Connectivity and Conversion

Connectivity and Conversion
Unit-X

Syllabus
Connectivity and Conversion:
• Between Satellite Cities, cities of cultural/business/
tourism attraction, between cities and towns, Cities
getting converted into regions and towns getting
converted into cities. Express ways and freight
corridors, Golden Quadrilateral, Hub airport, Impact
of these on urban development.

Satellite City
• A satellite town or satellite city is a concept
in urban planning that refers essentially to
smaller metropolitan areas which are located
somewhat near to, but are mostly
independent of larger metropolitan areas.

Satellite City
• Satellite cities are small or medium-sized cities near a large
metropolis, that:
• predate the metropolis' suburban expansion.
• Are at least partially independent from that metropolis
economically and socially are physically separated from the
metropolis by rural territory or by a major geographic
barrier such as a large river;
• Satellite cities should have their own independent
urbanized area, or equivalent have their own bedroom
communities
• Have a traditional downtown surrounded by traditional
"inner city" neighborhoods may or may not be counted as
part of the large metropolis' Combined Statistical Area

Satellite Cities Versus Other Types Of
Settlement
• Satellite cities are different from and are sometimes confused with
the following related patterns of development
Suburbs
• Satellite cities differ from suburbs in that they have distinct
employment bases, commuter sheds, and cultural offerings from
the central metropolis, as well as an independent municipal
government. Satellite cities are not bedroom communities.
Edge cities
• Satellite cities differ from edge cities, which are suburbs with
large employment bases and cultural offerings, in that satellite
cities must have a true historic downtown, a distinct independent
municipal government, existed as a city prior to becoming
interconnected with the larger metropolitan core, and are surrounded
by both their own family of bedroom communities and a belt of
rural land between themselves and the central city.

Satellite cities versus other types of settlement
• Conceptually, both satellite cities and some types of
edge city could be (and once were) self-sufficient
communities outside of their larger metropolitan areas,
but have become interconnected due to the suburban
expansion of the larger metropolis. However, while
edge cities may have their own government and
share many characteristics with satellite cities, they
are much more physically integrated with the core
city and would not exist in anything like their
present form if not for the suburban expansion of
their larger neighbor. Edge cities are activity nodes
within a metro area, not miniature metro areas
themselves.

Multi-Polar Cities
• In some cases large metropolitan areas have
multiple centers of close to equal importance. These
multi-polar cities are often referred to as twin cities.
Multi-polar cities differ from satellite cities in two key
ways:
• satellites are clearly much less important than the
larger center around which they are located, while
the various nodes of multi-polar cities are close to each
other in importance satellites are separated from the
larger center by a substantial belt of rural territory,
while twin cities may be fully integrated in physical
form

Metropolitan Areas
• Conceptually, satellite cities are miniature metro
areas on the fringe of larger ones. Satellite cities
are sometimes listed as part of the larger metro
area, and sometimes listed as totally independent.

Expressways
• An expressway is a controlled-access highway; it is
a highway that controls entrances to it and exits
from it by incorporating the design of the slip roads
for entry and exit into the design of the highway
itself. Access-control should not be confused with
collection of toll. An expressway may be free to use
and may not collect toll at all. Expressways are the
highest class of roads in the Indian Road Network.
These are six- or eight-lane highways with
controlled-access. India has approximately 942 km
expressways.

Expressways
• National Highway system of India consists of
approximately 10,000 km (6,200 mi) of four-laned
highways that collect toll from users but do not have
control of access and cannot be called expressways.
Currently, a massive project is underway to expand
the highway network and the Government of India
plans to add an additional 18,637 km (11,580 mi)
of expressways to the network by the year 2022.

Expressways
• These roads will be access-controlled roads and will feature
between four and six lanes with 3,530 km (2,190 mi) km to
come up by 2015. The Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways is already in the process of preparing a draft for
creation of a National Expressways Authority of India
(NEAI) on the lines of NHAI.
• Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has proposed a
green-field access-controlled Expressways network across
India. Study was conducted on identifying stretches on
which new expressways can be constructed. But, as of now
no further action has been taken on the Indian National
Expressways Network report.

Expressways
• This list includes roads without access-control.
Such a road cannot be called "expressway" though
the name of the road may include the word
"expressway" and may be a misnomer. Such a road
should be excluded from this list. Eastern and
Western Express Highways in Mumbai are two
examples of such roads. Ambala-Chandigarh NH
is another such example as it does not have access
control for entry and exit at predetermined points.
As stated above, access-control is different from
collection of toll.

Expressways
Expressway Name Distance State(s)
• Ahmedabad Vadodara Expressway 95 km (59 mi) Gujarat
• Mumbai Pune Expressway 93 km (58 mi) Maharashtra
• Jaipur-Kishangarh Expressway 90 km (56 mi) Rajasthan
• Allahabad Bypass Expressway 86 km (53 mi) Uttar Pradesh
• Durgapur Expressway 105 km (65 mi) West Bengal
• Ambala Chandigarh Expressway 35 km (22 mi) Haryana/Punjab
• Chennai Bypass 32 km (20 mi) Tamil Nadu
• Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway 28 km (17 mi) Delhi/Haryana
• Noida-Greater Noida Expressway 24.53 km (15.24 mi) Delhi/Uttar
Pradesh
• Delhi Noida Direct Flyway 9.2 km (5.7 mi) Delhi/Uttar Pradesh

Expressways
• Hyderabad Elevated Expressways 11.6 km (7.2 mi) Andhra Pradesh
• Hosur Road Elevated Expressway 9.985 km (6.204 mi) Karnataka
• Kona Expressway 8 km (4.97 mi) West Bengal
• Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad 158 km (98 mi) Andhra Pradesh
• Raipur-Bhilai-Durg Expressway 26 km (16 mi) Chhattisgarh
• Yamuna Expressway 165 km (103 mi) Uttar Pradesh
• Lucknow Amar Shaheed Path, Elevated access controlled stretch
49 km (30 mi) Uttar Pradesh
• Mumbai Nashik Expressway 150 km (93 mi) Maharashtra
• Outer Ring Road, Guntur & Vijayawada Expressway 46 km (29 mi)
Andhra Pradesh
• Bangalore-Nelamangala Elevated Expressway 19.5 km (12.1 mi)
Karnatak
• a 23 Eastern Freeway 22 km (14 mi) Maharashtra Total Length of
Expressways 1,222.81 km (759.82 mi)

Planned
Indian National Expressways Network
• India has the third-largest road network in the
world spanning 4.69 million km, next in line only to
the US and China. However, when it comes to the
quality of roads, India lags far behind. Compared to
the length of expressways in leading countries,
China (84,946 km), the US (75,238 km), Canada
(17,000 km), Spain (15,152 km) and Germany
(12,800 km), India’s progress in the road sector
seems dwarfed at just 1208 km.
• On an overall basis also, highways constitute only a
1.7 per cent share at 79,116 km.

• Given the importance of expressways, the Government of India had
approved the construction of 1,000 km of expressways under the
National Highways Development Project (NHDP) Phase VI.
• Besides, the ministry came up with a project report to formulate a master
plan aiming to construct 15,600 km by 2022, marking the end of the 13th
five year plan.
• Given the current precarious economic conditions, constructing
expressways through the EPC route seems to be the most pragmatic
approach. The government can raise long-term debt through bonds or low-
cost foreign loans from multi-lateral and bilateral institutions while revenue
can be generated by charging tolls from vehicles at entry and exit points.
• Also, as witnessed in other countries, state governments should be
urged to increase contribution toward these projects, as they will be
the key beneficiaries of expressways.

• Another way to expedite the process could be that the
government could develop the first 50–100 km of the
expressway to attract private developers, a model being followed
by Jaipur metro.
• Once traffic picks up on the expressway, developers could
construct the remaining length and be allowed to charge toll
on the entire length.
• If India needs to achieve the next level in highway
development, it has to focus on transit efficiency. For this, the
country will have to increase reliance on public funding and shift
focus from PPP.
• It could also opt for innovative financial models, as suggested
above, to make expressway construction a viable business in the
country.

Dedicated Freight Corridors
• A Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) can be
described as a network of railway lines
“dedicated” for the movement of freight trains.
Such DFCs are separate from the passenger
railway networks to ensure uninterrupted
movement of the freight trains. Railway tracks
under DFC are often provided with a higher
voltage overhead power line than that of
normal passenger railway networks, so the
freight trains can attain higher speeds.

Dedicated Freight Corridors
• For high GDP growth, we need lot of electricity
=lot of coal need to be transported from mines to
thermal power station.
• For infrastructure (bridges, roads, buildings)=
need fast transport of cement, steel, machinery.
• Because of growing international trade via sea
lanes= need to quickly transport products from
factories to ports.
• This has led to birth of Dedicated Freight
Corridors along the Eastern and Western Routes
in 2005.

Benefits of Dedicated Freight Corridors?
• The existing rail network, runs on a combination
of diesel + electrical trains.
• The Dedicated freight corridor will operate
entirely on electric trains= less greenhouse gases.
• After Dedicated freight corridor, the passenger
traffic and freight (goods) traffic will be separated
= leading to faster speeds and efficiency.

High Speed Rail Corridors
• Under the High Speed Railway corridors (HSR) plan,
the Railways intend to run trains at the speed of 160
km to 200 km per hour.
• Ministry of Railways has selected following six
corridors
• Delhi-Chandigarh-Amritsar
• Pune-Mumbai-Ahmedabad
• Hyderabad-Dornakal-Vijaywada-Chennai
• Chennai-Bangalore-Coimbatore-Ernakulam
• Howrah-Haldia
• Delhi -Agra-Lucknow -Varanasi – Patna

Benefits
• A high-speed rail moving at speeds of 300 km/hr would
take just about 2 hours to reach from New Delhi to
Lucknow. Currently, it takes six hours for the fastest train on
the route to cover the same distance.
• The benefits of high-speed rail are immense vis-a-vis road
and airlines. These rail systems have 30% less land
requirement in comparison to expressways for same carrying
capacity.
• High-speed railways would directly compete with economy
class tickets of an airline.
• These trains are highly fuel-efficient as their energy
consumption is one third less than private cars and 5 times
less than airplanes.

Cities Of Cultural/Business/ Tourism Attraction,
Between Cities And Towns
• Development plan with aim promotion of a city as
attracting place is the principal planning policy which for
are interested all those involved in development of the place
that is promoting .
• It recognizes that achieving urban regeneration is
dependent on creating an attractive and safe environment
within the city, by using high - profile projects. This
benefits the existing residents and businesses and attracts
new investment, particularly in the city centre.

• Cities pursue these types of tourism strategies as a tool
to give some competitive advantage in an increasingly
globalized and interdependent Economy. In the
interrelation between tourism and interurban competition,
globalization decidedly affects the way in which policies for
tourism are formulated and put into practice.
• Destinations (in this case, cities) face increasing pressure
to raise their ‘place identity’ in order to position themselves
competitively in the global context.
• Improvement of the physical environment, will promote
the city as an attractive and enjoyable place to visit, to
invest in, and to live in.

• Many cities are combining the use of high–profile
Projects with enhanced tourism policy to seek to
revitalize economic decline and improve their urban
physical structure. These high – profile projects are
developed in city centres, and comprise
prominent conference centres and meeting places;
museums and other leisure destinations; and concent
rations of restaurants, bars and nightlife.

• Tourism, nation branding and investment Tourism
can improve the city’s environment, enhances the
city’s image and aids inward investment. Flagship
Projects for promotion a city as nation brand,
ensure the potential for new investment to be
attracted due to the fact of promoting a new
image by creating a new and attractive physical
environment. A new and positive image is seen as
a crucial element of attracting inward business
investment.

Cities Of Cultural/Business/ Tourism Attraction
• As part of tourism strategy, could be developed an
agenda for attracting overnight business tourists
and to raise international profile of the city. Thus,
tourism strategy in these high - profile projects for
promotion a city as nation brand include: -
• encouraging access and movement, providing
quality tourist information, - setting up visitor
priority areas, - developing a coherent mixture of
visitor attractions, - encouraging investment in
retailing , restaurants and accommodation, -
incorporating with various organizations , Improving
physical environment as a critical role for the
promotion of tourism activities

Cities Of Cultural/Business/ Tourism
Attraction

• Creating additional leisure and tourism facilities and
major visitor attractions based on the industrial and
social heritage , - encouraging the creation of a cross -
city pedestrian walkway , etc.
• These major events will attract large numbers of
visitors.
• Consequently, the reputation and perception of the
city will effectively enhance.
• As the number of visitors to the city increases and the
city’s national and international image through the
development of tourism policy along with high –
profile projects.

• Co-operation programmes and high – profile
projects will support the efforts of a city to Improve
benefits for the development and implementation
of sustainable tourism policies and programmes
Improving the competitive city image, will bring
investment support and promotion, product
development and strengthening linkages between
tourism and other sectors of economic activity.

• That’s why there is need for a fundamental
consideration of factors that influence the location
of business and can help highlight the decisions that
potential business investors and developers make. In
addition, the necessity of the marketing principle in
image promotion is an important issue. Cities are
different from one another, and it could be argued, city
marketing must reflect this difference. The
considerations of these marketing approaches in
and of themselves can help to improve city strategies
for inward investment and provide a focus for work
on city image and potential target businesses.

• Internationally, the promotion of a place (as city in this case) by
city authorities and donor organizations has typically aimed at
encouraging private sector investment, macroeconomic growth
and also foreign exchange earnings .
• That’s why there is need for a fundamental consideration of
factors that influence the location of business and can help
highlight the decisions that potential business investors and
developers make. In addition, the necessity of the marketing
principle in image promotion is an important issue. Cities are
different from one another, and it could be argued, city marketing
must reflect this difference. The considerations of these marketing
approaches in and of themselves can help to improve city
strategies for inward investment and provide a focus for work
on city image and potential target businesses.

• Tourism has the potential to empower communities and the
sustainable tourism agenda needs to focus on how to bring this
about.
• Understanding tourists and tourism processes is the first stage
to empowering the local community to make informed and
appropriate decisions about their tourism development.
Considerable investments are required in communication and trust
building between the actors in tourism.
• In this context to make successful development of tourism and
place promotion is necessary to understand the importance of
activities and tourism strategy as tools for tourism business success.
In this way, tourism businesses have been identified as
essential actors for creating jobs , tourism destination
development and generally growing the economy.

Golden Quadrilateral
• The Golden Quadrilateral is a highway network
connecting many of the major industrial,
agricultural and cultural centres of India.
• A quadrilateral of sorts is formed by
connecting Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and
Chennai, and hence its name. Other cities
among the top metropolises namely Pune,
Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Kanpur, Surat at north
and Bengaluru, Visakhapatnam &
Bhubaneswar at south are also connected by the
network.

• The largest highway project in India and the fifth
longest in the world, started by NDA Government It
is the first phase of the National Highways
Development Project (NHDP), and consists of
building 5,846 km (3,633 mi) four/six lane express
highways at a cost of 600 billion (US$10 billion).

• The vast majority of the Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) is not
access controlled, although safety features such as
guardrails, shoulders, and high-visibility signs are in use.
• The GQ project is managed by the National Highways
Authority of India (NHAI) under the Ministry of Road,
Transport and Highways. The Mumbai-Pune Expressway,
the first controlled-access toll road to be built in India is a
part of the GQ Project though not funded by NHAI, and
separate from the main highway. Infrastructure Leasing &
Financial Services (IL&FS) has been one of the major
contributors to the infrastructural development activity in
the GQ project.

Projected Economic Benefits Of The GQ
Project Are
• The projected economic benefits of the GQ
project are -
• Establishing faster transport networks
between major cities and ports.
• Providing an impetus to smoother
movement of products and people within
India.
• Enabling industrial and job development in
smaller towns through access to markets.

• Providing opportunities for farmers, through
better transportation of produce from the
agricultural hinterland to major cities and ports
for export, through lesser wastage and spoils.
• Driving economic growth directly, through
construction as well as through indirect demand
for cement, steel and other construction
materials.
• Giving an impetus to Truck transport
throughout India.

Truck Transport Throughout India

Hub Airports
• A hub airport is a port that is normally used by airlines as
a transfer airport for getting the passengers to their the
plane engine to cool and for refuelling.
• Where travelers moving between airports not served by
direct flights change planes en route to their
destinations. This is as opposed to the Point to Point
model. Many hubs of the airlines are also situated at
airports in the cities of the respective head offices.
• Some airlines may use only a single hub, while other
airlines use multiple hubs. Hubs are used for both
passenger flights as well as cargo flights.
• intended destination. It is normally used as a pass by for

Hub Airports
• Many airlines also use focus cities, which have a good
catchment area and function much the same as hubs, but
on a smaller scale and may also function as feeders to main
hubs. Some airlines also use the term secondary hubs for
large focus cities.
• A hub in the middle of a route is more effective than at
either end as connecting traffic more easily fills the plane
- passengers prefer a one-stop (two-leg) route over a two-
stop (three-leg) route.
• Another use of the phrase airline hub is an for airports
ranked as such in the FAA airport categories which are
re-evaluated every year based on number of commercial
passengers.

Impact of these on Urban Development.
• Cities around the world are separated by
physical distance, but individuals can travel
relatively easily between cities using various
forms of transportation. Air travel not only
connects people but it connects economies to
further develop the global economy.
• Airport development has also been linked with
economic development. Much research has been
done on this relationship, with focuses on
different regions and cities around the world.

References
• Urbanization Urban Development & Metropolitan
Cities in India
• Dr V. Nath Concept Publications

Connectivity and Conversion

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