English oral communication

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Topic : Communication Effectively In Spoken English In Selected Social
Contexts.
Introduction
Communication is a process of conveying a message from one person to another.
It involves the process of tranferring a massage between the sender and the receiver.
According to Carls Rogers (1952), communication happens when the receiver listens
with the understanding and able to interprete the information accurately. In fact,
communication involves two ways interaction between the people. Communication is
very important in our daily life. For instances, communication happens between the
buyers and the sellers , the children and the parents and the teacher with the pupils. It
happens almost all the time whether it is face to face or through other medium of
communication. Such as email and telephone. In addition to that, communication
involves verbal that is oral and non – verbal communication such gestures and facial
expression.
In the context of Malaysia , English is the second language. It is used as a medium
of intstruction in few subjects at the primary and secondary level. However , it is used as
a medium of communication and instruction in few universities such as International
Islamic University Of Malaysia (IIUM). In this globalization era, English becomes
importance especially when we deal with the study and work. This is because, English
language becomes a factor that be counted during the job interview plus the academic
qualification and working experience. There are two importance of speaking English.
First, it helps in building friendship. For example, we share thought, feeling,
needs and intentions with other people. In order to build a strong friendship, we must able
to communicate and exchange idea with other or else they will misunderstanding of the
information given by us. Secondly, it is important in knowledge acquisition. We can
acquire knowledge effectively if we have a strong communication skills. In a process of
learning, we will deal with a lot of questions and problem. In order to solve it, we have to
master how to express the feeling or opinion. The reason is, the language proficiency
helps to create a self confident.

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The education and Institute of American Hotel and motel has produced a short
film on ” Improving Communication Skills ” in 1991 . Based on the film, there are two
basic principles of effective speaking. It involves on organizing the message. It occurs
when the speaker or the sender organizes the message in the most simpler way.In
addition to that, after we deliver the message correctly and we must check the
information given. For example, as a teacher, we instruct the pupils to do the exercises of
the lesson. Therefore, we must use the simple language to give the instruction. After that,
we have to check their understanding of instruction. Secondly, it is active listening. There
are two types of listening that is active and passive. Passive listening happens when a
person listens to the message without focusing on the content of the message. For
example, a person who listens to the news while eating his breakfast. He might not
paying attention to the news. While, an active listening is the principle of effective
speaking and listening. It works when the listener is paying attention , understanding the
message and response to the message. For example, the listeners will response or answer
to the question correctly if they understand the message. As a result, the sender and the
receiver play an important roles in effective communication.
There are various form of oral communication which are intrapersonal
communication, interpersonal communication, small group communication, public
communication, mass communication, corporate communication and intercultural
communication . This paper will discuss on the communication effectively in spoken
english in selected social contexts. We will get the idea of various form of oral
communication.
Oral Communication
How Oral Communication Works
Communication is a process of transferring the message from one entity to
another. The entity refers to the sender and the receiver. The people, animals and devices
can be the sender and the receiver. There three models of communication which are
linear model, interactive model and transactional model. Linear model is one way
communication between the sender and receiver at the presence noise. The diagram
below shows the process of communication in linear model.

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Diagram 1: The Linear Model
Diagram 2 shows how interactive communication works. The interactive model is two
way communication. The sender conveys the message and the receiver receive it. In
addition to that, the receiver responses to the message. This model added feedback as
another element to make sure the two ways of communication happens.
Diagram 2: The Interactive Model
Meanwhile, the transactional model emphasizes on the role of the person in the
communication process. It is not merely the sender and the receiver but the sender-

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receiver. The process of communication happens in the most active way. The people
involved in the communication give message and responses to the message at the same
time. The transactional model can be seen in the diagram 3.
Diagram 3: The Transactional Model
In this paper work, we will focus on the transactional model of communication.
The most important communication aspect is oral communication. It gives the first
impression of ourself. Besides that, it is the factor to determine our ability to approach
and persuade the others. According to Camp and Satter White ( 2002 ) , oral
communication defined as ”information, thoughts and ideas are convey via a spoken
language”. It happens in various way such as face to face conversation, meetings, voice
mail message, teleconfering, oral presentation and public speaking. Oral communication
involves listening and speaking skills. The persons will act as both a speaker and a
listener. Therefore, the communication process will on going and continously. In fact,
effective oral communication happens in two ways process. For example, the sender
sends the message to the listener. While listening, the listener interpretes the message and
response to the sender . This communication will continue until they get the end result.
However , the communication could fail because of few interuption such as noise,
uncomfortable environment and so on . There are three main forms of oral
communication.

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Interpersonal communication.
Interpersonal communication is communication between several people .It
involves a person to another person such as best friend, family, member and so on. It
could happen face to face, teleconfering and email. In fact, the communication happens
due to the discussion of the personal issue. It includes the message sending process
between two or more individuals. The type of communication might differ based on the
level of interpersonal relationship. For example, the way of communication among the
family members differs compared to friends. In addition to that, there are few princples
that can be done to achieve the effective interpersonal communication. First, we can treat
other with respect. We should respect the others’ opinion and view. Second, we do not
interupt one another. At this level, we should not interupt one another in order to stay
focus with the message or information. The third principle is accept the mistake. It is
okay to make mistake and acknowledge that the mistake is a process of learning. By
practicing those principles, we can have an effective interpersonal communication.
Small Group Communication
Small group is best defined in term of the size, interaction and goals. The
communication takes place between five to ten people in a group. It is a task-based needs
of communication. There are two types of small group which are social group and work
group. The discussion or interaction happens between the members of the group in order
to achieve certain goal or objectives. For example, the university students have the group
discussion of their subjects or projects . Another example is the member of company will
have a meeting in order to solve the problem or to get a final decision. Through the
discussion, they will exchange the view, opinions and shares experiences. The purpose of
this communication is encourage an active participation by all group member, foster
awareness of various task in the group and make the members of the group comfortable
in a variety of roles in the group. There are three important factors involve in this form of
communication. First is the leadership. In fact, the leader plays a crucial role in a group
discussion. Therefore, the members of the group have to choose the trustworthy person to
be their leader. This is because; the members of the group will obey the respectful leader.

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Second is the roles of the members. Every member has the role and duty. Each person has
to cooperate and give idea or opinion in order to come to the final end. The third is the
goal itself. The goal and objective must be clearly stated. Each member of the group will
understand the important of achieving such goals. In fact, the communication will
become effective if the group practices the principle above.
Public Communication
It is also know as public speaking. It involves the communication between the
speaker and an audience. It can be defined as ”the process of speaking to a group of
people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain the
listeners”. It also means the sending and receiving of messages on a large scale that
impacts groups of people. The speaker plays an important role in order to convey or
inform the message . Good speaker should be able to motivate and to change the emotion
of the listener. Therefore, the speaker has to do a research about the audience before
giving the speech. The audience might came from different social class that range from
their family background or economic background. For example, the speaker will give a
speech to the secondary school students . He or she has to use the language that can be
understood by students. The research of audience will help the communication process
happens effectively. There are few types of public communication that are mass media,
public speaking and public relations. In addition to that, the purpose of the public
communication differs based on the intention of the communication. For example, a
company might advertise a commercial advertisment to promote their product. The
intention of the communication is to inform the consumer about the product.

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Barries Of Communication
The process of communication happens daily.It involves verbal and non-verbal
communication.In addition to that ,it occurs in different situation.It might happens in the
house, in the school, at the cafe, at the bus station and so on.Therefore, there are berriers
to the process of communication. There are two factors affected the communication
process. First is external factor. External factor can be best defined as the factor from the
outside . The examples are the sound pollution and the technical problem. The noise is
the best example of the external factor. For example, the communication occurs at the bus
station. The communication process could fail if it distracts by the sound of the buses,
texis and so on. The situation also happens in the classroom. The teacher wants to
conduct a listening test. The pupils might not pay their attention due to the noise or
interuption. Another example of external factor is technical problem. The microphone,
the speaker and LCD are examples of the equipments that been used especially during the
speech or public speaking. If one of this equipment is not functioning, the communication
process might break down. The solution of this problem are comfortable and convenience
environment and fully – equipped equipment.
Second is internal factor. Internal factor is the factor happens from inside the
speaker or the receiver. For example, the pupils do not pay attention to the teachers
instruction. As a result, they tend to make mistake and misunderstanding of the
instruction. There is a solution to this problem. The speaker or the reciever has to pay the
attention and focus during the communication process. Another example is lack of
preparation. As a speaker, we have to do research on the oudience and the topic of the
speech. Research will help the communication process run smoothly

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Conclusion
In a nutshell, this paper discussed on the ”Communication Effectively In Spoken
English In Selected Social Contexts”. There are two factors involve in speaking and
listening which are the speaker and the listener. These two factors play a crucial role in
conveying the message. However, the interuption might happen during the
communication process. The examples of the interuption are sound pollution,
uncomfortable environment, technical problem and so on. In my point of view, there are
solutions to the difficulties. First, we must create a comfortable environment or well-
prepared before the communication process occurs . For example, if we want to conduct a
test in classroom, we have to ensure the pupils are keep quite and listen to our instruction.
In addition to that, a speech training is an important aspect. We have to rehearse before
the speech. As a result, the communication process occurs effectively.
The oral communication happens in according to the transactional model.The
speaker and the receiver act as the source and the receiver at the same time.Therefore,the
communication process will actively happen and remain alive.We cannot avoid ourselves
from take part in the communication process.This is because,this process occurs formal
and informal situation.It also works between the individuals or the other medium of
communication.

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APENDIKS
RUJUKAN / REFERENSI
Nama Pengarang, (tahun), Tajuk Buku, Penerbitan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_communication 2 July 2011
Communication and Conflict: Principles of Effective Interpersonal Communication, from
http://www.communicationandconflict.com/interpersonal-communication.html retrieved
on 2 July 2011
Teamwork Training: Small Group Communication, from
http://tobyonline.co.uk/lecturenotes/resources/teamwork/teamtraining1.pdf retrieved on 2
July 2011
Small Group Communication, from
http://www.abacon.com/commstudies/groups/leader.html retrieved on 2 July 2011
The Basics: What is Communication? from http://www.people-
communicating.com/what-is-communication.html retrieved on 3 July 2011

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