A practical guide in adjudication in the UK construction industry.

1. Adjudication : tips, traps and tactics
05 May 2015
Ben Worthington, Senior Associate
ben.worthington@olswang.com | + 44 20 7067 3541

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Adjudication
The Basics
• Compulsory dispute resolution procedure
• Right to refer a dispute at any time / Binding on an
interim basis
• Anatomy of a typical adjudication:
• Crystallisation
• Notice of Adjudication
• Appointment of the Adjudicator
• Referral (within 7 days from Notice)
• Response
• Reply / further submissions
• Meeting / site visit
• Decision (28 / 42 days or agreement)
“The need to have the "right"
answer has been subordinated
to the need to have an answer
quickly. The scheme was not
enacted in order to provide
definitive answers to complex
questions.”
Chadwick LJ in Carillion
Construction Ltd v Devenport Royal
Dockyard Ltd (CA) (2005)

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Ambushes
How to spring them
• Decision not unenforceable simply because dispute is
complex or there is a large volume of material: see
CSK Electrical Contractors Ltd v Kingwood Electrical
Services Ltd (2015) and Dorchester Hotel Limited v
Vivid Interiors Limited (2009)
• An “ambush” does not amount to procedural
unfairness – see Twintec Ltd v Volkerfitzpatrick Ltd
(2014)
• A dispute does not arise unless and until it emerges
that the claim is not admitted : AMEC Civil
Engineering Ltd v SoS for Transport (2004)
• Put arguments to the other side before referring the
dispute to adjudication
• Consider the timing of the adjudication carefully
• Only include material that is necessary to prove your
case
“The plain fact is that
adjudication is a rough and
ready process because it has to
be carried out within a very
strict timetable. That often
causes particular pressure for
the responding party. That is, I
am afraid, a fact of
adjudication life; it is inherent
in the whole process.”
Twintec Ltd v Volkerfitzpatrick Ltd
(2014)

4. Ambushes
How to break them
• Contract drafting issues:
• Prescribe detail required in contractor’s (or sub-contractor’s) payment applications
• Provide contractual timescales for considering applications
• Ensure adjudication clauses provide adequate timescales for responding in
adjudications
• Use clauses which seek to prevent disputes arising?
• Do not reject claims outright / play for time. But see St Austell Printing Company Ltd v
Dawnus Construction Holdings Ltd (2015) –
• “crystallisation may require no more than the service of a claim by the claiming party
and subsequent inactivity for a further short period by the responding party”.
• if supporting documentation is missing that goes to the level of assessment not whether
there is a dispute
www.constructiveblog.com4

5. Ambushes
How to break them
• Warning signs
• Formal delay notices
• Letters that are legalistic in tone
• Correspondence that adopts the terminology of a dispute
• Consider whether adequate commercial staff available
• Ensure there is a protocol in place for reacting to adjudication notices
• Prepare now
• If the adjudication starts:
• Ask adjudicator for more time
• Reserve position on jurisdiction if extension is not given
• Highlight prejudice
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The adjudicator and the adjudication
rules
Playing by the rules
Approaches to incorporation of rules
• Remain silent – the Scheme applies
• Use bespoke rules
• Incorporate rules by reference, but be careful :
• Adjudication procedure goes to heart of the
adjudicator’s jurisdiction: Twintec (2014)
• Adjudicator followed wrong rules: Ecovision
Systems Ltd v Vinci Construction UK Ltd (2015)
Choosing between the rules
• Parties’ costs
• Adjudicator’s fees
• Jurisdiction
“… an adjudicator has no
jurisdiction to determine
whether he has jurisdiction… a
choice between two sets of
adjudication provisions will
amount to such a
determination if the choice
makes a material difference as
to how he should be
appointed.”
Ecovision Systems Ltd v Vinci
Construction UK Ltd (2015)

7. The adjudicator and the adjudication
rules
Getting the right person
• Naming the adjudicator
• Seeking to agree an appointment
• Appointment by an Adjudicator Nominating Body
• No external controls over ANBs
• There is a Fee
• Party fills in a form which asks for details of the dispute
• Key considerations :
• Expertise
• Experience
• Conflicts
• Fees
• Reputation
www.constructiveblog.com7

8. The adjudicator and the adjudication
rules
Influencing the nomination process
Filling in the nomination form
• Eurocom Ltd v Siemens PLC (2014) : fraudulent misrepresentation goes to the heart of the
validity of the appointment
• CSK Electrical Contractors Ltd v Kingwood Electrical Services Ltd (2015) : “There may be
circumstances in which a stated preference could amount to a misrepresentation…”
Representations to the nominating body
• London Borough of Camden v Makers UK Ltd (2009) :
• No implied term that a party would not seek to influence the ANB’s decision
• Contact with the adjudicator did not give rise to apparent bias
• Lanes Group v Galliford Try (2011) : referring party could let first notice lapse
Pre – appointment contact
• Paice & Anor v MJ Harding (t/a Mj Harding Contractors) (2015) :
• Telephone conversation between claimant and adjudicator’s office manager should
have been disclosed
www.constructiveblog.com8

9. The Notice of Adjudication
How to describe the dispute
• Do not define the dispute too narrowly – “or such other sum as the adjudicator finds to be
due”
• Make sure the definition of the dispute is focused : St Austell Printing Company Ltd v
Dawnus Construction Holdings Ltd (2015)
• Note that it is difficult to limit the scope of the referral :
• Pilon Ltd v Breyer Group plc (2010) : adjudicator should have considered the
employer's set-off defence
• Wales And West Utilities Ltd v PPS Pipeline Systems GmbH (2014) : A responding
party may raise any factual or legal defence to the dispute referred to adjudication
www.constructiveblog.com9

10. Jurisdiction
When to challenge the adjudicator’s
jurisdiction
A party faced with an invalid appointment might:
• Seek an injunction / declaration
• Twintec : “If it is clear that an adjudicator's appointment is invalid… no useful purpose would be
served by allowing an adjudication to proceed… “
• MW High Tech Projects UK Ltd v Haase Environmental Consulting GmbH (2015): Court gave
declaration regarding the correct interpretation of a professional appointment
• Refuse to participate
• Participate but reserve position on jurisdiction
• Reserve rights generally at the outset : Bothma v Mayhaven Healthcare Ltd (2007)
• Be careful to avoid giving the adjudicator jurisdiction
• Raise specific challenges as soon as possible : AT Stannard Ltd v Tobutt (2014)
www.constructiveblog.com10

11. Receiving the decision
Timing
• The adjudicator must reach his decision within 28 days of the dispute being referred to him
• This period can be extended by 14 days if the referring party agrees
• The parties can agree to a longer timescale
• Case law is unclear as to whether a late decision is enforceable, it seems that:
• An adjudicator is bound to reach his decision within 28 days (or the agreed extended
time)
• A decision not reached within 28 days (or as agreed) will probably be a nullity
• A decision reached within time, but communicated after that period, will be valid
provided it can be shown it was delivered forthwith
• A party who does not agree an extension of time must make this clear : KNN Colburn LLP v
GD City Holdings Ltd (2013)
www.constructiveblog.com11

12. Receiving the decision
Identifying and correcting errors
• All construction contracts must include a written provision giving the adjudicator the right to
correct a typographical or clerical error in his decision
• Check the provisions – the Scheme provides that any correction must be made within five
days of the date the decision was delivered to the parties
• Parties can agree a different period
• Act quickly
• Be clear as to what you want the adjudicator to correct : see PP Construction Ltd v
Geoffrey Osborne Ltd (2015)
• If you dispute the adjudicator’s jurisdiction, tread carefully - asking for a correction may be
constructed as a waiver of any challenge : Laker Vent Engineering Ltd v Jacobs E&C Ltd
(2014), “With some hesitation I have come to the conclusion that a party can still rely on the
general reservation of jurisdiction and apply under the slip rule or make payment.”
• Do not pay without a specific reservation : Wales & West Utilities Limited v PPS Pipelines
Systems GmbH (2014)
www.constructiveblog.com12

13. Any questions?