Log file w/relevant redo
L
S
N
Newest LSN
• Copies portion of the log file that contains all required redo
information
• Covers the time from beginning to end of data backup
• Recovers all data blocks modified after copied to compressed data
file
38. Full & Partial Backups
• Backup contains all tables in
system tablespace
– Plus those separate tables that
match the pattern
• When using “file per table”,
you can backup a subset of
InnoDB tables
– Tables included in the backup
are specified with regular
expressions
– Use the -- include option
Full Backup
Table A
Multiple tables &
indexes in the
system tablespace
(ibdata files)
Table B
Table C
Partial Backup
One table &
indexes per file
(.ibd files)
Table D
Table E
Table F
40. mysqlbackup (innobackup) Examples
• Full Backup
mysqlbackup --user=dba --password=xyz --compress /etc/my.cnf /backups
• Incremental Backup
– The backup only contains changed data
mysqlbackup --incremental --lsn 2261747124 /etc/my.cnf /incr-backup
• Partial
– The backup contains tables in test database that match the .ib.* regular
expression.
mysqlbackup --include 'test.ib.*' /etc/my.cnf /backups
41. How mysqlbackup Works
SQL:
“FLUSH
TABLES
WITH READ
LOCK”
mysqlbackup
Exec’s
MySQL
Command-line
Client
ibbackup
InnoDB
Tables & Indexes
Hot Backup
Files
MyISAM
Tables & Indexes,
.frm, & .mrg files
MySQL
Database
Files
Flush, Lock
SQL
MySQL
Server
42. Tips: InnoDB and MyISAM Backup
• InnoDB tables are fully accessible during backup
– Insert, Update & Delete
• MyISAM tables cannot be updated during backup
– Uses FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK near the end of the
backup
• Works best if …
– Wait for insert/update/delete transactions during MyISAM backup
– Do not run long SELECT queries during the backup
– MyISAM tables are small, thus copied quickly
46. Tips: “Raw Backup” Files
• The “raw backup” files from backup phase cannot be
directly consumed by MySQL
• These files can be copied to media
• The database must be “restored” first
• Use mysqlbackup to restore database before use
Compressed copy of
InnoDB data file(s)
ibbackup_logfile
Copy of MyISAM, frm, .mrg files
Raw Backup Files
47. How it Works: Restoring a Database
MySQL data dir
Compressed copy of
InnoDB data file(s)
1. Uncompresses InnoDB
files to data dir
InnoDB
data files
2. Recreates InnoDB Log
files
log files
MyISAM,
.frm, .mrg
files
ibbackup_logfile
3. Applies log, so InnoDB
files are consistent
4. Restores MyISAM and
other files
Copy of MyISAM, frm, .mrg files
48. Restoring a Database Con’t…
• MEB restore rolls forward data files to a common
point in time (the time at the end of backup)
• After restore, MEB Backup prints the location in the
binlog for the next SQL operation that executed after
the backup completed
• Note: the restore phase need not run on database
server host
– You can perform recovery on any machine, and copy
recovered files to your database server host
49. Backup and Roll forward “Log” Recovery
• Also known as log archiving or log backups
• Add executing mysqlbinlog to copy logs to your full
and incremental backup schedules
• Restore Full and Incremental as previously described
• Roll forward using binlog from the final lsn to the lsn
for the desired recovery point in time
50. Roll Forward Backup and Recovery
• Log Backup
– Use mysqlbinlog to make a continuous backup of the binary
log
– mysqlbinlog --read-from-remote-server --host=host_name
--raw --stop-never binlog.000999
• Restore
– If data loss occurs (for example, if the server crashes),
restore the most recent MEB backup
– Edit output file to truncate at desired point
– Note end lsn and use for roll forward start position
• mysqlbinlog --start-position=27284 binlog.001002
binlog.001003 binlog.001004 | mysql --host=host_name -u
root -p
51. Additional Resources
• Product Information
http://www.mysql.com/products/enterprise/backup.html
• Documentation
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-enterprise-backup/3.5/en/index.html
• Backup Forum
http://forums.mysql.com/list.php?28
• Download (30 Day Trial)
http://edelivery.oracle.com/
