Sulcal and gyral neuroanatomy
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This presentation provides a comprehensive review of major sulci of brain which help in defining the different lobes of brain.Very useful for first year residents.
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Sulcal and gyral neuroanatomy
- 1. SULCAL AND GYRAL ANATOMY OF BRAIN
- 3. NEUROHISTOLOGY The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of neural tissue. The cerebral cortex is gray matter, consisting mainly of cell bodies and capillaries. It contrasts with the underlying white matter, consisting mainly of the white myelinated sheaths of neuronal axons. The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex, is differentiated into 6 horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called cortical columns. Different neocortical regions known as Brodmann areas are distinguished by variations in their histological structure. http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/ "Patricia Goldman-Rakic: 1937-2003". Oxford University Press.
- 4. The different cortical layers contain a characteristic distribution of neuronal cell types and connections with other cortical and subcortical regions. There are direct connections between different cortical areas and indirect connections via the thalamus. Layer I, the molecular layer Layer II, the external granular layer Layer III, the external pyramidal layer Layer IV, the internal granular layer Layer V, the internal pyramidal layer Layer VI, the polymorphic or multiform layer o Cortical neurons are generated within the ventricular zone. The glial fibers produced in the first divisions of the progenitor cells are radially oriented, spanning the thickness of the cortex from the ventricular zone to the outer pial surface, and provide scaffolding for the migration of neurons outwards from the ventricular zone. http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/ "Patricia Goldman-Rakic: 1937-2003". Oxford University Press. NEUROHISTOLOGY Nissl-stained motor cortex Nissl-stained visual cortex Golgi-stained motor cortex
- 5. The layered structure of the mature cerebral cortex is formed during development, in an inside-out order. The humans have cortical thicknesses of 2.3—2.8 mm. There is an approximately logarithmic relationship between brain weight and cortical thickness. The thickness of different cortical areas varies but in general, sensory cortex is thinner than motor cortex. *positive association between the cortical thickness and intelligence. *somatosensory cortex is thicker in migraine sufferers, though it is not known if this is the result of or the cause of them. *polymicrogyria where there are four layers instead of six, is in some instances seen to be related to dyslexia. http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/ "Patricia Goldman-Rakic: 1937-2003". Oxford University Press. NEUROHISTOLOGY
- 6. DEFINING THE LOBES central (rolandic) sulcus sylvian (lateral) sulcus frontal lobe temporal lobe occipital lobe parietal lobe
- 7. DEVELOPMENT OF SULCI Source: Ono, 1990 Sulci appear at predictable points in fetal development with the most prominent sulci (e.g., Sylvian fissure) appearing first.
- 8. COMPARATIVE NEUROANATOMY Source: Comparative Mammalian Brain Collection The complexity of sulci increased throughout evolution http://brainmuseum.org/
- 9. MAJOR SULCI Fissures are really deep sulci Typically continuous sulci •Interhemispheric fissure •Sylvian fissure •Parieto-occipital fissure •Collateral sulcus •Central sulcus •Calcarine Sulcus Typically discontinuous sulci •Superior frontal sulcus •Inferior frontal sulcus •Precentral sulcus •Postcentral sulcus •Intraparietal sulcus •Cingulate sulcus •Superior temporal sulcus •Inferior temporal sulcus Other minor sulci are much less reliable Source: Ono, 1990
- 10. INTERHEMISPHERIC FISSURE - divides brain into 2 hemispheres
- 11. deep, mostly horizontal separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes appears around the 14th gestational week side branches - the ascending ramus and the horizontal ramus, subdivide the inferior frontal gyrus and also contains the transverse temporal gyri. due to a phenomenon called Yakovlevian torque, the lateral sulcus is often longer and less curved on the left hemisphere than on the right. Sylvian Fissure SYLVIAN FISSURE (OR LATERAL SULCUS)
- 12. PARIETO-OCCIPITAL FISSURE often Y-shaped from sagittal view, X-shaped in horizontal and coronal views The lateral part of the fissure is situated about 5 cm in front of the occipital pole of the hemisphere, and measures about 1.25 cm in length. The medial part of the fissure runs downward and forward as a deep cleft on the medial surface of the hemisphere, and joins the calcarine fissure It marks the boundary between the cuneus and precuneus, and also between the parietal and occipital lobes.
- 13. CALCARINE SULCUS Calcarine sulcus (blue) located at the caudal end of the medial surface of the brain it is joined at an acute angle by the medial part of the parieto-occipital sulcus. contains primary visual cortex V1 Cuneus (pink) -visual areas on medial side above calcarine (lower visual field) Lingual gyrus (yellow) -visual areas on medial side below calcarine and above collateral sulcus (upper visual field)
- 14. COLLATERAL SULCUS divides lingual (yellow) and parahippocampal (green) gyri from fusiform gyrus (pink) it lies below and lateral to the calcarine fissure, from which it is separated by the lingual grus; in front, it is situated between the phg and the anterior part of the fusiform gyrus.
- 15. CINGULATE SULCUS divides cingulate gyrus (turquoise) from precuneus (purple) and paracentral lobule (gold) The cingulate sulcus is on the medial wall of the cerebrum. The frontal and parietal lobes are separated from the cingulate gyrus by the cingulate sulcus.
- 16. INTRAPARIETAL SULCUS anterior end usually intersects with inferior postcentral sulcus (or the ascending intraparietal sulcus) posterior end usually forms a T-junction with the transverse occipital sulcus (just posterior to the parieto- occipital fissure) IPS divides the superior parietal lobule from the inferior parietal lobule (angular gyrus, gold, and supramarginal gyrus, lime) POF
- 17. CENTRAL, POSTCENTRAL AND PRECENTRAL SULCI Central Sulcus (red) -usually freestanding (no intersections) -just anterior to ascending cingulate Postcentral Sulcus (blue) -often in two parts (superior and inferior) -often intersects with intraparietal sulcus -marks posterior end of postcentral gyrus (somatosensory strip, purple) Precentral Sulcus (green) -often in two parts (superior and inferior) -intersects with superior frontal sulcus (T- junction) -marks anterior end of precentral gyrus (motor strip, yellow) ascending band of the cingulate
- 18. IDENTIFICATION OF CENTRAL SULCUS The CS starts in or near the superomedial border and runs downwards and forwards for about 8 to 10 cm to end slightly above the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus, from which it is always separated by an arched gyrus. It makes an angle of about 70 degrees with the median plane. It demarcates the primary motor and somatosensory areas of the cortex. Radiologically the CS is an important landmark. It separates the frontal from the parietal lobes and is a landmark to consider when localizing brain lesions. There are various shapes of the CS. The most common patterns have been described as “omega” shaped, or “lambda” shaped. These shapes are not so common and the pattern may vary so much that it is almost impossible to have any certainty in identifying the CS based purely on these patterns.
- 19. The CS is the only sulcus that divides the brain at its superior surface. Thus, it is the only sulcus that lies in the coronal plane that runs from the lateral part of the brain to the midline. The CS can be identified by examining axial slices. Looking at a normalized brain, the CS is the easiest to spot on an axial slice with a Z-coordinate (superior –inferior) around 60 mm above the AC-PC plane. IDENTIFICATION OF CENTRAL SULCUS ascending band of the cingulate
- 20. 1. Superior frontal sulcus (PreCS sign): The posterior end of the superior frontal sulcus joins the precentral sulcus in 85%. 2. Sigmoid “Hook”: Hook like configuration of the posterior surface of the precentral gyrus. The “hook” corresponds to the motor hand area and is well seen on CT (89%) and MRI (98%). 3. Pars bracket sign: The paired pars marginalis form a “bracket” to each side of the IH fissure at or behind the CS (96%). 4. Bifid post-CS sign: The post-CS is bifid (85%). The bifid post-CS encloses the lateral end of the pars marginalis (88%). 5. Thin post-CG sign: The postcentral gyrus is thinner than the precentral gyrus (98%) 6. Intraparietal sulcus (IPS): In axial MRI, the IPS intersects the post-CS (99%). 7. Midline sulcus sign: The most prominent convexity sulcus that reaches the midline interhemispheric fissure is the CS (70%). IDENTIFICATION OF CENTRAL SULCUS
- 21. NP/MG Superior frontal sulcus - preCS sign the posterior end of the superior frontal sulcus joins the precentral sulcus in 85% THE CENTRAL SULCUS (CS) Precentral sulcus Superior frontal sulcus Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Superior frontal gyrus Superior frontal sulcus Precentral sulcus Precentral gyrus
- 22. NP/MGH • Sigmoid “Hook” – hooklike configuration of the posterior surface of the precentral gyrus – the “hook” corresponds to the motor hand area. – The “hook” is well seen on CT (89%) and MRI (98%). The Central Sulcus (CS) Precentral sulcus Central sulcus
- 23. NP/MG pars bracket sign The paired pars marginalis form a “bracket” to each side of the interhemispheric fissure at or behind the central sulcus (96%). THE CENTRAL SULCUS (CS) Precentral sulcus Superior frontal sulcus Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Pars bracket Paracentral lobule
- 24. NP/MGH • pars bracket sign The Central Sulcus (CS) Precentral sulcus Superior frontal sulcus Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Pars bracketPars bracket
- 25. NP/MG Bifid post-CS sign the post-CS is bifid (85%). The bifid post-CS encloses the lateral end of the pars marginalis (88%). THE CENTRAL SULCUS (CS) Precentral sulcus Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral sulcus Pars bracket
- 26. NP/MGH Central sulcus Postcentral sulcus Central sulcus Central sulcus Postcentral sulcus Postcentral sulcus Pars bracketPars bracket
- 27. NP/MGH • Thin post-CG sign – the postcentral gyrus is thinner than the precentral gyrus (98%). The Central Sulcus (CS) Precentral gyrus Postcentral gyrus
- 28. NP/MGH • Intraparietal Sulcus (IPS) and the post-CS – in axial MRI, the IPS intersects the post-CS (99%). The Central Sulcus (CS) Pars bracket IPS Postcentral sulcus IPS Pars bracket
- 30. NP/MGH Precentral sulcus Superior frontal sulcus Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Superior frontal gyrus • Midline Sulcus sign – the most prominent convexity sulcus that reaches the midline interhemispheric fissure is the CS (70%). The Central Sulcus (CS)
- 31. NP/MGH The Central Sulcus (CS)
- 32. SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR TEMPORAL SULCI Superior Temporal Sulcus (red) -divides superior temporal gyrus (peach) from middle temporal gyrus (lime) Inferior Temporal Sulcus (blue) -not usually very continuous -divides middle temporal gyrus from inferior temporal gyrus (lavender)
- 33. SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR FRONTAL SULCI Superior Frontal Sulcus (red) -divides superior frontal gyrus (mocha) from middle frontal gyrus (pink) Inferior Frontal Sulcus (blue) -divides middle frontal gyrus from inferior frontal gyrus (gold) orbital gyrus (green) and frontal pole (gray) also shown Frontal Eye fields lie at this junction
- 34. MEDIAL FRONTAL SULCUS lies between the mid-sagittal line and the Superior Frontal sulcus and has the Precentral sulcus as its posterior margin The portion on the lateral surface of the hemisphere is usually more or less completely subdivided into an upper and a lower part by an antero-posterior sulcus, the paramedial sulcus, which, however, is frequently interrupted by bridging gyri. frontal pole (gray) and orbital gyrus (green) also shown
- 38. NP/ MGH Subcallosal gyrus Gyrus rectus Parietooccipital sulcus Fastigium, fourth ventricle Cingulate gyrus Calcarine sulcus Marginal ramus of Cingulate sulcus Superior parietal lobule Paracentral lobule Cingulate sulcusSuperior frontal gyrus Cuneus Lingual gyrus
- 39. NP/ MGH Gyrus rectus Parietooccipital sulcus Cingulate gyrus Calcarine sulcus Lingual gyrus Marginal ramus of Cingulate sulcus Superior parietal lobule Cingulate sulcus Caudothallamic groove Precuneus Central sulcus Cuneus Precentral gyrus Frontomarginal gyrus Superior frontal gyrus
- 40. NP/ MGH Parietooccipital sulcus Calcarine sulcus Superior parietal lobule Marginal ramus of Cingulate sulcus Central sulcus Precentral sulcus Precuneus Corona radiata Superior frontal gyrus Lingual gyrus Inferior occipital gyrus
- 41. NP/ MGH Inferior temporal gyrus Temporal horn, lateral ventricle Central sulcus Posterior orbital gyrus Frontomarginal gyrus Medial orbital gyrus Frontopolar gyrus Parietooccipital sulcus Lingual gyrus Inferior occipital gyrus Superior occipital gyrus Middle occipital gyrus Superior parietal lobule
- 42. NP/MGH Central sulcus Inferior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus uperior Temporal gyrus
- 43. NP/MG H Inferior Temporal gyrus Superior Temporal sulcus Superior Temporal gyrus Anterior occipital sulcus Superior frontal sulcus Precentral sulcus Central sulcus Postcentral sulcus Angular gyrus Lateral fissure, posterior segment Inferior frontal gyrus, pars orbitalis Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior occipital gyrus Middle occipital gyrus Inferior frontal gyrus, pars triangularis
- 45. NP/MGH Superior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior Temporal gyrus Fusiform gyrus
- 46. NP/ MGH Superior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior Temporal gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus Hippocampal gyrus
- 47. NP/ MGH Temporo-occipital fissure Inferior occipital gyrus Lingual gyrus Gyrus descendens Superior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior Temporal gyrus Amygdala Hippocampus
- 48. NP/MGH Gyrus rectus Olfactory sulcusMedial orbital gyrus Subcallosal gyrus Posterior orbital gyrus Temporo-occipital fissure Middle occipital gyrus Lingual gyrus Amygdala Hippocampus Superior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior Temporal gyrus Gyrus descendens
- 49. NP/ MGH Superior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Gyrus rectus Olfactory sulcus Medial orbital gyrus Anterior orbital gyrus Posterior orbital gyrus Lingual gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus Calcarine sulcus CuneusGyrus descendens Temporo-occipital fissure Middle occipital gyrus Intra-occipital sulcus
- 50. NP/MGH Superior frontal gyrus Anterior orbital gyrus Posterior orbital gyrus Frontomarginal gyrus Cingulate gyrus Superior occipital gyrusIntra-occipital sulcus Middle occipital gyrus
- 51. NP/ MGH Superior occipital gyrus Intra-occipital sulcus Middle occipital gyrus Cingulate gyrus Parieto-occipital fissure Calcarine sulcus Cuneus Middle temporal gyrus Superior temporal sulcus Superior temporal gyrus Insula Inferior frontal gyrus, pars orbitalis Superior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus Inferior frontal gyrus, pars opercularis Lateral fissure Lateral fissure Inferior parietal gyrus
- 52. NP/MGH Middle occipital gyrus Superior temporal gyrus Intra-occipital sulcus Superior frontal gyrus Central sulcus Superior occipital gyrus Parieto-occipital sulcus Superior temporal sulcus Lateral fissure Inferior parietal gyrus Postcentral gyrus Lateral fissure Middle frontal gyrus Inferior frontal gyrus
- 53. NP/ MGH Superior occipital gyrus Cuneus Intra-occipital sulcus Middle occipital gyrus Central sulcus Precentral sulcus Precentral gyrus Central sulcus
- 54. NP/MGH Postcentral sulcus Superior frontal sulcus Central sulcus Intraparietal sulcus Superior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus Superior parietal gyrus Centrum semiovale Parietooccipital sulcus Precuneus Angular gyrus Central sulcus Inferior frontal gyrus Supramarginal gyrus Postcentral sulcus
- 55. NP/MGH Postcentral sulcus Central sulcus Superior frontal sulcus Pars marginalis Intraparietal sulcus Superior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus Superior parietal gyrus Angular gyrus Supramarginal gyrus Intraparietal sulcus Central sulcus
- 56. NP/MGH Central sulcus Postcentral sulcus Superior frontal sulcus Precentral sulcus Pars marginalis Intraparietal sulcus Superior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus Superior parietal gyrus Angular gyrus Postcentral gyrus Supramarginal gyrus Precentral gyrus
- 57. NP/MGH Central sulcus Postcentral sulcus Superior frontal sulcus Precentral sulcus Pars marginalis Intraparietal sulcus Superior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus Precuneus Paracentral lobule Superior parietal gyrus
- 59. NP/MGH Olfactory bulb Gyrus rectus Medial Orbital gyrus Inferior Frontal gyrus Superior Frontal gyrus Middle Frontal gyrus Interhemispheric Fissure Inferior Frontal gyrus
- 60. NP/MGH Forceps minor Olfactory SulcusLateral orbital gyrus Inferior Frontal gyrus Superior Frontal gyrus Superior Frontal sulcus Middle Frontal gyrus Medial Orbital gyrus Gyrus rectus Anterior Orbital gyrus Lateral orbital sulcus
- 61. NP/MGH Inferior Frontal gyrus pars opercularis Superior Frontal gyrus Middle Frontal gyrus Sylvian Fissure Posterior Orbital gyrus Inferior Temporal gyrus Cingulate gyrusCircular insular sulcus Olfactory Sulcus Superior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior Frontal sulcusshort insular gyrus Gyrus rectus Medial Orbital gyrus
- 62. NP/MGH Superior Frontal gyrusSuperior Frontal sulcus Middle Frontal gyrus Superior Temporal Sulcus Sylvian Fissure Amygdala Precentral sulcus Anterior commissure Cingulate sulcus Superior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior Temporal gyrus Precentral gyrus
- 63. NP/MGH Superior Frontal gyrus Middle Frontal gyrus Superior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Superior Temporal Sulcus Sylvian Fissure Heschl’s gyrus Inferior Temporal sulcus Inferior Temporal gyrusAmygdala Ambient gyrus Entorhinal Cingulate gyrus Superior Frontal sulcus Precentral sulcus Precentral gyrus
- 64. NP/MGH Superior Frontal gyrus Middle Frontal gyrus Superior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior Temporal gyrus Fusiform gyrus Hippocampus CA1, cornu ammonisParahippocampal gyrus Central Sulcus
- 65. NP/MGH Paracentral lobule Superior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior Temporal gyrus Central Sulcus Postcentral gyrus Cingulate gyrusIntraparietal sulcus Fusiform gyrus Collateral sulcus Parahippocampal gyrus Supramarginal gyrus Intraparietal sulcus
- 66. NP/MGH Superior Temporal gyrus Middle Temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Fusiform gyrus Central sulcus Paracentral lobule
- 67. NP/MGH Fusiform gyrus Lingual gyrus Calcarine sulcus Cingulate gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Supramarginal gyrus Intraparietal sulcus Central sulcus Paracentral lobule Postcentral gyrus
- 68. NP/MGH Lingual gyrus Calcarine sulcus Superior parietal lobule precuneus Cingulate gyrus Tentorium cerebelli Fusiform gyrus Inferior parietal lobule Middle occipital gyrus Inferior occipital gyrus Lingual gyrus Collateral sulcus
- 69. CEREBRAL ARTERIES & VEINS
- 70. Anatomy and Vascular Territories of the 3 Main Cerebral Arteries: Middle Cerebral Artery
- 71. Anatomy and Vascular Territories of the 3 Main Cerebral Arteries: Anterior Cerebral Artery
- 72. Anatomy and Vascular Territories of the 3 Main Cerebral Arteries: Posterior Cerebral Artery
- 73. Cortical Areas Supplied by the MCA, ACA and PCA
- 74. Superficial and Deep Arterial Supply to the Cerebral Hemispheres Coronal Plane
- 75. Superficial and Deep Arterial Supply to the Cerebral Hemisphere Axial Plane
- 76. Lenticulostriate Arteries Supply the Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule
- 77. Arterial Supply of the Thalamus and Basal Ganglia
- 78. CIRCLE OF WILLIS •Internal carotid and vertebrals anastomoze in the Circle of Willis
- 79. VENOUS SINUSES Cerebral veins drain into venous sinuses and into internal jugular vein Superficial veins lie on surface of cortex and drain into superior sagittal sinus Deep veins drain internal structures and empty into the straight sinus See Nolte, J. The Human Brain
- 80. VENOUS SINUSES The walls of the dural venous sinuses are composed of dura mater lined with endothelium, a specialized layer of flattened cells found in blood vessels. They differ from other blood vessels in that they lack a full set of vessel layers (e.g. tunica media) characteristic of arteries and veins. It also lacks valves as seen in veins.
- 81. Thank You
Notas del editor
- The nervous system is derived from the ectoderm. In the third week of development the neuroectoderm appears and forms the neural plate along the dorsal side of the embryo. A groove forms in the neural plate and, by week four of development, the neural plate wraps in on itself to make a hollow neural tube. The telencephalon, which eventually encompasses the two lateral ventricles, gives rise to the Basal Ganglia and the Limbic System
- The great longitudinal fissure (or longitudinal cerebral fissure, or interhemispheric fissure) is the deep groove that separates the two hemispheres of the brain. The falx cerebri lies within the medial longitudinal fissure.
- A cortical homunculus is a pictorial representation of the anatomical divisions of the primary motor and primary somatosensory cortex where in the amount of cerebral tissue or cortex devoted to a given body region is proportional to how richly innervated that region is, not to its size.