Steel - used as a building material. What is steel - history, manufacturing, production, basic oxygen process, steel companies , cost, type of steel, heat treatment, grades of steel and examples
5. Steel
• Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements,
primarily carbon, that is widely used in construction
and other applications because of its high tensile
strength and low cost.
• Steel's base metal is iron.
• Steels are described as mild, medium- or high-carbon
steels according to the percentage of carbon they
contain, although this is never greater than about 1.5%
6. HISTORY
• The Chinese of the Warring States period (403–221 BC) had quench-
hardened steel, while Chinese of the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD)
created steel by melting together wrought iron with cast iron, gaining an
ultimate product of a carbon-intermediate steel by the 1st century AD.
• The Haya people of East Africa invented a type of furnace they used to
make carbon steel at 1,802 °C (3,276 °F) nearly 2,000 years ago. East
African steel has been suggested by Richard Hooker to date back to 1400
BC.
• But its extensive use began after more efficient production methods were
devised in the 17th century, with the production of blister steel and
then crucible steel. With the invention of the Bessemer process in the
mid-19th century, a new era of mass-produced steel began. This was
followed by Siemens-Martin process and then Gilchrist-Thomas
process that refined the quality of steel. With their introductions, mild
steel replaced wrought iron.
7. Manufacturing of steel
• Methods for manufacturing steel have evolved
significantly since industrial production began in the late
19th century. Modern methods, however, are still based
the same premise as the Bessemer Process, namely, how
to most efficiently use oxygen to lower the carbon
content in iron.
• Today, steel production makes use of both recycled
materials, as well as the traditional raw materials, such as
iron ore, coal, and limestone. Two processes; basic
oxygen steelmaking (BOP) and electric arc
furnaces (EAF) account for virtually all steel production.
8.
9.
10. Basic oxygen process
• Basic oxygen process (>BOP), a steelmaking
method in which pure oxygen is blown into a
bath of molten blast-furnace iron and scrap.
The oxygen initiates a series of intensively
exothermic (heat-releasing) reactions, including
the oxidation of such impurities as carbon,
silicon, phosphorus, and manganese.
12. Steel companies in india.• B
• Bhushan Steel
• Bramhani Industries
• E
• Essar Steel`
• ESSAR Steel India Limited
• F
• Ferro Alloys Corporation
• J
• Jai Balaji group
• JSW Steel Ltd
• Jindal Steel and Power
• JSW Ispat Steel
• M
• Mahindra Ugine Steel
• Mjunction
• Mukand
• P
• POSCO India
13. Steel companies in india.
• R
• Rashtriya Ispat Nigam
• Real Ispat and Power
• S
• SRMB Steel
• Steel Authority of India
• Surya Roshni Limited
• T
• Tata Steel
• Tayo Rolls
• Tube Products of India
• U
• Uttam Galva Steels
• V
• VISA Steel
• W
• Welspun Corp
• Welspun Maxsteel Ltd
14. Cost.
• Mild steel is very cheap as compared to stainless
steel mainly due to cost of Nickel and
Chromium. Mild-steel price should be around
50-60 Rs/kg whereas SS304 can cost around
250-300 Rs/kg. It should retail around 70
Rupees.
16. Type of steel
• Type of steel. { Percentage of carbon}
• Mild steel
• Up to 0.25%
• Medium carbon steel
• 0.25% to 0.45%
• High carbon steel
• 0.45% to 1.50%
• INCRESE IN CARBON CONTENT LEADS TO:
1. Increased hardness and strength.
2.Increases brittleness.
3.Reduce weldability.
17. Type of steel
• Type of steel. {Use}
STEEL TYPE USE FOR
CARBON STEEL Fences, chain links, knives
ALLOY STEEL Turbine blades, electric motors.
STAINLESS STEEL Kitchen utensils, razor blades
Tool steel Cutting ,welding and drilling tools.
18. Heat treatment
• The heat treatment given to a steel can affect its properties
too. Cooling a red-hot tool steel rapidly in cold water makes
it harder and more brittle.
• We could have made the same piece of metals by keeping
it at red heat for longer and then cooling it slowly.
• Heat treatment is another method that the steelmaker uses
to make the properties of the steel match the job it has to
do.
19. Stainless steel {ss}
• In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox
steel or inox from French inoxydable, is
a steel alloy with a minimum of
10.5% chromium content by mass.
• Stainless steel does not readily corrode, rust or stain with water as
ordinary steel does. However, it is not fully stain-proof in low-
oxygen, high-salinity, or poor air-circulation environments.
• CARBON CONTENT:
• Carbon is used to strengthen and harden SS.
• Carbon reduces corrosion protection.
• Nickle is also used to increase the corrosion property of SS.
20. Grades of s.s
• 200 Series—austenitic chromium-nickel-manganese alloys.
Type 201 is hardenable through cold working; Type 202 is a
general purpose stainless steel. Decreasing nickel content and
increasing manganese results in weak corrosion resistance.
• 300 Series
• The most widely used austenite steel is the 304
• The second most common austenite steel is the 316 grade. It is
often used in cutlery and high-quality cookware.
• Low-carbon versions, for example 316L or 304L, are used to
avoid corrosion problems caused by welding. The "L" means
that the carbon content of the alloy is below 0.03%.
• There are over 150 grades of stainless steel, of which 15 are
most commonly used
42. 1. Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los
Angeles, USA
• Design of Frank Gehry, one of the most influential
architects of our times. Apart from its unforgettable
exterior look, the Walt Disney Concert Hall is also
praised for its acoustics, considered to be one of the
best in the whole world.
• Most of the buildings’ exterior is designed in stainless
steel with a matte finish.
44. Bird's Nest Stadium
• Beijing National Stadium, also known as the
National Stadium or the Bird's Nest, is famous
for being the largest steel structure in the world.
46. 2. Gateway Arch, St. Louis, USA
• The Gateway Arch, also known as The Gate to the
West is a massive monument in the Jefferson
National Expansion Memorial in St. Louis. It is
192 meters (630 feet) wide at the base and
reaches a height of 192 meters (630 feet). This is
the tallest monument ever made in the United
States and the tallest habitable structure in
Missouri.
48. Willis Tower, Chicago, USA
• Willis Tower, formerly known as the Sears Tower, is the
tallest building in United States. Right after its
completion, from 1974 to 1998, it was also the tallest
building in the world; today it still holds a remaining
record – the sixth tallest freestanding structure on the
planet.
• The whole module structure is based on huge steel
columns that support the whole frame
• Willis Tower has 108 stories and it is 442 meters (1,451
feet) high and continues to be one of the greatest
corporate buildings in the world.
50. U. S. Steel Tower, Pittsburg, USA
• The U.S. Steel Tower (also known as the Steel
Tower) is the tallest skyscraper in Pittsburg and the
37thtallest in United States. The 64-story tower was
finished in 1970 and is 256 meters (841 feet) high.
The Steel Tower truly stands apart, due to its
unique triangular shape with intended corners.
• The tower has over 40,000 metric tons of structural
steel and 214,000 square meters (2,300,000 square
feet) of leasable office space. On clear sunny days,
the Steel Tower is visible from as far as 80 km (50
miles).
52. Seagram Building, New York City,
USA
• New York City’s Seagram Buildings was built in
1957 and is a fine example of modern and
functionalist architecture. The steel frame used for
the construction of Seagram Building needed to be
covered in concrete
• Ludwig Mies van de Rohe, the main architect of
this steel wonder.
• At the moment of its completion, this 38 storey
building was one of the most expensive sky
scrapers ever built.
54. Tatara Bridge, Japan
• Tatara Bridge is Japan’s most astonishing cable-
stayed bridges. This bridge has a main span of 890
meters (2,919 feet) and connects the Islands of
Ikuchi and Oumishima. The steel box girder was
preferred to a suspension bridge
• The Y-shaped towers are made out of steel, as well
as the suspended girders. The bridge has a total
length of 1,480 meters and it carries two lanes of
traffic in each direction, lanes for bikes, motor bikes
and pedestrians.
56. The Steel House.
• The Steel House. This house is located in
Lubbock, TX and was designed by Robert
Bruno, a famous steel sculptor. He wanted to
create the house because he wondered what it
would be like to live inside one of his sculptures.
The house was made using 110 tons of steel.
Bruno spent 23 years building the home but he
died before he could complete it.
57.
58. The Geodesic Dome
• Spaceship earth is a huge golf ball, standing 180 ft.
• The structure is designed to withstand wind speeds
of 200 mph
• Structure: steel framing clad with faceted aluminum
panels, and stands on 3 pairs of steel legs.
• Site was mostly swamp, filled with much, organic
material with 95% water content.
• As a solution, 2.5 million cubic yards of soil was
removed and replaced by clean material
