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Endovascular therapy
History
• 1927 Antonio Egas Moniz
 • Cerebral angiography
• 1960 
 Luessenhop and Spence
 • AVM embolization
• 1969 Fedor A. Serbinenko
 • Balloon occlusion of cerebral artery
History

• 1974 Gruntzig & Hopff
 • Angioplasty for stenotic vessels
• 1987 Sigwart
 • Coronary stent
• 1995 Guido Guglielmi : GDC coil
Present
• Endovascular measures
 • Occlude
   •   coils, liquid and particle embolizers, balloon,
       stent

 • Open up
   •   balloon, stent, drugs
Present
• Endovascular therapy can treat
 • Aneurysm, AVM, AVF, CCF
 • Intra- and extracranial arterial stenosis
 • Acute ischemic stroke
 • Dural sinus thrombosis
• Nearly all cerebrovascular diseases can be
  treated
Acute stroke
• Thrombolysis
 • intra-venous rTPA
 • intra-arterial urokinase, rTPA...
 • mechanical
   • thrombus aspiration, thrombus buster,
      stenting
Penumbra system
• CE and FDA certificated
 • Indication for use (501k document)
   • Revasculization of patients with acute
      ischemic stroke secondary to
      intracranial large vessel occlusive
      disease within 8 hours of symptom
      onset
System Components


• Reperfusion Catheter
  – Optimized design for efficient navigation and aspiration

• Separator™
  – Operator controlled movement clears Reperfusion Catheter
    enabling continuous aspiration.

• Penumbra Aspiration Pump & Aspiration Tubing
  – Provides continuous, physiologic vacuum that can be controlled
    from the sterile field.




                             10                                      1274.C
Aspiration System

                           Matched 041
                           Separator™
Reperfusion
Catheter 041



                          Matched 032
                          Separator
Reperfusion
Catheter 032



                         Matched 026
                         Separator
Reperfusion
Catheter 026

                   11                    1274.C
Aspiration System

                                                           Matched 041
                                                           Separator™
Reperfusion
Catheter 041



                                                         Matched 032
                                                         Separator
Reperfusion
Catheter 032



                                                        Matched 026
                                                        Separator
The Penumbra System uses a unique Microcatheter and Separator™
Reperfusion debulking approach to intracranial revascularization.
based thrombus
Catheterwith the Penumbra Aspiration Pump and Accessories, its
Together 026
advantages include:

• Proximal working position              11                              1274.C
• Continuous aspiration
Budapest Case #3: Exchanged Devices
• 041 Reperfusion
  Catheter tracked
  into Temporal
  branch
• Became clogged
• Removed Separator   041 Separator bulb

• Temporal branch
  opened




                              13           1274.C
Budapest Case #3: Exchanged Devices
• 041 Reperfusion
  Catheter tracked
  into Temporal
  branch
• Became clogged
• Removed Separator   041 Separator bulb

• Temporal branch
  opened




                              13           1274.C
Patient # 74: Baseline
• 67 year old female
• Baseline NIHSS: 8
  despite right MCA M1
  segment occlusion.
• Good collateral flow
  and preservation of
  lenticulo striates
• 7 hrs 10 min from
  onset to arterial
  puncture




                           14                 1274.C
Patient # 74: Post-Penumbra
• 041 Reperfusion
  Catheter and 041
  Separator X2 restored
  flow to distal vascular
  bed.
• 38 min revasc. time
• Discharge NIHSS: 0
• 90 Day NIHSS: 0
• 90 Day mRS: 0
• Excellent recovery
  despite late time to
  arterial puncture.




                            15                  1274.C
Patient # 34: Baseline
• 70 year old female
• History of Afib.
• Baseline NIHSS: 14
  despite left MCA
  superior M2 segment
  occlusion with intact
  lenticulo striates.
• 4 hrs 5 min from onset
  to arterial puncture




                            16                 1274.C
Patient # 34: Post-Penumbra
• 026 Reperfusion
  Catheter and 026
  Separators X3
  efficiently opened
  small, tortuous M2
• 21 min revasc. time
• Discharge NIHSS: 0
• 90 Day NIHSS: 0
• 90 Day mRS: 0




                         17                   1274.C
Patient # 37: Baseline
• 60 year old male
• Baseline NIHSS: 12
  despite left ACA A3
  occlusion
• 5 hrs 20 min from
  onset to arterial
  puncture




                              18                 1274.C
Patient # 37: Post-Penumbra
• Flow restored
• 32 min revasc. time
• 026 system reached
  A3 segment safely
• Discharge NIHSS: 1
• 90 Day NIHSS: 1
• 90 Day mRS: 1
• Excellent recovery
  indicates treatment of
  A3 occlusion was
  warranted




                           19                   1274.C
Stenting

• Carotid stent
• Vertebral orifice stent
• Intracranial stent
•
•          20%

•   Onyx         50%
Onyx
• Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer EVOH
• Solvent--DMSO - Dimethyl sulfoxide
•
•
•
Isil Saatci
Saruhan Cekirge
 Ankara, Turkey
• 350 AVM (158 grade 1-2, 192 grade 3-5)
• 179 (51%) complete obliteration
• Others
 • 136 referred to RTO
 • 27 referred to surgery
 • 4 discontinued therapy
 • 5 died
• Total cure rate 178/350 (50.6%)
• Mortality rate 1.4% (procedure related 1.1%)
• Permanent morbidity rate 7.1%
• Permanent closure 98.9%
Image study
• CT
• MR
• Angiogram
• SPECT
• PET
• Xenon CT
Image study
• Vascular anatomy
 • 3D reconstruction
• Perfusion study
 • qualitative vs quantitative
• Others
 • phase contrast MR(measure flow rate)
X-ray

• Fluoroscope
• Roadmap
• Subtraction
• Rotation
What’s different from
       surgery
• From inside the vessels
 • blood flowing
 • blood clotting
 • every vessel is reachable (sort of)
You need to?

• learn
 • handle X-ray equipments
 • complete cerebrovascular anatomy
 • setting up the system
 • different catheter, wires, stent, coils...
Taiwan

• Neuroradiology
 • Handle X-ray equipment
 • Have techniques in angiography
 • Access to all image modality
 • Pioneer in this field in Taiwan
Taiwan

• Neuroradiology
 • no patient care experience
 • need neurosurgeons backup
 • more conservative
 • low income from treatment






      








   
 
   
   
   
   

     

Taiwan, French, Australia,
Neuroradiologist
                     Brazil, Portugal, Italy

 Neurosurgeon           Japan, Austria


Neuroradiologist
                          US, Korea
 Neurosurgeon

 Neurosurgeon
                             China
  Neurologist
Taiwan
• Neurosurgeon
 • We have patients
 • Know more of these diseases
 • More aggressive
 • More treatment choices
 • Can negotiate the “insurance issue”
We can now

• Perform all interventional procedure
• Use most catheters, wires, balloons
• Use ordinary coils, embolizers
• Use any stuffs not cover by
We can not

• Apply
 • Detachable coils (       )

 • Carotid stent (      )
Coil

•


•
    •
    •
    •
Neurosurgery
           Surgery       Endovascular        Combined
 30


 24
      22
                               20
 18
                                                  17
                         16

 12           13
                                            12

                                                        8
  6
                                        4
                     2
  0
             1995             2000               2005
Number of papers related to treatment of vascular
                    disease
Cerebrovascular Dz
                    5%


      Hemorrhagic
         25%




                              Ischemic
                                 70%




 Ischemic           Hemorrhagic          Others
CCF Surgical treatment
    Aneurysm
                     Many Years ago
   Spinal AVM
Malignant infarction
 Carotid stenosis
  DAVF, EC-IC
       AVM
       ICH
Surgical treatment
    Aneurysm         Now
   Spinal AVM
Malignant infarction
       AVM                 CCF
       ICH              Aneurysm
                      Spinal AVM
                     Carotid stenosis
                         DAVF
                          AVM
   Endovascular treatment
Surgical treatment
                    Future
Malignant infarct
     EC-IC
      ICH            CCF, ICH
                     Aneurysm
                    Spinal AVM
                   Carotid stenosis
                    DAVF, AVM
                      And.........
Endovascular treatment

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Endovascular Introduction

  • 2. History • 1927 Antonio Egas Moniz • Cerebral angiography • 1960 Luessenhop and Spence • AVM embolization • 1969 Fedor A. Serbinenko • Balloon occlusion of cerebral artery
  • 3.
  • 4. History • 1974 Gruntzig & Hopff • Angioplasty for stenotic vessels • 1987 Sigwart • Coronary stent • 1995 Guido Guglielmi : GDC coil
  • 5. Present • Endovascular measures • Occlude • coils, liquid and particle embolizers, balloon, stent • Open up • balloon, stent, drugs
  • 6. Present • Endovascular therapy can treat • Aneurysm, AVM, AVF, CCF • Intra- and extracranial arterial stenosis • Acute ischemic stroke • Dural sinus thrombosis • Nearly all cerebrovascular diseases can be treated
  • 7. Acute stroke • Thrombolysis • intra-venous rTPA • intra-arterial urokinase, rTPA... • mechanical • thrombus aspiration, thrombus buster, stenting
  • 8.
  • 9. Penumbra system • CE and FDA certificated • Indication for use (501k document) • Revasculization of patients with acute ischemic stroke secondary to intracranial large vessel occlusive disease within 8 hours of symptom onset
  • 10. System Components • Reperfusion Catheter – Optimized design for efficient navigation and aspiration • Separator™ – Operator controlled movement clears Reperfusion Catheter enabling continuous aspiration. • Penumbra Aspiration Pump & Aspiration Tubing – Provides continuous, physiologic vacuum that can be controlled from the sterile field. 10 1274.C
  • 11. Aspiration System Matched 041 Separator™ Reperfusion Catheter 041 Matched 032 Separator Reperfusion Catheter 032 Matched 026 Separator Reperfusion Catheter 026 11 1274.C
  • 12. Aspiration System Matched 041 Separator™ Reperfusion Catheter 041 Matched 032 Separator Reperfusion Catheter 032 Matched 026 Separator The Penumbra System uses a unique Microcatheter and Separator™ Reperfusion debulking approach to intracranial revascularization. based thrombus Catheterwith the Penumbra Aspiration Pump and Accessories, its Together 026 advantages include: • Proximal working position 11 1274.C • Continuous aspiration
  • 13.
  • 14. Budapest Case #3: Exchanged Devices • 041 Reperfusion Catheter tracked into Temporal branch • Became clogged • Removed Separator 041 Separator bulb • Temporal branch opened 13 1274.C
  • 15. Budapest Case #3: Exchanged Devices • 041 Reperfusion Catheter tracked into Temporal branch • Became clogged • Removed Separator 041 Separator bulb • Temporal branch opened 13 1274.C
  • 16. Patient # 74: Baseline • 67 year old female • Baseline NIHSS: 8 despite right MCA M1 segment occlusion. • Good collateral flow and preservation of lenticulo striates • 7 hrs 10 min from onset to arterial puncture 14 1274.C
  • 17. Patient # 74: Post-Penumbra • 041 Reperfusion Catheter and 041 Separator X2 restored flow to distal vascular bed. • 38 min revasc. time • Discharge NIHSS: 0 • 90 Day NIHSS: 0 • 90 Day mRS: 0 • Excellent recovery despite late time to arterial puncture. 15 1274.C
  • 18. Patient # 34: Baseline • 70 year old female • History of Afib. • Baseline NIHSS: 14 despite left MCA superior M2 segment occlusion with intact lenticulo striates. • 4 hrs 5 min from onset to arterial puncture 16 1274.C
  • 19. Patient # 34: Post-Penumbra • 026 Reperfusion Catheter and 026 Separators X3 efficiently opened small, tortuous M2 • 21 min revasc. time • Discharge NIHSS: 0 • 90 Day NIHSS: 0 • 90 Day mRS: 0 17 1274.C
  • 20. Patient # 37: Baseline • 60 year old male • Baseline NIHSS: 12 despite left ACA A3 occlusion • 5 hrs 20 min from onset to arterial puncture 18 1274.C
  • 21. Patient # 37: Post-Penumbra • Flow restored • 32 min revasc. time • 026 system reached A3 segment safely • Discharge NIHSS: 1 • 90 Day NIHSS: 1 • 90 Day mRS: 1 • Excellent recovery indicates treatment of A3 occlusion was warranted 19 1274.C
  • 22.
  • 23. Stenting • Carotid stent • Vertebral orifice stent • Intracranial stent
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29. • • 20% • Onyx 50%
  • 30. Onyx • Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer EVOH • Solvent--DMSO - Dimethyl sulfoxide • • •
  • 31.
  • 32. Isil Saatci Saruhan Cekirge Ankara, Turkey
  • 33. • 350 AVM (158 grade 1-2, 192 grade 3-5) • 179 (51%) complete obliteration • Others • 136 referred to RTO • 27 referred to surgery • 4 discontinued therapy • 5 died
  • 34. • Total cure rate 178/350 (50.6%) • Mortality rate 1.4% (procedure related 1.1%) • Permanent morbidity rate 7.1% • Permanent closure 98.9%
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42. Image study • CT • MR • Angiogram • SPECT • PET • Xenon CT
  • 43. Image study • Vascular anatomy • 3D reconstruction • Perfusion study • qualitative vs quantitative • Others • phase contrast MR(measure flow rate)
  • 44. X-ray • Fluoroscope • Roadmap • Subtraction • Rotation
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48. What’s different from surgery • From inside the vessels • blood flowing • blood clotting • every vessel is reachable (sort of)
  • 49. You need to? • learn • handle X-ray equipments • complete cerebrovascular anatomy • setting up the system • different catheter, wires, stent, coils...
  • 50. Taiwan • Neuroradiology • Handle X-ray equipment • Have techniques in angiography • Access to all image modality • Pioneer in this field in Taiwan
  • 51. Taiwan • Neuroradiology • no patient care experience • need neurosurgeons backup • more conservative • low income from treatment
  • 52.
  • 53. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  • 54. Taiwan, French, Australia, Neuroradiologist Brazil, Portugal, Italy Neurosurgeon Japan, Austria Neuroradiologist US, Korea Neurosurgeon Neurosurgeon China Neurologist
  • 55. Taiwan • Neurosurgeon • We have patients • Know more of these diseases • More aggressive • More treatment choices • Can negotiate the “insurance issue”
  • 56. We can now • Perform all interventional procedure • Use most catheters, wires, balloons • Use ordinary coils, embolizers • Use any stuffs not cover by
  • 57. We can not • Apply • Detachable coils ( ) • Carotid stent ( )
  • 58. Coil • • • • •
  • 59.
  • 60. Neurosurgery Surgery Endovascular Combined 30 24 22 20 18 17 16 12 13 12 8 6 4 2 0 1995 2000 2005 Number of papers related to treatment of vascular disease
  • 61. Cerebrovascular Dz 5% Hemorrhagic 25% Ischemic 70% Ischemic Hemorrhagic Others
  • 62. CCF Surgical treatment Aneurysm Many Years ago Spinal AVM Malignant infarction Carotid stenosis DAVF, EC-IC AVM ICH
  • 63. Surgical treatment Aneurysm Now Spinal AVM Malignant infarction AVM CCF ICH Aneurysm Spinal AVM Carotid stenosis DAVF AVM Endovascular treatment
  • 64. Surgical treatment Future Malignant infarct EC-IC ICH CCF, ICH Aneurysm Spinal AVM Carotid stenosis DAVF, AVM And......... Endovascular treatment

Notas del editor

  1. Dural sinus thrombosis with impaired vision. s/p thrombolysis and sinus stent. Vision improved after treatment