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Pneumonia
1.
2. Pneumonia, an inflammation of the lungs
caused by infections agent in which the air sacs are
filled with pus or exudates so that air is excluded
and lungs become solid.
Or
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma
6. Anatomical classification.
A – lobar pneumonia .
The consolidation involves all or part of lobe
B – Bronchopneumonia
the consolidation involves scattered lobules
C - Interstitial pneumonia .
As in viral pneumonia where inflammatory .
Infiltrate involve mainly interstitial tissue between alveoli.
2 : Etiological classfication.
the cause of pneumonia in patient is often difficult to determine because
direct culture of lung tissue invasive and rarely performed.
- culture obtained from upper respiratory tract or sputum generally not
accurately.
10. CHEST X-RAY
FOR LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Lobarpneumonia
Consolidation
confined to
one or more
lobes (or
segments of
lobes) of
lungs.
12/12/2011 Pneumonia 10
11. High fever, Shaking Chills
Shortness of breath (Dyspnoea)
Increased breathing rate
Chest pain when you breathe
deeply or cough
Dusky or purplish skin colour
(cyanosis) from poorly oxygenated
blood
12. Fatigue and muscle aches
Nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea
chattering teeth
cough that produces rust-colored
or greenish mucus
sweating
rapid breathing
rapid pulse rate
13. Cigarette smoking , -Abuse alcohol.
Recent viral respiratory infection—a cold,
laryngitis, influenza etc.
Difficulty swallowing (due to stroke, dementia,
or other neurological conditions)
Chronic lung disease such as COPD,
emphysema, asthma
Other serious illnesses, such as heart disease,
liver cirrhosis, or diabetes
14. Impaired consciousness (loss of
brain function due to dementia,
stroke, or other neurologic
conditions)
Are younger than 1 year of age
or older than 65.
Have a weakened or impaired
immune system.
Are malnourished.
-Have been exposed to certain
chemicals or pollutants.
15. Mode of transmission:
Droplet infection - From the
mouth and nose of an infected
person via nasopharynx, through
intimate contact with carriers.
Indirect contact- By contaminated
object is possible; systemic
infection inhalation of caustic or
toxic chemicals, aspiration of food,
fluid or vomitus.
17. If sever problem immediate hospitalization
Give oxygen inhalation if:
1. central cyanosis
2. not able to drink
Give antibiotic according to doctors order
If age < 2 months
a. benzyle penicilline.
b. gentamicin
If age 2 months to 5 years
a. chloramphenicol
Ttreat fever (if present) : paracetamol 500 mg 6 hourly
a. 2 months – 3years ->¼tab
b. 3 years – 5 years ->½tab
Treatment of wheezing or stridor (if present):
18. a. If in respiratory distress- rapid acting bronchodilators
nebulized salbutamol (5mg/ml)
b. If not respiratory distress – oral salbutamol tds for 5 days
2 months -3 years ->¼tab (1 tab= 2mg)
12 months – 5 years -> 1 tab
c. Supportive care
d. Reassess daily
19. Maintain a patient airway and
adequate oxygenation.
Teach the patient how to cough
and perform deep breathing
exercises to clear secretions.
Obtain sputum specimen as
needed.
Maintain adequate nutrition to
offset high caloric utilization.
20. Control the spread of infection by
disposing secretions properly.
Control temperature by doing
cooling measures.
Monitor vital signs closely.
Advice mother to give –
a. Feed the child during illness
b. Increase feeding after illness
c. Clear nose if it interferes with
feeding
21. Vaccinations
a. Pneumococcal Vaccine
b. Pneumococcal polysaccharide
vaccine - PPV
c. Hib vaccine (haemophilus
influenzae vaccine type b) in children
Healthy lifestyle
Diet and nutrition
Regular exercise
22. Enough sleep
Quit smoke
Prevent common colds, influenza,
and other upper respiratory infection
Environmental factors such as
exposure to cold, pollution and
physical conditions of fatigue or
alcoholism.
23. Acute respiratory distress syndrom
(ARDS)
Pleural effusion
Lung abscess
Respiratory failure (which requires a
breathing machine or ventilator)
Sepsis (which may lead to organ failure
Otitis media in children