2. • Malaria is the mosquito born infectious disease of human.
Malaria is caused by a parasite that is passed from one
human to another by the bite of
infected Anopheles mosquitoes. After infection, the parasites
(called sporozoites) travel through the bloodstream to the liver,
where they mature and release another form, the merozoites.
which introduces the protists via its saliva into the circulatory
system, and ultimately to the liver where they mature and
reproduce. The disease causes symptoms that typically
include fever and headache, which in severe cases can
progress to coma or death.
4. • Malaria parasite
The Parasite which cause malaria in man and other
animals belong to -
Class:- Sporozoa
Suborder:- Hemosporidia
Genus:- Plasmodium
Most common species found in man are :-
1. Plasmodium Vivax
2. Plasmodium Falciparum
3. Plasmodium Malariae
4. Plasmodium ovale
6. • Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human
pathogen. The most frequent and widely distributed
cause of recurring (Benign tertian)malaria, P. vivax is one
of the six species of malarial parasite that commonly
infect humans. It is less virulent than Plasmodium
falciparum, which is the deadliest of the six, and is
seldom fatal. P. vivax is carried by the female Anopheles
mosquito, since it is only the female of the species that
bites
7. • Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite, one of
the species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in
humans. It is transmitted by the female Anopheles
mosquito. Malaria caused by this species is the most
dangerous form of malaria, with the highest rates of
complications and mortality
8. • Plasmodium malariae is a parasitic protozoa that causes
malaria in humans. It is closely related to Plasmodium
falciparum and Plasmodium vivax which are responsible
for most malarial infection. While found worldwide, it is a
so-called "benign malaria" and is not nearly as
dangerous as that produced by P. falciparum or P. vivax.
P. malariae causes fevers that recur at approximately
three-day intervals (a quartan fever), longer than the two-
day (tertian) intervals of the other malarial parasites,
hence its alternate names quartan fever and quartan
malaria.
9. • Plasmodium ovale is a species of parasitic protozoa that
causes tertian malaria in humans. It is closely related to
Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, which
are responsible for most malaria. It is rare compared to
these two parasites, and substantially less dangerous
than P. falciparum.
12. • Intermediate host : human
• Final host : mosquito
• Infective stage : sporozoite
• Infective way : mosquito bite skin of human
• Parasitic position : liver and red blood cells
• Transmitted stage : gametocytes
• Schizogonic cycle in red cells : 48 hrs/P.v
• Sporozoite : tachysporozite and bradysporozite
13.
14.
15. Blood Film Examination
Thick and thin blood films (or “smears”) have remained
the gold standard for the diagnosis of malaria. The films
are stained and examined by microscopy.
Thick blood film - Used for detecting malaria: a larger
volume of blood is examined allowing detection of even
low levels of parasitaemia. Also used for determining
parasite density and monitoring the response to
treatment.
Thin blood film – Gives more information about the
parasite morphology and, therefore, is used to identify
the particular infecting species of Plasmodium
