2. 年,他与弗洛伊德合作出版了《癔病研究》一书,布洛伊尔的名字排在前面。后来,这个名叫安娜·欧的女性患者对布洛伊尔产生了爱情,加上催眠方法
的疗效不能永久保持,他与弗洛伊德在对待移情的态度上也意见不合,最终使他在 1895 年离开了这一工作领域,从而结束了和弗洛伊德的合作关系。主
要著作:癔病研究:1895。
【2】让马丁·夏科(Jean-Martin Charcot) 法国医学教师和临床医师,他与 G.迪歇恩(1806~1875)同为现代神经病学的奠基人。1882 年在巴黎开设了欧洲
当时最大的神经科诊所。作为一名极为出色的教师,他以研究癔症和催眠而闻名,此项工作影响了他的许多学生,其中包括弗洛伊德。他描述了因运动
性共济失调或其他类似疾病造成的关节面及韧带损伤(夏尔科氏病或夏尔科氏关节)的症状,最早提出大脑不同的部位与具体功能之间的联系,并发现了
大脑中的粟粒性动脉瘤。
【3】《梦的解析》的内容简介:一八九九年,弗洛伊德《梦 的解析》出版,像一把火炬照亮了人类心理生活的深穴,揭示了许多埋藏于心理深层的奥
秘。它不但为人类潜意识的学说奠定了稳固的基础,而且她建立了人类认识 自己的新的里程碑。书中包含了许多对文学、神话、教育等领域有启示性的
观点,引导了整个二十世纪的人类文明。有史以来,他第一次科学的告诉人们为什么会做 梦?为什么会做奇奇怪怪的梦?梦意味着什么?梦诉说着什
么?梦将我们引向何方?……
【4】无意识思想的观念(the notion of the unconscious mind):在弗洛伊德的性格心理学的理论中 “无意识思想”是我们能够意识到的认知之外的 感觉、
思想、冲动和记忆的储存器 。大多数的无意识思想都是不能接受的或不愉快的,诸如痛苦、焦虑或冲突等。根据弗洛伊德的理论,“无意识的思想会继
续影响我们的行为和经历,即使我们并不知道这些潜在的影响。但有时 the unconscious 也可作潜意识讲。潜意识(心里学家弗洛伊德在其《精神分析
学》理论中首先提出),是指潜藏在我们一般意识底下的一股神秘力量,是相对于“意识”的一种思想。又称“右脑意识”、“宇宙意识”,脑内革命作者春
山茂雄则称它为“祖先脑”。详见潜意识的“百科”。
【5】 《日常生活中之精神病学》本书内容包括:专有名词的遗忘、外国字的遗忘、名词与字序的遗忘、童年回忆与遮性记忆、口误、读误和笔误、印
象及决心的遗忘、误引行为等。
【6】俄狄浦斯情结:俄狄浦斯情结即恋母情结。在古希腊神话中有这么一个预言:底比斯王的新生儿(也就是俄狄浦斯),有一天将会杀死他的父亲而与
他的母亲结婚。底比斯王对这个预言感到震惊万分,于是下令把婴儿丢弃在山上。但是有个牧羊人发现了他,把他送给邻国的国王当儿子。俄狄浦斯并
不知道自己真正的父母是谁。长大后他做了许多英雄事迹,赢得伊俄卡斯忒女王为妻。后来国家瘟疫流行,他才知道,多年前他杀掉的一个旅行者是他
的父亲,而现在和自己同床共枕的是自己的亲生母亲。俄狄浦斯王羞怒不已,他弄瞎了双眼,离开底比斯,独自流浪去了。
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud
1856 - 1939
author: People and Discoveries
Sigmund Freud was born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1856. His father was a small time merchant, and his father's
second wife was Freud's mother. Freud had two half-brothers some 20 years older than himself. His family moved to
Vienna when he was four years old, and though he often claimed he hated the city, he lived there until it was occupied by
Germany in 1938. Freud's family background was Jewish, though his father was a freethinker and Freud himself an avowed
atheist.
Freud was a good student, and very ambitious. Medicine and law were the professions then open to Jewish men, and in
1873 he entered the University of Vienna medical school. He was interested in science above all; the idea of practicing
medicine was slightly repugnant to him. He hoped to go into neurophysiological research, but pure research was hard to
manage in those days unless you were independently wealthy. Freud was engaged and needed to be able to support a family
before he could marry, and so he determined to go into private practice with a specialty in neurology.
During his training he befriended Josef Breuer, another physician and physiologist. They often discussed medical cases
together and one of Breuer's would have a lasting effect on Freud. Known as Anna O., this patient was a young woman
suffering from what was then called hysteria. She had temporary paralysis, could not speak her native German but could
speak French and English, couldn't drink water even when thirsty, and so on. Breuer discovered that if he hypnotized her,
she would talk of things she did not remember in the conscious state, and afterwards her symptoms were relieved -- thus it
was called "the talking cure." Freud went to Paris for further study under Jean-Martin Charcot, a neurologist known all over
Europe for his studies of hysterics and use of hypnosis.
In 1886, Freud returned to Vienna, opened a private practice specializing in nervous and brain disorders, and married. He
tried hypnotism with his hysteric and neurotic patients, but gradually discarded the practice. He found he could get patients
to talk just by putting them in a relaxing position (the couch) and encouraging them to say whatever came into their heads
(free association). He could then analyze what they had remembered or expressed and determine what traumatic events in
their past had caused their current suffering.
In 1900, Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams, and introduced the wider public to the notion of the unconscious
mind. In 1901, he published The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, in which he theorized that forgetfulness or slips of the
3. tongue (now called "Freudian slips") were not accidental at all, but it was the "dynamic unconscious" revealing something
meaningful. To many, these ideas seemed to be making science out of a folk art, but Freud had still more controversial ideas
to come. He concluded that the sexual drive was the most powerful shaper of a person's psychology, and that sexuality was
present even in infants. He shocked society when he published these ideas in 1905. His most well-known theory is that of
the "Oedipus complex" -- that in children (boys, that is) there is a sexual attraction towards the mother and a sense of
jealousy to the point of hatred of the father. He later developed a parallel theory for girls.
In 1902, Freud was appointed professor at the University of Vienna and began to gather a devoted following. By 1906, there
were 17 disciples, and soon more, who formed a Psychoanalytic Society. Other such groups emerged in other cities. But
Freud's group fell victim to political infighting, and some of his closest adherents (such as Alfred Adler and Carl Jung) split
from the group with bitter feelings.
Freud continued working, developing his theories, and writing -- producing a stunning volume of work. In 1909 he made his
first international presentation of his theories, at Clark University in Massachusetts. His name was becoming a household
word. In 1923, he was diagnosed with cancer of the jaw, a result of years of cigar smoking. He was 67. He would have 30
operations over the next 16 years to treat the progressive disease. Meanwhile, a political cancer was growing in Europe. By
1933, the Nazi party had risen to power in Germany. They burned books by Freud, among others. They took over Austria in
1938. Freud's passport was confiscated, but his fame and the influence of foreigners persuaded the occupying forces to let
him go, and he and his wife fled to England. He died there in September, 1939.
Supporters have praised Freud rapturously and critics have called him everything from a con-man to a dirty-minded
pansexualist . . . but no one disagrees that he has been one of the most influential scientists of the century. Not only did he
influence the professional practice of psychology and psychiatry, but he changed the way people (in Western cultures) view
themselves and think about their lives.
"Anatomy is destiny."
"Analogies decide nothing, it is true, but they can make one feel more at home."