1. LECTURE:05 GENDER ISSUES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT M. A. Kamal, Ph.D Director General National Academy for Planning and Development

3. 1. Introduction 1.1 A major economic crisis has swept through much of the developing world in recent years and millions of people have been rudely thrust into the ranks of the unemployed. 1.2 A disproportionate number of the new jobless are women – some of whom had only recently joined the labour force. 1.3 Consciously the environmental problems affect women in very specific ways related to water, sanitation and energy.

4. two thirds of the world’s working hours, and Produce half of the world’s food, yet earn only ten percent of the world’s income, and own less than one percent of the world’s property. Women work Two thirds of children denied primary education are girls and 75 percent of the world’s 876 million illiterate adults are women. Women hold only 14 percent of parliamentary seats worldwide, and only eight percent of the world’s cabinet ministers are women. Domestic violence is the biggest cause of injury and death to women. 2.1 Women Work Force

8. 5. Gender Awareness Gender awareness is an understanding that there are socially determined differences between men and women based on learned behavior, which affect through gender analysis in projects, programs, budgets and policies. Gender Issue A gender issue arises out of an identifiable gender gap. A gender issue is caused by the socially determined roles of women and men .

10. 7. Sex and Gender: How do they differ? SEX – biological characteristics of a person that indicate whether one is male or female GENDER – socially constructed roles and socially learned behaviors and expectations associated with females and males. These roles and behaviors are: LEARNED Changeable over time Have wide variations within and between cultures

14. 10.2 Clean Air and Women’s Health: 10.2.1 Women are particularly vulnerable to chemical pollutants… 10.2.2 Most of these chemicals are toxic, non-biodegradable, and bioaccumulative… 10.2.3 They have been proven more harmful to women, as they accumulate in fatty tissues which are more abundant in women’s bodies. They also have grave effects on pregnant women, as they can be passed on to the unborn (Allsopp, Costner, and Johnson 2000).

15. 11.1 Beijing + 10 Celebrating Gains, Facing New Challenges: A Report of Philippine NGOs (2005) “ There is still a need to research on the implications of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), fertilizers, and pesticides in farmers’ fields and plantations for the environment and health, in general, and for women, in particular.” 11. Global Initiatives for Sustainable Gender development

17. 11.3 Agenda 21 : (1992 UNCED Earth Summit and Conference) Principle 20 of the Rio Declaration “ Women have a vital role in environmental management, their full participation is essential to achieve sustainable development…”

19. 12. Some gender concerns and gaps 12.1 Survey samples to determine potential impacts of project on the community: 12.2 Household heads interviewed predominantly males 12.3 Impacts on women not specified 12.4 Community consultations should be gender- neutral

20. 13. Addressing Issues: These concerns were later addressed ensuring that women and men’s perspectives were incorporated: data were sex-disaggregated, a gender focal person designated and the Gender and Development (GAD) budget allocated, etc.

21. Women police officers in India formed a national forum to fight sexual harassment and discrimination from their male colleagues. Bangladeshi women take part in a protest demanding equal rights in Dhaka.

22. 14. GOOD PRACTICES Sex-Disaggregation of data Presence of a Gender Focal Person Support for Gender Training and Advocacy from NGOs and Local Agencies Use of a Community-based Participatory Strategy Identification of Gender Issues or Gender Dimensions of the Development Issues in the Project Inception Stage Inclusion of Gender Questions in Supervision and Monitoring Visits

23. Women don’t need charity. Women want Education and Opportunity 15. Conclusion

24. THANK YOU!