ANTHROPOLOGY CHAPTER 13: THE ART

1. By: Canilan, Gemilyn J.
Esquierdo, Nicah Angela S.

2. KEY TERMS:
Aesthetics – Appreciation of the qualities perceived in work of art; the mind
and emotion in relation to a sense of beauty.
Art – an object or event that evokes an aesthetic reaction, a sense of beauty,
appreciation, harmony, and /or pleasure; the quality, production, expression, or
realm of what is beautiful or of more than ordinary significance; the class of
objects subject to aesthetic criteria.
Arts – the arts include the visual arts, literature (written and oral ), music and
theater arts.
Catharsis – intense emotion release.
.

3. Ethnomusicology – the comparative study of the music of the world and of
music as an aspect of culture and society.
Expressive culture – the arts; people express themselves creatively in dance,
music, song, painting, sculpture, pottery, cloth, storytelling, verse prose, drama and
comedy.
Folk – of the people; originally coined for European peasants; refers to the art,
music and lore of ordinary people, as contrasted with the “high” art or “classic” art of
the European elites

4. WHAT IS ART?
As dictionary defines ART is;
“ The quality, production, expression or realm of what
is beautiful or of more than ordinary significance
The class of objects subject to aesthetics criteria

5. “the qualities perceived in
works of art”
“the mind and emotions in
relation to the sense of beauty”
Aesthetics involves

6. However, it is possible for a work of art to
attract our attention, direct out thoughts
and have more than ordinary significance
without being judge as beautiful by most
people who experience that work.

7. Pablo Picasso’s Guernica, a famous painting of
the
Spanish Civil War

8. George Mills
in many cultures, the role of art lover lacks
definition because art is not viewed as a separate activity. But
this doesn’t stop individuals from being moved by objects
and events in a way that we would call aesthetic.
Our own society does provide a fairly well-defined role
for the connoisseur and collector of the arts, as well as
a sanctuary, the museum into which such people may
occasionally retreat with their refined tastes.

9. “Art” will be used to
encompass all the arts, not
just the visual ones The observations to be made about “Art”
are generally intended to apply to music and
narratives as well as to painting and sculpture.
We have in mind
something that can be
seen or heard. More broadly to include things that can be
smelled ( scents, fragrances), tasted (recipes)
or touched (cloth textures).

10. Art
and
Religion

11. Definition of both
Artand Religion
mention the “more than ordinary” or
the “extraordinary”.
Religious scholars may distinguish
between the sacred and the profane
Art scholars may distinguish between
the artistic and the ordinary

12. According to the anthropologist Jacques Maquet
 An artwork is something that
stimulates and sustains contemplation.
 she also stresses the importance of the object’s
form in producing such artistic contemplation
 other scholars stress feeling and meaning in
addition to form
 the experience of art involves feeling, such as being
moved, as well as appreciation of form, such as
balance and harmony

13. An artistic attitude can be combined with and used to bolster a
religious attitude
Many of the high points of Western art and music had religious
inspiration or were done in the service of religion as a visit to a church or a
large museum will surely illustrate.
 Bach and Handel are as well known for their church music as
Michelangelo is for his religious painting and sculpture.

14. Some of the major architectural achievements
of Western Art religious structures.
Chartres Cathedral
Notre Dame Cathedral
Amiens Cathedral

15. The setting of rite and ceremonies and of art may be temporary or permanent.
In bands and tribes, religious settings can be created without churches
similarly, an artistic atmosphere can be created without museum
At particular time of the year, ordinary space can be set aside for religious
ceremonies
In fact, in tribe performance, the arts and religion often mix.
Rites of passage often feature special music, dance song, bodily adornment and
other manifestations of expressive culture.

16. In any society, art is produced for its aesthetic value as well as for religious
purposes.
According to Schildkrout and Keim (1990)
non – Western art is usually, but wrongly assumed to have some kind
of connection to ritual. Non – Western art may be but isn’t always linked with
religion.
According to Isidore to Okpewho (1977)
an oral literature specialist, scholars have tended to see religion in all
tradition African arts.

17. Locating Art
Aesthetics value is one way of distinguishing art. The other way is to consider placement.
In our own society, museums often have balance concern over community standards with a
wish to be as creative and innovative as the artists and works they display.
The boundary between what’s art and what’s not is blurred.
The American artist Andy Warhol is famous for transforming Campbell’s soup cans,
Brillo pads and image of Marilyn Monroe into art.

18.  Print made as part of a series may certainly be considered art. Sculptures
that are created in clay, then fired with molten metal such as bronze at a
foundry are also art.
 Objects never intended as art, such as an Olivetti typewriter, ma y be
transformed into art by being placed in a museum, such as New York’s
museum of Modern Art.
 Jacques Maquet, distinguishes such “art by transformation” from art
created and intended to be art which he calls “art by destination”.

19. To be culturally relativistic, we need to avoid applying our own
standards about what is art to the products of other cultures.
In Kalabari case, sculpture is not always serves as art. Because it
serves as house for spirits that controls the spirits of Kalabari
religion.

20. Art and Individuality
 Those who work with non – Western art have been criticized fro
ignoring individual artist and for focusing to much on the social context
and collective artistic production.
 Art is work, albeit creative work.
In state societies, some people manage to support themselves as full-time
artists. In non-states artists are normally part time

21.  Community standards judge the mastery and completion displayed in a
work of art.
 The arts are exhibited, evaluated, performed and appreciated in society.
 Music is often performed in group is among the most social of the arts.
 Folk art, music and lore refer to the expressive culture of ordinary usually
rural people.

22. The Work of Art
 Some may see art as a form of expressive freedom as giving free range to the
imagination and the human need to create or to be playful.
 the French impressionist got their name from their sketches impressions of
natural and social setting.
 They took advantage of technological innovations, particularly the availability
of oil paints in tube, to take their palettes, easels and canvases into the field.

23. Art, Society and Culture
o Art can stand for tradition, even when traditional art si removed from its
original context.
o Art can express community sentiment with political goals used to call
attention to social issues.
o Art is meant to commemorate and to last. Growing acceptance of the
anthropological definition of culture has guided the humanities beyond fine
art, elite art and Western art to the creative expressions of the masses and of
many cultures.

24.  Myths, legends, tales and the art of storytelling often play
important roles in the transmission of culture.
 Many societies offer career tracks in the arts; a child born into a
particular family or lineage may discover that he or she is
destined for a career in leather working or weaving.

25. The Cultural transmission of the Arts
Art is part of culture, appreciation of the arts depends on cultural
background.
Robert Layton (1991) suggest that whatever universal principles of
artistic expression may exist, they have been put into effect in a diversity of
ways in different cultures.

26. In a study of Navajo music, McAllester (1954) found that it reflected
the overall culture of the time in Three main ways:
1. Individualism is a Navajo cultural value.
2. The Navajo saw foreign music as dangerous and rejected it as not part of
their culture.
3. A general stress on proper form applied to music.

27. Anthropology’s approach to the arts was contrasted with a traditional
humanities focus on “fine Arts” and elite expressions.
Anthropology has extended the definition of “cultured” well beyond
the elitist meaning of “high” art and culture.
for Anthropologist, everyone acquires culture through enculturation.

28. The Artistic Career
• The number of positions in “art and leisure” has mushroomed in
contemporary society, especially in North America.
• An artistic career also may involve some kind of a calling. Individuals
may discover they have a particular talent and find an environment in
which that talent is nourished.

29. Continuity and Change
 The art go on changing, although certain art forms have survived for
thousands of years.
 Countries and cultures are known for particular contributions.
 Today, a huge “arts and leisure” industry links Western and non- Western
art forms in an international network with both aesthetic and commercial
dimensions.

30. THE END…….
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