Compiled by : FD Architects Forum
Gr. Floor , Ashoka apartment
Bhawani Singh Road
C-scheme , Jaipur -302001
Rajasthan ( INDIA)
Ph. 91-0141-2743536
Email: architect@frontdesk.co.in
Web : http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/
Construction Material
Paint & polish

WALL / WOOD FINISHING
 Among the factors that will influence the
selection on types of finishing are as follows:
a) Price
b) Sound insulator, heat insulator
c) Attractive / beautiful or not
d) Durable / long lasting
e) Resistant to chemical reaction
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TYPES OF WALL / WOOD
FINISHING
 Paint
 Wood Finishes
 Plastering
 Wall Paper
 Wood panel
 Stone, marble, tile
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PAINT
 Can be used for material made of wood,
steel, concrete and bricks.
 Function of paint is
a) to protect the material from weathering,
oxidation process and damages by insects.
b) to improve the beauty of the material
c) to facilitate the cleaning process of the
surface
 Major paint companies are :
ASIAN PAINT , NEROLAC , BERGER ,ICI

TYPE OF PAINT
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Distemper
This is perhaps the most economical type
of painting available in the Indian market
today. It can be classified as a
"Whitewash" job. The major constituents
of distemper are chalk, lime, water and
some coloring agents if necessary.
Distemper is a water based paint.
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Emulsions
An emulsion is a liquid having fine suspended
particles. It is commonly known as plastic paint.
This is water based and provides a rich and Matt
finish to interior walls. The differentiating factor of
emulsion paints is its acrylic quality. Its composition
imparts excellent durability to the painted surface
and gives the walls a just painted look. It washable
and most stains can be removed easily by wiping
with a cloth dipped in a mild soap solution. The
paint film is also fungus and mildew resistant.
Covering capacity on new surface per coat is
Exterior 5.5 to 6 m2 / litre
Interior 17 m2 / litre
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ENAMEL PAINT
Enamel paint is paint that air dries to a
hard, usually glossy, finish, used for
coating surfaces that are outdoors or
otherwise subject to hard wear or
variations in temperature
Typically the term "enamel paint" is used
to describe oil-based covering products,
usually with a significant amount of gloss
in them, however recently many latex or
water-based paints have adopted the term
as well. The term today means "hard
surfaced paint" and usually is in reference
to paint brands of higher quality, floor
coatings of a high gloss finish, or
spray paints
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Solvent based paints
(Lustre/Enamel)
Solvent based paints - Lustre paints,
Enamel paints and oil paints all come
under the category of solvent based
paints. They cannot be pre-mixed with
water. Oil based paints take a longer time
to dry and often produce strong odors
which are irritating and sometimes even
toxic in nature. The advantage with these
paints is that they really last long and
produce rich and desiring effects on the
wall.
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Painting The Wall Using Emulsion Paint
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Painting the floor
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Oil Paint protect the steel from become corroded
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Three Types of Wood Finishes
 Transparent Coatings- coatings that can be seen
through.
Ex. Varnish, Shellac, lacquer , PU , Melamine
 Penetrating Finishes- these soak into the wood rather
than just coat it. Ex. Linseed Oil, Danish Oil
 Opaque Finishes- covers the surface completely, cannot
be seen through. Ex. Paint, enamel
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Transparent Coatings
Varnish- a preparation consisting of various resins
and drying oil (linseed oil, tung oil, and walnut oil.) dissolved
in an Turpentine ,oil , water or in alcohol. When applied to
the surface of wood, it dries and leaves a hard, glossy
transparent coating.
Shellac- a varnish made by
dissolving this material in alcohol or a
similar solvent.
Lacquer- a protective coating consisting of a resin,
sometimes with pigment added.
 Resin – Resin is a thick and sticky yellowish- brown
substance used to chemically bond materials together. Resins that
are used in varnishes include amber, kauri gum, dammar, copal,
rosin (pine resin), sandarac, balsam, elemi, and others
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Comparison of different TRANSPERENT COATING
Appearance Protection Durability Safety Ease of
Application Reversibility Rubbing
Qualities
Wax Creates shine Short Term Needs frequent
reapplication
Safe when solvents in
paste wax evaporate
easy, needs
sanding
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Can easily be
removed with
solvents
Needs to be buffed
Shellac
Some yellow or
orange tint,
depending on
grade used
Fair against water,
good on solvents
except alcohol
Durable
Safe when solvent
evaporates, used as
food and pill coating
French polishing
difficult technique to
master.
Completely
reversible using
alcohol
Excellent
Nitrocellulose
lacquer
Transparent,
good gloss Decent protection Soft and somewhat
durable
Used toxic solvents
Good protection is
needed, especially if
painted
Requires nice
equipment. Kick-on
products also
available
Completely
irreversible Excellent soft finish
Conversion
varnish
Transparent,
good gloss
Excellent protection
against many
substances
Hard and durable
Uses toxic solvents,
including toluene.
Breathing protection
is needed
Requires spray
equipment. Used in
professional shops
only
Difficult to reverse Excellent hard finish
Linseed oil
Yellow warm
glow, pops
grain1, darkens
with age
Very little
Fairly durable,
depending on
number of coats
Relatively safe,
metallic driers are
poisonous
Easy, apply with
rags and wipe off.
Takes relatively long
time to dry
Needs sanding out
as oil is absorbed None
Tung oil
Warm glow, pops
grain1, lighter
than linseed
Water resistant
Fairly durable,
depending on
number of coats
Relatively safe,
metallic driers are
poisonous
Easy, apply with
rags and wipe off.
Faster to dry than
linseed oil
Needs sanding out
as oil is absorbed None
Alkyd varnish
Not as
transparent as
lacquer,
yellowish/orange
tint
Good protection Durable
Relatively safe, uses
petroleum based
solvents
Brush or spray.
Brushing needs
good technique to
avoid bubbles &
streaks
Can be stripped
using paint
removers
Fair
Polyurethane
varnish
Transparent,
many coats can
look like plastic
Excellent protection
against many
substances, tough
finish
Durable after approx.
30 day curing period
Relatively safe, uses
petroleum based
solvents
Application requires
some level of skill
Can be stripped
using paint
removers
Bad, coats do not
meld leading to
white rings if
rubbing out cuts
through coat
Water-based
polyurethane Transparent
Good protection.
Newer products
(2009) also UV
stable
Durable after approx.
10 day curing period
Safer than oil-based,
fewer
volatile organic compounds
(VOCs)
Brush or spray. Fast
drying demands
care in application
techniques
Can be stripped
using paint
removers
Bad, coats do not
meld leading to
white rings if
rubbing out cuts
through coat
Oil-varnish
mixes
Similar to oils
unless many
coats applied,
then takes on
characteristics of
varnishes
Low, but more than
pure oil finishes
Fairly durable,
depending on
number of coats
(archaic product,
little used with the
availability of modern
finishes)
Relatively safe, uses
petroleum based
solvents
Easy, apply with
rags and wipe off.
Faster to dry than
linseed oil
Needs sanding out
as oil is absorbed
None unless many
coats applied

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VARNISH
TYPE OF Varnishes depends on solvent used :
1. Oil varnishes : Amber, copal in linseed oil
2. Spirit Varnishes: Lac , shallec etc. in
methylated spirit
3. Turpentine varnish: Rosin, Gum dammer ,
mustic in turpentine
4.Water Varnish : Shellac in hot water ( with
borax , potash or soda added) to dissolve the
shellac

ASIAN PAINT -PU
Asian Paints PU Exterior Matt
Asian Paints PU Exterior is a two component Polyurethane
wood finish. It has a Clear-Matt finish. Asian paints PU
Exterior provides excellent weather resistance, light
fastness & preserves natural beauty of wood on exteriors
for years
Asian Paints PU Interior Glossy
Asian Paints PU Interior Glossy is a two component
Polyurethane wood finish.it forms a tough coating that
offers excellent resistance to scratches & stains.It has a
unique non-yellowing property that accentuates the
natural beauty of wood & keeps the furniture looking good
for years.
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ASIAN PAINT - MELAMINE
It has good hardness & has excellent resistance to
staining fom oils,food & hot beverages.
Asian Paints Melamyne Glossy
Asian Paints Melamyne Glossy is an acid curing solvent based 2
pack wood finish. It is specifically formulated as an protective &
decorative clear coating of wood .
Asian Paints Melamyne Gold Clear Glossy
Asian Paints Melamyne Gold Clear Glossy is an acid cured
solvent based 2 pack wood finish.I t imparts an clear finish. It not
only protects the wood but retains the natural look for years.
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Decorative Coatings
DU-PONT
Alesta ® AP : Architectural polyester
DuPont offers a complete range of products with excellent mechanical
and weathering resistance characteristics, which makes them
particularly suitable for outdoor architectural purposes. As well as a
“standard” durable finish, DuPont has also developed “Superdurable”
finishes for extremely hostile weathering environments. The range
includes full gloss, semi-gloss or matt finishes, and varying levels of
textures such as leatherette, wrinkled and sand textured.
Both speckled and metallic finishes are readily available .
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Decorative Coatings
DU-PONT
Alesta ® PU : Polyurethanne
For more than 25 years, polyurethane powder coatings have been
successfully used for industrial applications. These products based on
hydroxyl resins combined with isocyanates offer excellent chemical resistance
and very good flow.
Fields of Applications
The polyurethane powder coatings are particularly suitable for :
:: Household appliances.
:: Garden and office furniture.
:: Automotive accessories.
:: Agricultural machinery.
:: Anti-graffiti clearcoats.
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Decorative Paint & Coatings
Setco Chemicals (I) Private Limited
Srt.
PAINTS DESCRIPTION
No.
(1) DECOSIL Interior & Exterior speciality paints based on selected acrylic polymers.
(2) NEOPRIME It is a two pack polyester polyurethane primer system, capable of providing
highly durable coating systems for serve exposure conditions.
(3) NEOTEX This is used in protective and decorative applications of paints on wooden
surface in Texturised and Smooth finishes for interior applications.
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(4) POLYURETHANE COATING
SYSTEM (TWO PACK)
Two pack Polyurethane Clear & Pigmented Coating used in decorative
application and top coat finish.
(5) WOODLUX MELAMINE WOOD
FINISH
It is a two pack systems applied on wooden substrates to produce glossy, semi-glossy,
matt finishes that enhance the life of wood to a great extent.
(6) WOOD PRIME It is a two component solvent based penetration primer developed for wood and
wood substrates.
(7) POLYURETHANE COATING
SYSTEM (TWO PACK) -
WEATHERTHANE
Two component Polyurethane Clear & Pigmented Coating used in protective &
decorative application and top coat finish.
(8) POLYURETHANE COATING
SYSTEMS (TWO PACK) -
NEOLUX
Two component Polyurethane Clear &
Pigmented Coating used in protective & decorative application.
(9) POLYURETHANE COATING
SYSTEMS (TWO PACK)
-ACROTHANE
Two component Polyurethane. Clear & Pigmented Coating used in protective &
decorative application and top coat
finish.
(10) CLEAR SANDING SEALER
(ONE PACK & TWO PACK)
It is used on wood and wood substrates to fill up minor pores & rectify minor
unevenness of surface. One pack comes in paste form and Two pack comes in
liquid form.
(11) POLYURETHANE ONE PACK
CLEAR & PIGMENTED
SYSTEM
It is a oil modified polyester polyurethane paints supplied in clear finish and
pigmented system.

Penetrating Finishes
 Linseed Oil- A yellowish oil extracted from the
seeds of flax and used as a drying oil in paints and
varnishes and in linoleum, printing inks, and synthetic
resins.
 Danish Oil- is a blend of oils and resins that
penetrates, seals, and preserves wood surfaces.
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Brushes used for Finishing
 Two main brushes used are bristle brushes and
foam polybrushes.
 Natural bristle brushes- are made with hog hair, commonly
used with oil base paints.
 Synthetic bristle brushes- are made of nylon or polyester,
commonly used with water soluble finishes, and most oil base finishes.
 Foam polybrushes- made of plastic foam tapered on both sides
to a sharp point, can be used on most finishes.
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Applying Wood finish :
The steps required to create a durable wood finish are called a
“finish system,” is comprise the following:
2) Staining
3) Grain filling
4) Glazing
5) Top coating:
i) Filling nail holes
ii) Final top coating
6) Maintenance
1) Preparatory steps:
i) Stripping away of old finish
ii) Bleaching
iii) Patching (if necessary)
iv) Sanding
v) Priming or sealing
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Stripping away of old finish:
1. Mechanical stripping:
This involves using sharp blades or scrapers to physically lift the
old finish from the wood surface. Depending on the material, the
application of a stream of hot air from a heat gun as the surface is
scraped may facilitate the removal of the existing finish.
The other mechanical method for removing an existing finish is to
use abrasive materials commonly referred to a “sand paper.”
2. Chemical stripping:
There are many chemical compounds sold as paint strippers or
finish removers. Most of these contain Methylene Chloride or N-Methyl-
2-Pyrolidone (“NMP”) as an active ingredient. These
compounds are generously applied, usually by brush, over the
existing finish and the adhesion between the wood and the finish
will be broken. If the existing finish consists of several coats,
multiple applications may be required.
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Sanding
 Sanding is crucial to preparing your wood for
a finish, whether it be hand or power sanding.
 Anyone tell me why?
 Different grit sand paper
 Coarse- (80 grit)
 Medium to fine- (100-180 grit)
 Very Fine- (220-280 grit)

Applying Stains and Clear Finishes
 Staining- is the process to change the color of the wood
without changing it’s texture.
 Types of stains:
 Pigment stains -are made by adding color pigments
together.
 Penetrating stains – are made by mixing aniline dyes in
oil.
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Applying Stains Cont…
 Wood Stain Finishes:
 Wood Toned - Lightly pigmented wood-toned
finishes add color to the wood, while
enhancing its natural beauty.
 Semi-Transparent- Semi-transparent
finishes allow both the natural grain and
texture to show through.
 Solid Color- The most durable finish, solid
color stains reveal the texture of the wood,
but generally conceal the grain.
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Clear Finishes
 Two basic types of clear top-coat finishes:
 Those that penetrate the wood
 Ex- linseed oil, danish oil
 Those that stay on top of the surface
 Ex. Shellac, varnish, polyurethane and lacquer
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Applying Sealer
 After stain has dried completely, a sealer
should be applied over the stain before a
clear finish is applied. Why?
-This prevents tthhee ssttaaiinn ffrroomm
bblleeeeddiinngg iinnttoo tthhee cclleeaarr ccooaatt
wwhhiicchh ccaauusseess tthhee eenndd rreessuulltt ttoo
bbee cclloouuddyy..
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Applying a filler
 This is put on over the sealer to seal the pores
of the wood before applying a clear finish.
Apply filler first along the grain of the wood. Then work
across the grain to fill the pores completely.
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Applying VARNISH
 A paint coating that lacks pigment & which gives
a transparent / translucent finish to wood.
 paint that provides a hard glossy transparent
coating
 It greatly enhances natural beauty& figure of
wood.
 Method polishing the wood with varnish is
French Polishing.
 Ensure the surface are clean (no dust) and
smooth before applying varnish.
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Applying Paint and Enamel
 These may include, water based latex or oil
based.
 An enamel paint is a paint that dries to an
especially hard, usually glossy, finish.
 Before applying paints, a primer should be
applied, priming ensures better adhesion of
paint to the surface, increases paint durability,
and provides additional protection for the
material being painted.
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Applying an Oil-Based
Polyurethane:
One can apply an oil-based polyurethane using a fine-bristled brush, a
clean cloth or a foam brush. Avoid using inexpensive bristle brushes, as
these will tend to leave obvious brush strokes. Brush with the grain of the
wood, using a sufficient, but not overly thick coat of polyurethane. Avoid
overbrushing, but be sure use long strokes to brush out as many bubbles
as possible. The few remaining bubbles will typically disappear within
moments.
After the first coat has dried ( wait 24 hours), lightly sand the entire
surface (again, with the grain) with grit sandpaper. The polyurethane will
sand easily, so be careful not to sand through the thin coat and damage
the stain underneath. Wipe off all dust caused by the sanding before
applying a second coat.
Repeat these steps until the desired level of protection is achieved (two to
three coats is usually enough). After your final coat, you may choose to
rub out the finish with steel wool to a consistent sheen level, followed by
an application of paste wax for a nice luster.
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Applying a Water-Based
Polyurethane:
Water-based polyurethanes don't match well with oil-based stains,
so if you're applying over stain, you'll want to "rough up" the stained
surface slightly before applying your water-based polyurethane
using some synthetic steel wool. Since oil and water don't mix, this
will help the polyurethane to avoid beading on the surface like
water on a freshly-waxed car.
Apply a very thin coat of polyurethane with a fine brush, foam pad
or cloth. Work with the grain, and avoid applying too much
polyurethane to avoid raising the grain.
The initial coat should be dry within a couple of hours, and a
second coat can be applied. If applying in this manner, one
shouldn't need to sand between coats as with the oil-based version.
However, in order to get the same amount of protection, you may
need to add a dozen or more coats of the water-based
polyurethane.
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Applying varnish on the wood
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Varnish Applied Wood Looks Shiny
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EXTERIOR WALL PAINTING
SYSTEM
Sanding,
Washing,
Scraping
Surface Cleaning
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Waterproofing ,
Cement ,
Patching
Anti-algal/fungal
insecticide
Self-priming or
Cement Paint
Emulsion Finish
Patch Work
Biocide Treatment
Finishing
-Priming Coats
- Finishing Coats

INTERIOR WALL PAINTING
SYSTEM
Sanding,
Washing,
Scraping
Surface Cleaning
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Waterproofing ,
Insecticides,
Cement Patching
Smoothening
Work
Priming Coats,
Touch up Putty
Fine Smoothening
Finishing
Patch / Repair work
POP & Putty Work
Finishing
-Priming Coats
- Finishing Coats

PAINTING SYSTEM FOR METAL
SURFACE
FERROUS
NON - FERROUS
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Surface
Preparation
(Degreasing &
Derusting)
Sand Blasting
Acid alkali Bath
Surface Cleaning
Metal Primers
Patch Work
Biocide Treatment
Knifing Putty
Primer Surface r
Finish Coats
Surface
Preparation
(Degreasing &
Derusting)
Sand Blasting
Acid alkali Bath
Etch Priming

PAINTING SYSTEM FOR WOOD SURFACE
Hard/Soft/Ply Wood, Particle Surface Natural/Manufactured
Cleaning
Board, Acoustic Board, etc.
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Removing Knots, Surface
Resins, etc.
Use of Beeswax, Adhesives &
Sawdust, etc.
Use of fine grained Sandpaper for smooth,
clear & clean surface
To ensure absence of Porosity,
Surface Resins, etc. for a damage free
finish
Enamel, Polyurethane, Melamine, Varnish,
Beeswax, etc.
SCulerafancineg C &le aning
Smoothening
Surface CFleilalinnigng
SuPrrfoagcree sCsleivaen iSnagn ding
SuSrefaalceer /CPrleimaneirn &g Putty
SurfacFei nCisleha Cnionagt s

Defect in Paint
Alligatoring
Patterned cracking in the surface of the
paint film resembling the regular scales
of an alligator.
Blistering
Bubbles resulting from localized loss
of adhesion and lifting of the paint film
from the underlying surface.
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Defect in Paint
Chalking
Formation of fine powder on the surface of
the paint film during weathering, which can
cause colour fading. Although some degree
of chalking is a normal, desirable way for a
paint film to wear, excessive film erosion can
result in heavy chalking.
Cracking/Flaking
The splitting of a dry paint film through at
least one coat, which will lead to complete
failure of the paint. Early on, the problem
appears as hairline cracks; later, flaking of
paint chips occurs.
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Defect in Paint
Dirt Pickup
Accumulation of dirt, dust particles
and/or other debris on the paint film;
may resemble mildew.
Efflorescence/Mottling
Crusty, white salt deposits, leached from
mortar or masonry as water passes
through it.
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Defect in Paint
Bleeding
Leaching out of the existing paint
film.
Crating
Formation of small bowl-shaped
depressions.
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PLASTERING
 A mixture of lime or gypsum with sand & water which then
hardens into a smooth solid.
 Plastering is done after bricklaying work.
 After plastering, painting can be done.
 There are 2 types of plaster Gypsum Based and Cement
Based
 Cement based plaster commonly used in wall putty.
 Need to be done by skillful workers to acquire smooth
surface and beautiful plastering work.
 Plaster work can easily be repaired
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Wall Plastering
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Ceiling plastering
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WALLPAPER
 Variety of patterns, colours & finishes
 Most popular alternative to painting
 Understanding the impact of pattern, color
and design can make a room appear larger
and more stylish.
 Selection of wallpaper have to consider the
climate to ensure long lasting
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Wallpaper
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Application Of Wallpaper
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