Ch08 wrd12e instructor_final

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c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Learning Objectives

1. Describe the common classes of receivables.
2. Describe the accounting for uncollectible
receivables.

3. Describe the direct write-off method of

accounting for uncollectible receivables.

4. Describe the allowance method of accounting
for uncollectible receivables.

5. Compare the direct write-off and allowance
methods of accounting for uncollectible
accounts.

Learning Objectives

6. Describe the accounting for notes receivable.
7. Describe the reporting of receivables on the
balance sheet.

8. Describe and illustrate the use of accounts

receivable turnover and number of days’ sales
in receivables to evaluate a company’s
efficiency in collecting its receivables.

Lear
ning
Obje
ctive
Desc
r ibe
the c
o
mmo
n cla
s
rece ses of
ivab
les

1


Classification of Receivables

o Accounts receivable are normally expected to
be collected within a relatively short period,
such as 30 or 60 days.



o Notes receivable are amounts that customers
owe for which a formal, written instrument of
credit has been issued.



o Other receivables expected to be collected

within one year are classified as current assets.
If collection is expected beyond one year,
these receivables are classified as noncurrent
assets and reported under the caption
Investments. Examples of other receivables
include:
 Interest receivable
 Taxes receivable
 Receivables from officers or employees


Lear
ning
Obje
ctive
De s c
ribe
th
e acc
unco
o
llect
ible unting fo
rece
ivab r
les

2


Uncollectible Receivables

o Companies often sell their receivables to other

companies. This is called factoring the
receivables, and the buyer of the receivables is
called a factor.



o Regardless of how careful a company is in

granting credit, some credit sales will be
uncollectible. The operating expense recorded
from uncollectible receivables is called bad
debt expense, uncollectible accounts expense,
or doubtful accounts expense.



o Some indications that an account may be
uncollectible include the following:
 The receivable is past due.
 The customer does not respond to the company’s

attempts to collect.

 The customer files for bankruptcy.
 The customer closes its business.
 The company cannot locate the customer.



o The direct write-off method of accounting for

uncollectible receivables records bad debt
expense only when an account is determined
to be worthless. The allowance method records
bad debt expense by estimating uncollectible
accounts at the end of the accounting period.


Lear
ning
Obje
ctive
Desc
r ibe
th
e dir
meth
ec t w
od o
ritef acc
unco
of f
ou n t
llect
i
ible
rece ng for
ivab
les

3


Direct Write-Off Method

o On May 10, a $4,200 account receivable from D.
L. Ross has been determined to be
uncollectible.


Direct Write-Off Method

o The account written off on May 10 is later
collected on November 21.

Reinstatement
entry
Receipt of
cash entry


Lear
ning
Obje
Desc
ctive
r ibe
the a
llow
ac
ccou
w
nting ance me
th
f or u
ncol od of
lecti
ble
rece
ivab
l es

4


The Allowance Method

o On December 31, ExTone Company estimates
that a total of $30,000 of the $200,000 balance
of their accounts receivable will eventually be
uncollectible.

The specific customer accounts
cannot be decreased, so a contra
account, Allowance for Doubtful
Accounts, is credited.


o The net amount that is expected to be

collected, $170,000 ($200,000 – $30,000), is
called the net realizable value (NRV) of the
receivables. The adjusting entry reduces
receivables to the NRV and matches
uncollectible expenses with revenues.



o On January 21, John Parker’s account of $6,000
is written off because it is uncollectible.

Note that the allowance
account credited earlier is
debited at the write-off, not
Bad Debt Expense.


o During 2014, ExTone Company writes off

$26,750 of uncollectible accounts, including
the $6,000 account of John Parker. After posting
all entries to write off uncollectible amounts,
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts will have a
credit balance of $3,250 ($30,000 – $26,750).



o If ExTone Company had written off $32,100 in
accounts receivable during 2014, Allowance
for Doubtful Accounts would have a debit
balance of $2,100.



o Nancy Smith’s account of $5,000, which was

written off on April 2, is later collected on June
10. Two entries are needed: one to reinstate
Nancy Smith’s account and a second to record
receipt of the cash.

Reinstatement
entry
Receipt of
cash entry


Estimating Uncollectibles

o The allowance method requires an estimate of

uncollectible accounts at the end of the period.
Two methods are used to estimate the amount
debited to Bad Debt Expense.
 Percent of sales method
 Analysis of receivables method


Percent of Sales Method

o If ExTone Company’s credit sales for the

period are $3,000,000 and it is estimated that
3/4% will be uncollectible, Bad Debt Expense
is debited for $22,500 ($3,000,000 x .0075).
This approach disregards the balance of
$3,250 in the allowance account before the
adjustment.


Percent of Sales Method

o After the following adjusting entry on

December 31 is posted, Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts will have a balance of
$25,750 ($3,250 + $22,500).


Analysis of Receivables Method

o The longer an account receivable is

outstanding, the less likely it is that it will be
collected. Basing the estimate of uncollectible
accounts on how long specific amounts have
been outstanding is called aging the
receivables.



o The analysis of receivables method is applied
as follows:

 Step 1: The due date of each account receivable

is determined.

 Step 2: The number of days each account is past

due is determined.

 Step 3: Each account is placed in an aged class

according to its days past due.

 Step 4: The totals for each aged class are

determined.


 Step 5: The total for each aged class is multiplied

by an estimated percentage of uncollectible
accounts for that class.

 Step 6: The estimated total of uncollectible

accounts is determined as the sum of the
uncollectible accounts for each aged class.



o The preceding steps are summarized in an
aging schedule, and this overall process is
called aging the receivables.


ANALYSIS OF
RECEIVABLES
METHOD


o The estimate based on the age of receivables
is compared to the balance in the allowance
account to determine the amount of the
adjusting entry.



o ExTone Company has an unadjusted credit

balance of $3,250 in Allowance for Doubtful
Accounts. In Exhibit 1, the estimated
uncollectible accounts totaled $26,490. The
amount to be added to the allowance account
is $23,240 ($26,490 – $3,250). The adjusting
entry is as follows:



o After the preceding adjusting entry is posted

to the ledger, ExTone Company’s Allowance
for Doubtful Accounts will have an adjusted
balance of $26,490. This is the amount that was
determined by aging the accounts.

Same amount as the estimated amount
determined by the aging process.


o If ExTone Company’s unadjusted balance of

the allowance account had been a debit
balance of $2,100, the amount of the
adjustment would have been $28,590 ($26,490
+ $2,100).


Lear
ning
Obje
Com
ctive
pare
allow
the d
an
ir
ec t w
ce m
r
e
for u thods of ite-off an
ncol
lecti accounti d
ble a
n
c c ou g
nts

5


Comparing Methods

1. The primary differences between the direct
write-off and allowance methods are
summarized below.

Lear
ning
Obje
Desc
ctive
r ibe
the a
cc
o u nt
ing f
or no
t es
rece
ivab
le

6


Characteristics of Notes Receivable

o A note receivable, or promissory note, is a

written document containing a promise to pay.
Characteristics of a promissory note are as
follows:
 The maker is the party making the promise to

pay.

 The payee is the party to whom the note is

payable.

 The face amount is the amount the note is

written for on its face.

(continued)

Characteristics of Notes Receivable
 The issuance date is the date a note is issued.
 The due date or maturity date is the date the note is

to be paid.

 The term of a note is the amount of time between the

issuance and due dates.

 The interest rate is the rate of interest that must be

paid on the face amount for the term of the note.


Notes Receivable

o The maturity value is the amount that must be
paid at the due date of the note, which is the
sum of the face amount and the interest.


Due Date of a 90-day Note

o What is the due date of a 90-day note dated
March 16?

 Days in March

31

 Minus issuance date of note

16

 Days remaining in March

15

 Add days in April

30

 Add days in May

31

 Add days in June

(due date of June 14)

 Term of note

90
days

14
90 days


Alternate Approach

o Total days in note
 Number of days in March
 Issue date of note, March 16
 Remaining days in March

days

 Number of days in April
 Number of days in May

days

90 days
31
(16)
15
30
31

 Residual days in June

(14)
Answer: June 14 days


Accounting for Notes Receivable

o Received a $6,000, 12%, 30-day note dated
November 21, 2014, in settlement of the
account of W. A. Bunn Company.



o On December 21, when the note matures, the

firm receives $6,060 from W. A. Bunn Company
($6,000 face amount plus $60 interest).



o If W. A. Bunn Company fails to pay the note on
the due date, it is considered a dishonored
note receivable. The note and interest are
transferred back to the customer’s account
receivable.



o A 90-day, 12% note dated December 1, 2014, is
received from Crawford Company to settle its
account, which has a balance of $4,000.



o Assuming that the accounting period ends on

December 31, an adjusting entry is required to
record the accrued interest of $40 ($4,000 x
0.12 x 30/360).



o On March 1, 2015, $4,120 is received for the
note ($4,000) and interest ($120).


Lear
ning
Obje
ctive
Desc
rece
ribe
iv
able
s on

the r
the b eporting
alan
ce sh of
e et

7


REPORTING
RECEIVABLES ON
THE BALANCE
SHEET

Lear
ning
Obje
ctive
Desc
r
num accounibe and i
ber
ts r
llu
re
st
ro
evalu f days’ sceivablerate the
u
ales
ate a
t
in re urnover se of
com
colle pany’s ceivab and
le s
cting
e
its refficiency to
ceiva
in
bles
.

8


Accounts Receivable Turnover

o The accounts receivable turnover measures

how frequently during the year the accounts
receivable are being converted to cash.
Accounts
Receivable
Turnover

=

Net Sales
Average Accounts
Receivable


Number of Days Sales in Receivables

o The number of days’ sales in receivables is an
estimate of the length of time the accounts
receivable have been outstanding.

Number of Days’
Average Accounts Receivable
Sales in =
Average Daily Sales
Receivables


NUMBER OF DAYS SALES IN
RECEIVABLES

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