this outlines all the details regarding Parkinson disease covering all the topics with more detailed explanations.I got an excellent grade I hope this presentation will help to clarify about this severe disease that is prevalent at a mass level.Hope students will find this beneficial.please provide me with your precious feedbacks and coments to enable me to improve your experiences.Thankyou

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2. 2

3. Parkinson’s Disease
 Contents
 Introduction
 Definition
 Signs and Symptoms
 Etiology(causes)
 Diagnosis and treatment
 Conclusion
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4. Parkinson’s
Disease
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5. Introduction
 It is a progressive neurological condition
 Results from the degeneration of dopamine producing
neurons in the substantia nigra
 Afflicted 25,000 people in Malaysia
 Various types of Parkinson’s disease
 Risk factors:
 Middle aged and increased risk with age
 Hereditary
 Men (1.5 times more)
 Environmental exposure to toxins
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6. Definition
 It is a chronic degenerative disorder that primarily affects the neurons
of the basal ganglia.
 It is a syndrome that consists of slowing down in the initiation and
execution of movement (brady kinesis)
 Increased muscle tone (rigidity)
 Tremor and impaired postural reflexes.
 The famous internationally known boxer
Mr. Mohammed Ali suffered from this
Disease.
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7. Symptoms
 There are 4 major symptoms for Parkinson Disease, They are:-
1. Rigidity – muscles are tensed and contracted.
2. Resting tremor – trembling which is most obvious when the patient
is at rest or when stressed.
3. Bradykinesia – slowness in initiating movement.
4. Loss of postural reflexes or instability – poor balance and
coordination.
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8. Non-Motor Symptoms
 -Non-motor symptoms includes Anxiety disorders such as:-
 depression,
 sleep disturbances,
 orthostatic hypotension(also called postural hypotension — is a form of low
blood pressure that happens when you stand up from sitting or lying down).
 olfaction(smelling) dysfunction
 dysphagia(fail to produce and understand language)
 sialorrhoea(excess saliva production),
 dementia(memory declining)
 psychosis(memory disorder results in loss with external contact)
 and visual hallucinations(person see what does not really exist there).
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9. Causes(Aetiology)
Degradation of dopaminergic neuron.
Free radicals.
Neurotoxin - MPTP
 Genetic factors.
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10. Degradation of Dopaminergic Neuron/Free Radicals
 Degradation of Dopaminergic Neuron:-
 Substantia nigra pars compacta(pars compacta is the portion
of substantia nigra lies in mid brain region of our brain).
 Death of neuron.
 Symptoms of PD don’t appear until 50-80% of the neurons
in the pars compacta have died.
 Cause of death of neuron is not known.
 Free Radicals :-
 Unpaired electrons that can easily react with surrounding molecules and destroy
them.
 Metabolism of dopamine by MAO produce hydrogen peroxide.
 Glutathione normally breaks down the hydrogen peroxide quickly.
 Reduced glutathione = loss of protection against free radicals
 cell damage 10

11. Neurotoxin-MPTP/Genetic Factors
 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
(MPTP) – neurotoxin.
 MPTP crosses the blood-brain barrier and oxidized
to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) by
monoamine oxidase B (MAO)-B
 MPP+ selectively enters dopamine neurons via the
dopamine transporter and hence lead to cell death
via energy deficit.
 Genetic Factors:-
-Mutation of SNCA genes in chromosome 4.
-2 types of alterations occurs:-
1-Alanine is replaced with threonine.
2-Cause alpha-synuclein to misfold.
1-SNCA genes is inappropriately
duplicated or triplicated.
2-Extra copies of the gene lead to an
excess of alphasynuclein
Aggregate (Lewy bodies) and attract
other protein.
• Clog neuron and impair the function of
neuron
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12. Diagnosis and Treatment
 Diagnosis:-
 Neurological examination
 Autopsy of brain to find lewy bodies (trademark characteristic)
 Treatment:-
 Medications
 Diet
 Exercise, physical and speech therapy
 Surgery which includes:-
 Cryothalamotomy
 Pallidotomy
 Deep brain stimulation
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13. Conclusion
Patient has idiopathic Parkinson’s disease
There is no cure but therapies are available
Treatments aim to:
Prevent clinical progression
Improvement of parkinsonism
Delay of motor complications
Complications: choking, falls and side effects of drugs
Prognosis(progress of disease): normal life expectancy for
treated patients.
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14. References
 Anonymous. (2012). Tremor Fact Sheet. [Online]. Available from:
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/tremor/detail_tremor.htm.Nati onal,
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Accessed on 2nd March 2013
 Dr Ananya Mandal, MD. (2013). Parkinson's Disease Pathophysiology. [Online].
Available from: http://www.newsmedical.net/health/Parkinsons-Disease-
Pathophysiology.aspx. [Accessed on 1st March 2013].
 Dr. Ananya Mandal. (2013). Parkinson’s disease Prognosis. [Online]. Available
from: http://www.newsmedical.net/health/Parkinsons-Disease-Prognosis.aspx.
[Accessed on 2nd March 2013].
 Malaysian Parkinson’s Disease Association. (2012). Association wants Disability
Rights for Parkinson’s Patients. [Online].
 Available from: http://mpda.org.my/article.php?type=news&9ja847hd0a1=144.
[Accessed on 2nd March 2013].
 Mayo Clinic. Parkinson’s Disease: Risk Factors. [Online]. 14