The content of these sildes is representative of the materials that are used to conduct a training workshop.

1. Focus on Offshore Bond Issuance-Cross Currency Swap & BasisFrançois ChoquetApplication Specialist

2. Domestic Vs International Debt Securities Issuance +8% p.a Source: BIS

3. Motivations for Offshore Issuance Manage Risk Price Arbitrage Market Completeness Sub Investment grade Maturity Size Coupon Structured Notes

4. Bond Issuer’s Perspective

5. Factors Driving the Basis Short term: FX swaps Medium to Long Term: Bond Issuance Long term: Exotics, dual currency bonds Active markets: EUR, JPY, AUD, GBP vs. USD

6. Distribution of Bond Types: AU Domestic vs. AU Offshore Structured Notes Maturity

7. Australia Offshore Issuance (Size in USD)

8. Bond Distribution: Japan Domestic vs. Offshore

9. Japan offshore Issuance(size in USD)

10. Eurodollar and Eurobond Issuance 5 year EUR basis

11. Distribution of Eurobonds (EU vs. US) Ratings Maturity Structured Notes

12. Korea Offshore Issuance

13. Korean Debt Market Composition

14. Asset/LiabilityCurrency Matches Organizational Structure: Toyota Credit Card receivables, auto Loans USD Toyota Financial Services AmericasCorp (ForeignSubsidiary) USD Toyota Motor Credit Corp (Intercompany issuer) USD Toyota Corp JPY Debt $ $ $ ¥ $ ¥ JN Parent with Matching Currencies through a CCS for its LT assets and Liabilities Matching USD Assets vs. Liabilities for the Subsidiary Swap Counterparty

15. Cross Currency Swap (basis) At inception During the term At maturity Japanese Counterparty A Japanese Counterparty A Japanese Counterparty A X.S (JPY) X (USD) USD Libor X (USD) USD Libor ¥ Libor + α ¥ Libor + α X.S (JPY) Foreign Counterparty B Foreign Counterparty B Foreign Counterparty B S : FX spot rate (JPY/USD) X: Principal Amount

16. Cross Currency Swap Pricing At inception a cross currency basis swap is similar to two floating rate bonds priced at par. The notional principal amounts in the two currencies is set according to the spot exchange rate e.g. JPY N1 = JPYUSD.N2 The market prices a basis to keep this fundamental relationship. In the market, it is expressed in terms of spread to the benchmark rates. For example a 5 year cross currency basis swap of 3 month USD Libor flat against JPY Libor is “fair” with a spread of -42.9 basis points if USD Libor is received and a spread of -48.75 basis points is USD Libor is paid.

17. Toyota USD Issue (Swap Covered)

18. USD JPY 5 Year Basis Swap USD 20MM Toyota Corp (JPY Libor0 -46bps) xΔt x¥1.6834B (JPY Libor1 - 46bps) xΔt x¥1.6834B (JPY Libor2 -46bps) xΔt x¥1.6834B (JPY Libor3 - 46bps) xΔt x¥1.6834B (JPY Libor4 - 46bps) xΔt x¥1.6834B (JPY Libor18 -46bps) xΔt x¥1.6843B [(JPY Libor19 -46bps) xΔtx¥1.6716B] +¥1.6834B ¥1.6716B 1 2 3 4 19 5 20 (USD Libor0) xΔt X$20MM (USD Libor2) xΔt x$20MM (USD Libor3) xΔt X$20MM (USD Libor4) xΔt x$20MM (USD Libor5) xΔt x$20MM (USD Libor18) xΔt X$20MM [(USD Libor19) xΔtx$20MM] +$20MM $20MM Swap Counterparty FX spot rate (JPY/USD)= 0.0118807

19. Valuation Principle Cross currency swaps requires discounting the cash flows with the discount factors of the respective currency. E.g. USD leg with USD DF and JPY leg with JPY DF. Using DF from standard curves show a profit or loss which should be non existent It is therefore required to include a spread on the less “liquid” benchmark to bring the initial PV to zero For the leg to which the basis applies, two curves are required: One to project cash flows (forward) and the other to discount cash flows (basis adjusted discount curve)

20. Bootstrapping Discount Factors and Zero Rates from Swap Rates A swap Rate is the coupon rate which the fixed side is going to pay for the par swap. The procedure to solve the discount factor from a quoted swap rate is called bootstrapping. As shown above, To solve the 2-year discount factor, we need 1 year discount factor. To solve 6-year discount factor, we need 1 year, 2 year, 3 year, 4 year, 5 year discount factors. Thus we have to go step by step to solve the discount factors. *Par coupon adjusted for intra-currency basis for most cross currency swaps e.g JPY

21. Basis Adjusted Discount Curve Objective: Incorporate the cross currency basis spread into the valuation method to be consistent with the market. Sm the market quoted fair cross currency spread for maturity Tmon top of the floating rate for the given currency relative to chosen liquidity preference i.e. USD Libor The fact that Sm is the fair spread is equivalent to a floating rate bond with maturity Tm in the given currency which pays Libor plus or minus a spread Sm valued to par. DF* is the basis adjusted discount factor to ensure that the floater is at par. It is obtained by recursive bootstrapping as in the formula: The discount Factors DF* are used for discounting any fixed or floating cash flows in a cross currency swaps. The valuation is thus consistent with the cross currency quotes provided by dealers. See following slides for excel prove-out and comparison with BBG screens.

22. JPY Basis Adjusted Discount Curve *Flat interpolation for currency basis ** Mid point used for all market rates

23. USD JPY Basis Swap Valuation

24. USD Leg Valuation PV inflows = PV outflows = USD20,000 = USD20,000/0.011897 = JPY1,681,096,074.64

27. Appendix: Valuation of JPY leg in USD using FX Forwards Basis=-46.4bps

28. Basis Adjusted Curve vs. FX Forwards The large difference in valuation shows that forwards quoted by the market do not fully incorporate the CIP. Therefore, the valuation of CCS using this method is unsatisfactory! The valuation methodology for one and same cash flow should not depend on the type of originating trade for that cash flow. E.g USD or JPY Evaluating cross currency swap requires discounting the cash flows with the discount factors for the respective currency. In the basis adjusted curve approach, we must use TWO discount curves: one for projecting cash flows and the other for discounting all cash flows.

29. Study CasesBond CIP Arbitrage in AUD and CNHSwap Covered “Bargain”--------

30. Eurodollar FRN CBA issued 1.6bln FRN in the eurodollar market on 3/17/2011 to obtain domestic funding through swap-covered borrowing. It was issued at par with a floating coupon referenced to the 3 month Libor + 73 basis points. The quoted margin of FRN issued by other AA Banks and financial institutions issued in 2011 with similar maturity ranges from 38 bps to 145 basis points.

31. Cross Currency Swap The cash flows are swapped; CBA exchanges the principal at the onset of the trade receiving AUD. Throughout the life of the swap, CBA receives Libor Flat and pays quarterly cash flows referenced to the bank bill swap rate (BBSW). The principal flow is reversed at maturity. SWPM solves for the cross currency swap spread which represents what the issuer pays as a margin over the bank bill swap rate in the AUD domestic market. Libor +73 bps converts into BBSW + 97.45 bps. Note that for floating for floating swap, because the respective currency NPVs of each side of the swap remain unchanged as swap curve shifts, changes in the value corresponds ONLY to changes in the basis (BR01).

32. Achieving covered “Bargain” AUD Domestic FRN vs. Eurodollar FRN Comparing the spread resulting from the swap covered FRN and an outright FRN issued by CBA in the domestic market at the end of 2010, we can see that the difference is about 7 basis points at issuance. -> Research from BIS show that savings between 4 and 18 basis points can be gained through opportunistic foreign currency bond issuance among major currencies.

33. Eurodollar Fixed Rate Bond The swap covered issuance in USD through a fixed rate bond issued by CBA in the eurodollar market. The coupon is 25bps higher than that of equivalent eurodollar issues (par yield of fair market curve {C1525Y index} is ≈3% at the time of issuance).

34. USD/AUD Cross Currency Swap Bond Fixed Equivalent rate in AUD The fixed to fixed swap is akin to a bundle of two fixed rate bonds. The two back to back “bonds” are exchanged and have equivalent NPVs when valued in a common currency. For fix-to-fix swaps, since the interest payments are locked in at initiation, changes in the value reflect changes in the IR curve as well as the cross currency basis. The fixed equivalent rate in AUD is 6.81%. When compared to the average yield of AUD AA rated bond at the time of issuance of 6.87% (see FMC 358 C3585Y index HP) the advantage is 6bps.

35. Offshore Fixed Rate bond vs Domestic Fixed Rate bondAUD AA Domestic 5 Year FMC Rate

36. AUD vs. USD Swap Covered Arbitrage (Recap) These calculations are based on the AUD basis (see previous presentation for methodology). The process help Aussie issuers identify the cheapest funding opportunity between Eurodollar and domestic markets. Based on our calculations, CBA’s bonds in USD provides a lower cost of funding in both the fixed rate and floating rate euro-dollar markets than in the domestic market; the cost saving is greater in the FRN (7.15bps) than in the Fixed Rate market. (6bps) . Summary The difference in funding cost between the USD and AUD reflects the arbitrage opportunity “covered bargain” arising from the departure of the FX market from the covered interest parity “CIP” . It is measured by the basis which reflects the credit spread differential that exists between Australian and offshore issuers in both AUD (Aussie domestic vs. kangaroo) and USD (Eurodollar vs. US domestic).

37. Investor Arbitrage : Dim Sum vs. US Dollar Limited opportunities due to lack of liquidity of CNH CCS market Choice between dim sum and US Dollar bonds depends more on investors’ view on RMB appreciation. Can apply cross currency yield calculator YAX <go> (Theoretical and based on forward rate in CNH but sufficient to identify higher yielding bond amongst US dollar and dim sum bonds. Comparison of two bonds from the same issuer – Evergrande- with both USD and Synthetic RMB Bonds O/S.

38. Dim Sum Bond: EVERGRANDE 2014

39. Cross Currency Swap Rate CNH/USD

40. USD Bond

41. Cross Currency Swap USD/CNH

42. Summary of Evergrande’s Yield Difference These calculations are theoretical and based on the forward rate in CNH. The process help investors identify the higher yielding bond amongst US Dollar and Dim Sum Bonds. Based on our calculations, Evergrande’s RMB bonds 2015 provides a higher yield than the RMB 2014 which reflects the difference in duration of the bonds (150bps) The difference between the yield in the RMB and USD reflects the market expectations of the RMB appreciation at the time of issuance.

44. During the holding period, the investor pays the swap counterparty all the coupon cashflows and receives Libor + spread in return.

45. Reduces interest rate and currency exposure – Separates interest and currency risk which allows views on credit quality more clearly. In the event of default, the swap does not terminate.