The potential of Energy Efficiency through motors and transformers in Europe

Copper Contribution to
Renewables and Energy
Efficiency

Fernando Nuño
European Copper Institute
fng@eurocopper.org

ICREPQ
March 2010
Granada, Spain

The European Copper Institute (ECI)

Non profit
Non profit Network of
Network of Mission
Mission
organisation
organisation Associations
Associations

Representing the Brussels based Communicate
world's mining headquarters with copper's
companies and a network of 11 essentiality for
the European Copper health,
copper industry Development technology and
Associations quality of life.

www.leonardo-energy.org www.eurocopper.org

Energy Efficiency and Renewables vs CO2
abatement cost

http://lightbucket.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/carbonabatement800.jpg

Index

Electric Motors
Transformers
Renewables
PV case study


ELECTRIC MOTORS


Electric motors : key figures

65% of EU industrial
65% of EU industrial
electricity use
electricity use

202 TWh //year savings potential
202 TWh year savings potential
by switching to energy efficient motor driven
by switching to energy efficient motor driven
systems
systems

http://www.leonardo-energy.org/high-efficiency-motor-systems-0


Electric motors : electricity savings potential
202 TWh annual savings potential
by switching to energy efficient motor
driven systems
driven systems

Total
7% of total Electricity amount of
electricity
System EU network
consumption
electricity
of EU impact losses

35 nuclear power 130 fossil fuel power 1.5 times the EU’s total
plants (1000 MW) plants (350 MW) 2008 wind capacity (142
70% load factor 50% load factor TWh generated in 2008)


Electric motors : GHG savings potential

driven systems
driven systems

100 Million About 20% of the
GHG emission
Tonnes GHG
reduction in EU
annually impact between 1990 and
CO2 saved 2010 (400 - 500 MT)*

Significant reductions in
NOx, SO2, heavy metal, and
dust emissions

*Source : Report of the review of the initial report of
the European Community, FCCC/IRR/2007/EC.
UNFCCC, 15 February 2008.
2008 GHG inventories 1990-2006 (submissions to
UNFCCC)


Electric motors : economic savings potential

driven systems
driven systems

€ 10 Billion € 50 Billion
investment
annual Economic
saved for new
operating impact generation
costs saved
capacity

Lower Life Cycle
6% reduction on
Cost — a typical
fossil fuel imports
reduction of 35%


Electric motors : barriers to be removed

High efficiency motors (Eff1) represent only 12% of the market in the EU. If
High efficiency motors (Eff1) represent only 12% of the market in the EU. If
energy efficient motor systems have in the large majority of the cases the lowest
energy efficient motor systems have in the large majority of the cases the lowest
Life Cycle Cost (LCC), why is the adoption rate so slow?
Life Cycle Cost (LCC), why is the adoption rate so slow?

Split Budgets : purchase Existing stocks : back-
department and operating up spares of the same type
costs managers need to and efficiency in the
make a common approach warehouses, even if LCC is
on Life Cycle Cost basis higher

Lack of Information : Long Life Cycle : 20
years. A poorly-reasoned
education is needed in
purchasing decision will
terms of definitions and Life
have a negative impact
Cycle Cost
lasting for 20 years.


How Copper saves CO2 emissions in motors

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
Materials
Aluminium Kg 3,5 3,5 4
Increasing
22 kW Copper Copper Kg 8,8 12,9 13,9
Electrical steel Kg 108 108 108
Parameters
+1 kg Cu -> - 3 Tons CO2 Increasing
Rating Kw 22 22 22
Efficiency
Efficiency % 89.5 91.8 92.6
Lifetime Years 20 20 20
Load % 50 50 50
Eco-design analysis
Eco-design analysis Annual
Hours 4380 4380 4380
operation
Environmental balance
Manufacturing Utilisation End of Life Primary Energy GJ 1233 940 841
Decreasing
CO2 CO2 Tons 56 43 38
Given that one kg of copper takes 3 kg of CO2e emissions in production
the environmental payback is more than a factor 1000, while at the end
of life, the kg copper can be recycled for the next application. http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webfm_send/359


The European Copper Institute : a long tradition in
promoting efficient motor systems

European Motor
European Motor
Challenge
Challenge
Program
Program

ECI supports this program launched in 2003
Voluntary program of European Commission
focused on improving the efficiency of motor
driven systems


The European Copper Institute : removing barriers
through education

Leonardo
Leonardo
ENERGY blog
ENERGY blog

Reports the
latest
developments
in motor
efficiency
standards,
case studies,
etc.


through education

Policy Seminars Technology
Eco-design
Briefings on the Web Diffusion


Removing barriers for motors

EDUCATION

Lack of Long Life
information Cycle

Split Existing
Budgets stocks


Index

Electric Motors
Transformers
Renewables
Proposals for local actions


TRANSFORMERS


Distribution transformers : key figures

222 TWh EU electricity
222 TWh EU electricity
network losses
network losses

19 TWh //year savings potential
19 TWh year savings potential
by switching to energy efficient distribution
by switching to energy efficient distribution
transformers
transformers

http://www.leonardo-energy.org/seedt-highlights-european-distribution-transformers


Distribution transformers : electricity savings
potential
by switching to energy efficient
distribution transformers

9% of total
0,7% of total Electricity amount of
electricity
System EU network
consumption
electricity
of EU impact losses

3 nuclear power 13 fossil fuel power 13% of EU’s total 2008
plants (1000 MW) plants (350 MW) wind capacity (142 TWh
70% load factor 50% load factor generated in 2008)


Distribution transformers : GHG savings potential


10 Million About 2% of the
GHG emission
Tonnes GHG
reduction in EU
annually impact between 1990 and
CO2 saved 2010 (400 - 500 MT)*

Significant reductions in
NOx, SO2, heavy metal, and
dust emissions

*Source : Report of the review of the initial report of
the European Community, FCCC/IRR/2007/EC.
UNFCCC, 15 February 2008.
2008 GHG inventories 1990-2006 (submissions to
UNFCCC)


Distribution transformers : economic savings
potential

€ 1 Billion € 5 Billion
investment
annual Economic
saved for new
operating impact generation
costs saved
capacity

Lower Life Cycle A reduced
Cost — IRR from dependency on
10% to 70% fossil fuel imports


Transformers : barriers to be removed
80% of EU distribution
Regulatory Models to integrate Life transformers population
Regulatory Models to integrate Life belong to electricity
Cycle Cost analysis
Cycle Cost analysis distribution companies,
whose activity is regulated

Life Cycle Cost Analysis Current Regulatory Practice Regulatory Model Proposal
The higher efficiency, Discourages investments in Do not remove benefits
the higher benefit efficient transformers before a period long enough
yr 0

yr 2

yr 4

yr 6

yr 8

yr 0

yr 2

yr 4

yr 6

yr 8

yr 0

yr 2

yr 4

yr 6

yr 8
yr 10

yr 12

yr 14

yr 16

yr 18

yr 20

yr 10

yr 12

yr 14

yr 16

yr 18

yr 20

yr 10

yr 12

yr 14

yr 16

yr 18

yr 20
NPV

NPV

NPV
2, 3 or more regulatory periods
Investment premium is Benefits removed at
before benefit removal
recovered and generates regulatory review avoid
encourages renovation using
positive NPV positive NPV
efficient equipment

Legend: Investment premium (green), energy savings (yellow), net present value (red)
400 kVA C-C’ vs. A-A’; 5% discount rate (real); energy valued at 35 €/MWh

Source : Endesa Distribución

How Copper saves CO2 emissions in
transformers

AA’ CC’ C-Amorphous
Materials
Mech steel Kg 850 725 887
Increasing
1.6 MVA Copper Copper Kg 505 725 1225
Electrical steel Kg 1100 1200 1550
Parameters
+1 kg Cu -> - 0.5 Ton CO2 Increasing
Rating MVA 1.6 1.6 1.6
Efficiency Load Losses kW 17 14 14
No-Load Losses kW 2.6 1.7 0.4
Lifetime Years 30 30 30
Eco-design analysis
Eco-design analysis Load % 50 50 50
Annual operation Hours 8760 8760 8760
Environmental balance
Manufacturing Utilisation End of Life
Primary Energy GJ 19750 15061 11439
Decreasing
CO2 CO2 Tons 897 683 522
One kg of copper takes 3 kg of CO2e emissions in production, while at
the end of life, the kg copper can be recycled for the next application. http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webfm_send/361


The European Copper Institute : a long tradition in
promoting efficient distribution transformers

Strategies for Development and
Strategies for Development and
Diffusion of Energy Efficient
Diffusion of Energy Efficient
Distribution Transformers
Distribution Transformers

ECI participates in this program.
SEEDT builds the business case for development and
diffusion of energy efficient distribution transformers.
A project within the framework of the Intelligent
Energy program of the European Union.
For the SEEDT project, ECI works in collaboration with
the NTUA (Greece), Wuppertal Institute (Germany),
and ENDESA (Spain).


through education

Leonardo
Leonardo
ENERGY blog
ENERGY blog

Reports the
latest
developments
in
transformer
efficiency
standards,
regulation,
and
technology.


Removing barriers by active regulatory actions

EU Regulators Group-ERGEG REPORT WEBINAR
Treatment of Electricity Insuficient Regulatory Regulatory Incentives for
Losses - CONSULTATION Incentives for Investments Energy Efficiency in Networks
in Electricity Networks

Active contribution to Pointing at the savings Spreading the
promote regulatory potential and the regulatory proposals to
reform regulatory proposals the professionals

REGULATORY
REGULATORY
MODEL
MODEL

http://www.leonardo-energy.org/huge-potential-energy-savings-improved-regulatory-models-efficient-investment-and-loss-reduction


RENEWABLES


Renewables : key figures
EU to reach 20% renewables in
final energy consumption by 2020

40%
2005 2020
35%
30%
Electricity : :from 15% to 35%
Electricity from 15% to 35%
25%
20% Heating : :from 10% to 25%
Heating from 10% to 25%
15%
Fuels : :from 1% to 10%
Fuels from 1% to 10%
10%
5%
0%
Electricity Heating Fuel


Renewables : key figures
Malta
Luxembourg
Hungary 2005
Cyprus
ch Republic 2020
Belgium
ak Republic
Netherlands 8.5% 20%
ed Kingdom
Poland
Ireland
Bulgaria
Italy
Greece
Germany
Spain
Lithuania
France
Romania
Slovenia
Estonia
Denmark
Portugal
Austria
Finland
Latvia
Sweden
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%


Support policy as the main driver for
renewables


renewables

Fiscal /
Feed In Quota + Tendering
Financial
Tariff TGC / Bidding
Incentives

Cost allocation To consumers To Generators To Generators To Generators
Cost allocation

Administrative Depends on Depends on
Administrative YES, complex YES, complex
burden the form the form
burden

Long term
Long term Depends on NO, terms can
confidence for YES NO
confidence for the form easily change
investors
investors

http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webfm_send/2757


renewables

Fiscal /
Feed In Quota + Tendering
Financial
Tariff TGC / Bidding
Incentives

Encourages
Encourages YES, possible YES, possible YES, possible YES, possible
specific technology
specific technology

Takes technology Depends on the
Takes technology Depends on Depends on Depends on
learning into form (Germany
learning into the form the form the form
account degression tariff)
account

Suitable for YES,
Suitable for NO, as market NO, as market
immature RE YES stimulates new
immature RE oriented oriented
market
market tech projects

http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webfm_send/2757


Barriers to renewables development

Legal / Technology / Grid
Administrative Research Integration

National, Regional and Development of technical Grid infrastructure
Local coordination. specifications development
Responsibilities definition European Standards Interconnections
and share (eco-label, energy-label…) between countries
Precise deadlines for Needed more EU Rules for bearing and
planning approval Research interaction and sharing the costs of grid
Lighter process for smaller cooperation development and
projects Improve spreading the reinforcement
Administrative charges quickly evolving technology Provide physical access to
transparent and cost- of renewables grid
related Dispatching priority
As indicated in the proposal for Directive by EC : Dealing with variability
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/climate_actions/doc/2008_res_directive_en.pdf and forecast ability


Special accent by the European Commission:
INFORMATION AND TRAINING

Information on
Information on CERTIFICATION Guidance for
BENEFITS, COSTS
SUPPORT schemes PLANNERS and
and ENERGY
MEASURES ARCHITECTS
EFFICIENCY

To be made Of equipment and For installers of small- Objective : consider
available to the systems for the scale RE: the use of RE and
broad public use of electricity, Biomass boilers district heating &
(consumers, heating and and stoves cooling when
builders, installers, cooling from Solar Photovoltaic planning, designing,
architects…) renewable and Thermal building and
sources systems renovating industrial
or residential areas
Heat pumps

As indicated in the proposal for Directive by EC :
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/climate_actions/doc/2008_res_directive_en.pdf


for renewables

Leonardo
Leonardo
ENERGY blog
ENERGY blog

Technology
introduction,
project
assessment,
engineering
practice,
support
mechanisms,
addressing
barriers, case
studies, how
to manuals
for small
scale…


Removing barriers for renewables:
Leonardo Energy PARTNERSHIP Program

Partnership with RETSCreen Partnership with European Partnership with ESTELA /
Addressing LEGAL issues and RENEWABLE ENERGY PROTERMOSOLAR
PROJECT assessment RESEARCH Centres Agency European Solar Thermal
Electricity Association
L e g a l A s p e c t s o f C le a n E n e r g y P r o j e c t s
C le a n E n e r g y P r o je c t A n a ly s is C o u r s e
B io m a s s F ir e d P o w e r P l a n t, U S A

Supporting and spreading 43
P h o to C r e d it : A n d r e w C a r lin , T r a c y O p e r a t o r s / N R E L P I X

Clean Energy Project PROMINENT RESEARCH GROUPS Spreading the technology,
Analysis Tools from all over Europe in congress contributions,
Intensive WEBINAR strengthening and rationalizing relevance of CSP as a
PROGRAM European Research dispatchable technology

LEGAL / / TECHNOLOGY / / GRID
LEGAL TECHNOLOGY GRID
ADMINISTRATIVE RESEARCH INTEGRATION
ADMINISTRATIVE RESEARCH INTEGRATION

Other relevant partners for renewables : REEEP / Reegle, Green Power Labs, CSP Today, Deuman Climate Change Consulting…


Removing barriers for renewables

IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS WEBINAR PROGRAM TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION
Grid Integration, Support Generation of a wide and Concentrating Photovoltaics
Mechanisms INTERACTIVE COMMUNITY of Concentrated Solar Power
PROFESSIONALS

Documentaries, Webinars,
Partnership with ISFOC,
Weekly : Renewables, Clean Estela Solar, 1400+
Development Mechanism… professionals community

LEGAL / / GRID TECHNOLOGY / /
LEGAL GRID TECHNOLOGY
ADMINISTRATIVE INTEGRATION RESEARCH
ADMINISTRATIVE INTEGRATION RESEARCH


Concrete contribution to European Commission
objectives on INFORMATION and TRAINING
Briefing WEBINARS and Partnership with REEGLE SMALL SCALE RENEWABLES
WEBCASTS introducing the How To Manuals
EU Directive and Support
Measures
100%

90% Indicative Trajectory

80% 2020 Target

70%
65% 65%

60%

50%
45% 45%

40%
35% 35%

30%
25% 25%

20%

10%

0%
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Valuable resource center for
project developers Renewables and Energy
Photovoltaics, Wind, Heat
Efficiency dedicated SEARCH
Pumps
ENGINE

Information on CERTIFICATION Guidance for
Information on
BENEFITS, COSTS and schemes PLANNERS and
SUPPORT MEASURES
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ARCHITECTS


Copper presence in renewables
Copper as a fundamental component
Copper as a fundamental component
of Balance Of Plant / /System
of Balance Of Plant System
for Distributed Generation
for Distributed Generation

2-3 Tonnes Cu / MW 4 Tonnes Cu / MW


Optimization of PV balance of plant :
cables and transformer

Fix structure Optimal slope
Optimal slope Location : :South
Location South
Fix structure
South oriented
South oriented Spain
Spain

Slope 33º Latitude 37,38º


Technical – Economic Model

Economic / /
Economic
Inputs
Inputs Computing
Computing Financial
Financial
Results
Results

METEO PV BEHAVIOUR FINANCIAL
Solar Radiation Modules Temp NPV of entire
Ambient Hourly current, power plant
Temperature voltage, power
Wind speed
CABLE SIZING
CABLE BEHAVIOUR
PV MODULES Minimizing the
Cables Temp Total Cost of
Performance
Hourly current, Cables
Sensitivity to power loss
radiation and
temperature BOP DESIGN
BOP BEHAVIOUR Optimal Trafo
Trafo Class and
PLANT LAYOUT operation mode
Earthing
Length of cables


Inputs – PV modules and Plant layout

PV modules
PV modules Plant layout
Plant layout

88Sub-Fields 88Arrays per
Arrays per
Sub-Fields Sub-Field
Sub-Field
4m 20Wmod

Array 1 Array 2 Array 3 Array 4

SF1 SF2
SF1 d
JB1 JB2

Array 5 Array 6 Array 7 Array 8 a

RADIATION CURVES 230 W nominal power TEMPERATURE CURVES 130 W nominal power
SF3 SF4
Radiation (W/m2) Current (A) Voltage (V) Power (W) Module T (ºC) Current (A) Voltage (V) Power (W) JB1
0 0,0 25,0 0,0 25 7,9 29,0 230,0
200 1,7 26,0 45,0 40 8,2 27,0 221,4 JB3 JB4
400 3,1 27,0 85,0 55 8,6 25,0 215,0
600 4,6 28,0 130,0 70 8,9 23,0 204,7
800
1000
6,3
7,9
28,5
29,0
180,0
230,0 14%
-
Voltage= V0 * (1- Vf * (Tmodule - 25))
Voltage= A*Rad^2+B*Rad+C
A -2,00E-06 Current= I0 * (1+ If * (Tmodule-25))
Vf -0,46%
If 0,27% SF5 SF6
B 0,0061 Power = P0 *(1 - Pf * (Tmodule - 25)) Pf -0,24%
C 24,946

Current = D*Rad + E
JB5 JB6
D 0,0078
E 0,0397

35,0 250,0

30,0
Radiation Curves
SF7 SF8
200,0
25,0
2
y = -2E-06x + 0,0061x + 24,946 JB7 JB8
R2 = 0,9974 150,0
20,0
V, A

15,0
100,0
Cable Field +
10,0 Lmod 1,64 m
50,0 Wmod 0,99 m 1,6236 m2
5,0
y = 0,0078x + 0,0397
2
R = 0,9993
Lcable 1m
0,0 0,0 Scable 4 mm2

Cable module
0 200 400 600 800 1000
W/m2 Max Peak Power Voltage 29,5 V
Max Peak Power Current 7,79 A
Max Peak Power 230 W
Tmodule = Tair + 45*Rad/1000 * [1 - 10%*(Wind_speed - 1)]
Current (A) Voltage (V) Power (W) Rad (W/m2)
Polinómica (Voltage (V)) Lineal (Current (A)) Wind_speed (m/s) 4314


Inputs - Investment

3 €/W
3 €/W Administrative tasks (grid
€/W
connection, municipal permits…)
Project and site management

PV modules

Inverter

Support Structure

Security systems

Work force (days)


Inputs – Business model along 25 years
Years 0 1 2 3 … 25
Annual generation MWh 373 370 367 … 308
Feed In Tariff €/MWh 280 284 288 … 400
Gross Income k€ 104 105 106 … 123
Operation costs k€ -8 -8 -8 … -10
EBITDA k€ 96 97 97 … 113
Plant Amortization years 1 1 1 … 0
Plant Amortization k€ -58 -58 -58 … 0
EBIT k€ 38 39 39 … 113
Loan Interests k€ -24 -23 -21 … 0
EBT k€ 14 16 18 … 113
Taxes k€ -4 -5 -5 … -34
Net Income k€ 10 11 13 … 79
Cash Flow (Net Income + Amortization) k€ 68 69 71 … 79
Equity k€ -209 …
Loan amortization k€ -31 -32 -34 … 0
Project Cash Flow k€ -209 37 37 37 … 79
Cumulated Project Cashflow k€ -209 -172 -135 -98 … 1221


Outputs: maximizing NPV

Nominal Power 220,8 kWpeak
Investment 694 k€
Modules - cable 4 mm2
Arrays - cable 6 mm2
Field - Cable 70 mm2
Voltage drop 1,2%
IRR 19,46%
NPV 536,1 k€
Cables : Life Cycle Cost 18,81 k€
Trafo : Total Cost of Ownership 22,6 k€
Trafo Rated Power 240 kVA
Trafo Type Amorphous
Trafo Operation Connected at night
Total Copper (cable, earthing, trafo) 898 kg
Copper intensity 4,07 Tonnes / MW


Outputs: minimizing Life Cycle Cost of Cables

Investment 694 k€
Voltage drop 1,2%
IRR 19,46%
NPV 536,1 k€


Outputs: minimizing other BOP (Trafo TCO)

Investment 694 k€
Voltage drop 1,2%
IRR 19,46%
NPV 536,1 k€


Impact of economic cable sizing

PV module cable
PV module cable Array Cable
Array Cable Field Cable
Field Cable
-

SF1 SF2
Array 1 Array 2 Array 3 Array 4
JB1 JB2

SF3 SF4
Array 5 Array 6 Array 7 Array 8 JB3 JB4

+
JB1 SF5 SF6
5Wmod
Cable module JB5 JB6

SF7 SF8
JB7 JB8

Cable Field


Design codes

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum Allowed Voltage
Allowed Voltage
Allowed Current
Allowed Current Drop
Drop
Cable
Cable
position
position
Maximum Voltage Drop
between PV generator and
Cable grid connection : 1,5%
Cable
type
type

Total Voltage Drop :
modules + arrays + field

L .I
ΔV =
γ .S
Cable Maximum
Cable Maximum
Diameter Current
Diameter Current
Standard UNE 20460-5-523 (2004)

Low Voltage Code - REBT (2002) - ITC-BT 40 (Low Voltage Generators)


Design codes

Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum Allowed Voltage
Allowed Voltage
Allowed Current
Allowed Current Drop
Drop
MODULES MODULES
Maximum current 7,79 A Maximum current 7,79 A
Cable Section 4,00 mm2
Correction factor for LV generators 25%
Lenght 30 m
Correction factor for Temperature 0,9
Voltage Drop 1,25 V
Correction factor for direct exposure to sunrays 1
Corrected current 10,82 A ARRAYS
Table1 (air tray) - XLPE2 & "F" configuration 1,5 mm2 Maximum current 7,79 A
Cable Section 6,00 mm2
ARRAYS Lenght 47 m
Maximum current 7,79 A Voltage Drop 1,31 V
Correction factor for LV generators 25%
Correction factor for Temperature 0,9 FIELD
Correction factor for direct exposure to sunrays 0,9 Maximum current 62,32 A
Corrected current 12,02 A Cable Section 50,00 mm2
Table1 (air tray) - XLPE2 & "F" configuration 1,5 mm2 Lenght 138 m
Voltage Drop 3,66 V
FIELD
Maximum current 62,32 A
Correction factor for LV generators 25% System Voltage 443 V
Corrected current 77,90 A
Total Voltage Drop 6,2 V
Table 2 (underground) XLPE2 16 mm2
Relative Voltage Drop 1,4% < 1,5 %


Design codes – Results

Section
Current Voltage Drop
(mm2)
Modules 1.5 4
Arrays 1.5 6
Field 16 50

Nominal Power kWpeak 220,8
Investment k€ 694
Modules - cable mm2 4
Arrays - cable mm2 6
Field - Cable mm2 50
Voltage drop 1,4%

NPV k€ 535,4
Cables : Life Cycle Cost k€ 22,00
Total Copper (cable, earthing, trafo) kg 769
Copper intensity Tonnes / MW 3,48


Going beyond design codes: economic sizing
Investment 7796 € 11500 €€ +3704 €€ (+48%)
Investment 7796 € 11500 +3704 (+48%)
Section Economic
Current Voltage Drop
(mm2) Sizing
Modules 1.5 4 10
Arrays 1.5 6 10
Field 16 50 70

Nominal Power kWpeak 220,8 220,8
Investment k€ 694 697
Modules - cable mm2 4 10
Arrays - cable mm2 6 10
Field - Cable mm2 50 70
Voltage drop 1,4% 0,9%

++ 0,4 k€ (0,08%)
0,4 k€ (0,08%)
NPV k€ 535,4 535,8
Cables : Life Cycle Cost k€ 22,00 20,11 - - 1,8 k€ (8,2%)
1,8 k€ (8,2%)
Total Copper (cable, earthing, trafo) kg 769 1060
Copper intensity Tonnes / MW 3,48 4,80


Thank you!

Sergio Ferreira
Fernando Nuño
Energy & Electricity
Energy & Electricity
Project Manager
Project Manager
Area of Energy Efficiency,
Area of Renewables
Motors, Ecodesign
fng@eurocopper.org
saf@eurocopper.org


The potential of Energy Efficiency through motors and transformers in Europe

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The potential of Energy Efficiency through motors and transformers in Europe