breeding in potato

2. An Assignment PresentationAn Assignment Presentation
OnOn
““Breeding of Potato”Breeding of Potato”
Course No.: VSC :- 503Course No.: VSC :- 503
Course Title:- - “Breeding ofCourse Title:- - “Breeding of
vegetable crops. ”vegetable crops. ”

3. Presented by:-Presented by:-
Chaudhary Sahdev B.Chaudhary Sahdev B.
M.Sc. (Hort.), 1M.Sc. (Hort.), 1stst
Sem Jagudan,Sem Jagudan,
College of Horticulture,College of Horticulture,
S.D.A.U., Sardarkrushinagar.S.D.A.U., Sardarkrushinagar.
Present to:-Present to:-
Dr. Yogesh PawarDr. Yogesh Pawar
Assistant Professor,Assistant Professor,
College Of Horticulture,College Of Horticulture,
S.D. Agricultural University,S.D. Agricultural University,
Sardarkrushinagar. 385 506.Sardarkrushinagar. 385 506.

4. Potato
Botanical Name : Solanum tuberosum L.
Family : Solanaceae
Chromosome Number : 2n= 48
Origin : Tropical South America
Floral formula :

5. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Potato is a very popular vegetable grown all over the
world and important food crop of grown more than 100
countries in world.
Potato is a native of South America. In India, potato has
been cultivated since its introduction in early part of 17 th
century.
Potato popularly known as ‘The king of vegetables’, has
emerged as fourth most important food crop in India after rice,
wheat and maize. India is the third largest producer of Potato.

6. Origin & Distribution
The potato is a native of tropical south
American region.
It is believed that the cultivated potato
originated from its wild ancestors near the
lake Tritica basin in Peru Bolivian region in
high mountains.
The potato was introduced in India from
Europe in early 17th
century .

7. TaxonomyTaxonomy
Solanum is the largest genus in the Solanaceae Family.
with an estimated 1,400 species.
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Anthophyta
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Asteridae
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Solanum
Species: tuberosum

8. BOTANY
• Potato stolons are lateral shoots, usually from the most
basal nodes below soil level.
• Typically they are diageotropic shoots with elongated
internodes, hooked at tip.
• Tubers develop from the sub-apical region of stolons.
• However, tuber formation includes two processes, viz.,
Stolon formation and tuberization of the stolon tips.
• Stolon formation usually begins at the lower nodes and
progresses acropetally.

9. •The floral parts are regular their arrangement;
•The flowers are bisexual, i.e. the stamens (male parts) and the pistil
(female parts) are on the same flower;
•The flower consists of the four basic whorls (calyx, corolla,
stamens and pistil).
•The Floral whorls
•The calyx consist of five sepals that are partly joined at their base
forming a bell shaped structure below the corolla. The shape and
size of the lobes or free ends of the sepals vary according to cultivar.
The calyx colour may be green or partially or totally pigmented.
•The corolla consists of five petals which are joined at the base by a
short corolla tube.each lobe ands in a triangular point. The outline of
the corolla is generally round. Some primitive vultivars have
pentagonal or star like corollas. The corolla colour may be either
white, light blue, blue, red, and purple with different tones and
intensities.

10.  The androecium consists of five stamens that are alternate with the petals.
The stamens is composed of anther and filament that are joined in the
corolla tube. anthers are generally fused in a conical column enclosing the
pistils. In some cultivars they may be spread apart loosely. The colour of
anthers varies from light yellow to deep orange. Pollen grains are shed
through pores at anther tips.
 The gynoecium (female element) of the flower consists of a single pistil
which is composed of the ovary, style, and stigma. The ovary is superior ,
that is, the sepal, petals, and stamens are attached to the receptacle just
below the ovary. In tranverse section , the ovary shows two cavities( or
locules and therefore is bilocular) where ,generally, numerous ovules are
arranged along the periphery of the placenta.

11. • Potato tuber is a modified stem with a shortened axis and rather
poorly developed leaves.
•The inflorescence of potato is cymose.
• The vegetative shoot is a sympodium, each portion terminates in an
inflorescence.
• The flowers are actinomorphic and hypogynous.
•Calyx has 5 lobes & Corolla tube consists of 5 petals.

13. Cytology:
 Potato has basic chromosome number 12. Form diploid to
hexaploid species are available. About 75% species are diploid
while about 15% species are tetraploids.
 Triploids and pentaploids are highly sterile and maintained by
vegetative propagation.
 S.stenotomum , S.phureja & S.ajanhuioi are cultivated diploids of
which former too are sexually fertile while later one is less fertile
and yet bred true.
 S.chaucha & S.Juzepezukii are cultivated triploid, more or less
sterile.
 The cultivated tetraploid species S.tuberosum spp tuberosum
&S.tuberosum spp andigena are fertile.
 S.curtilobum is pentaploid.
 Regular meiosis has been observed in diploid, allotetraploid &
allohexaploids.
 Nearly all the diploid species are self-incompatible while all the
tetraploids & hexaploids are self-compatible.

14. Genetics of traits:
Trait No. of Genes Gene Action
Skin colour Digenic Complementary
Flesh colour Monogenic Deep yellow/White
Stolen length Monogenic Long/short
Tuber shape Long/short
Position of eyes Monogenic Plant/deep

15. Breeding methods
Potato is a self pollinated crop but is vegetatively propagated.
The cultivated tetrapliod varieties are highly heterozygous. Most
of them are also pollen sterile. selfing or inbreeding in potato
leads to loss of vigor of the progeny and non-flowering.hence
the conventional method or pure line method of breeding is
generally not practiced.
Hybridization and selection: In hybridization, crosses are made
between selected parents. Hybridization can be between
varieties(intervarietal) or between specific(interspecific).since
yield and most of the desirable characters are polygenic in
nature, the parents for hybridization are generally selected on
the basis of their combining ability. Being vegetatively
propagated, breeders take advantage of selecting and
multiplying genetically identical individuals in the succeeding
generations.

16. Breeding methods(cont..)
Back cross method: Cultivated potato does not posses
resistance to most of the diseases and pests. Resistance
genes are mostly found scattered in wild and semi-
cultivated species available in centre of origin and diversity
in south America. In this method the hybridization is done
between cultivated and wild or semi cultivated species with
the aim of transferring specific characters like resistance to
diseases and pests. It is followed by repeated back crossing
keeping cultivated type as recurrent parent. Selection is
practiced in successive back cross generation for the
character to be retained from the wild species. However,
transfer of the resistant genes from wild species into
cultivated potato is a difficult task.

17. Breeding methods(cont..)
Hybridization technique: potato naturally flowers under
cool climate and long-day condition of more than 15hrs
light. Such conditions are available during long-summer
days when potatoes are grown in hills. Hills are
therefore,ideal for hybridization work. Potato flowers are
hermaphrodite (bisexual) and therefore emasculation is
done in selected female parents mostly in the evening.

18. Breeding Objective
 High tuber yield
 Earliness
 Photoperiod insensitivity
 Responsiveness to fertilizer
 Better keeping quality (resistance/tolerance against
shrinkage,rottage etc)
 Better quality tubers
 Resistance to
i. Late blight
ii. Early blight
iii.Charcoal rot
iv.Common scab
v. Bacterial wilt

19. Biotechnology:
Tissue culture technology has been widely
used for production of disease free & quality
planting material.
CPRI Simla has developed trangenics using
crylab & asmotion gene for resistance against
potato tuber moth & late blight disease.
CPRI in collaboration with JNU, New Delhi
developed eight indian varieties using AMAL
gene for increase in total protein content.

20. Commercial Varieties and HybridCommercial Varieties and Hybrid
Maturity Varieties Resistant
Early-
maturing
Kufri chandramukhi
Kufri lauvkar,
Kufri kuber
Moderately Resistant to late & early blight
warmer climate variety
-
Medium-
maturing
Kufri badshah
Kufri pukhraj
Kufri jyoti,
Kufri kundan,
Kufri sheetman
Kufri dewa
Kufri jawahar
Kufri Bahar
Kufri chipsona-2
Late and early blights
Early blight and moderately late blight.
Late and early blights & tolerant to viruses.
Late blight
Resistant to frost
Resistant to frost
Late blight and ideal for intercropping
-
Late blight & excellent for chip making
Late-
maturing
Kufri kumar,
Kufri chamatkar,
Kufri sindhuri,
Late blight
Early blight
-

21. Varieties
Potato varieties are primarily distinguished based
on their habit,pigmentation on the stem,stucture of
leaf, flower and fruit colour and tuber characters
like shape,size and colour. Some of the varieties
under cultivation at present are
Kufri Badshah(Kufri jyoti x Kufri Alankar):
The variety was released in 1979 for north indian
plains and plateau region.it is a medium
maturing(90-100 days) variety producing
tall,erect,medium compact and vigorous plants
with white flowers.the variety possesses resistance
to late blight ,early blight and potato virus and has
an average yield of 32-35 tonnes/ha.

22. Varieties
Kufri sindhuri(Kufri Red x Kurfi kundan): The
variety was released in 1967 for cultivation in north
Indian plains particularly for Eastern Uttar Pradesh and
Bihar where red tubers were preferred. It is a late
maturing(120-140 days) variety producing tall,erect,open
and vigorous plants with flower of light-red-purple colour
with white tips.it is moderately resistant to early blight
with an average yield of 30-35 tonnes/ha.
Kurfi chandramukhi(sd:4485 x Kurfi kuber): The
variety was released in 1968 . It is an early maturing (75
days). Tubers are lerge ,white,oval,flattened with shallow
eyes. The variety has an average yield of 23-25 tonnes/ha.

23. Varieties
Kufri jawahar (Kufri neelamami x Kufri jyoti): The
variety was released in 1996 for Punjab,Harayana,plateau
region of Madhya Pradesh,Gujarat and Karnataka. It is a
medium early maturing(80 days) variety producing short
,erect, compact, and vigorous plants with white flowers. The
variety is moderately resistant to late blight and has an
average yield of 28-30 tonnes/ha.
Kurfi pukhraj ( craigs defiance x JEX/B-687): The
variety was released in 1997 for Punjab,Uttar
pradesh,Madhya pradesh,Karnataka,Gujarat and
Maharashrta.It is a medium maturing(90-100 days) variety
producing tall,semi-erect,medium compact and vigorous
plants with white flower. The variety is resistant to early
blight and moderately resistant to late blight and has an
average yield of 30-35 tonnes/ha.

24. .
TRUE POTATO SEED (TPS)TRUE POTATO SEED (TPS)
Non-availability of quality seed tubers, high seed cost,
virus infiltration in seed tubers causing degeneration of seed
stocks and problems of long distance transport of seed from
seed-producing areas have led to the development of true
potato seed (TPS) technology of crop production.
It can be easily stored over long periods of time. About
100-120 g TPS is enough to raise a seedling crop for one
hectare or if the commercial crop is to be produced using
seedling tubers, the produce of 40-45 g TPS is enough to plant
one hectare crop next year. They also provide better disease
resistance because of high heterogeneity in the population.

26. Future prospects
•To extend potato cultivation in non-traditional
areas there is need to develop heat tolerant
genotypes.
•Varieties rich in protein & vitamin A need to be
developed.
•Varieties for improved processing attributes.
•Varieties resistant to late blight- early blight
charcoal rot & mosaic.